Abstract
Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms of the hematopoietic system, specifically lymphocytes. They are a diverse group of disorders clinically, histologically, immunophenotypically, and genotypically that vary in their natural history, treatments, response to therapy, and survival rates. The most common and most prevalent subtypes in the United States are Hodgkin’ s disease (HD) and the non-Hodgkin’ s lymphomas (NHL). These two forms will be the foci of this chapter.
Keywords
- Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
- Leptomeningeal Metastasis
- Cauda Equina Syndrome
- Ommaya Reservoir
- Neoplastic Meningitis
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoetic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meetingAirlie House, Virginia, November 1997. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 3835–3849.
Lister T, Crowther D, Sutcliff S, et al. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin’s disease: Cotswalds meeting. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1630–1636.
Shipp MA, et al. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The international non-Hodgkin’ s lymphoma prognostic factors project. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 987–994.
Cairncross JG, Posner JB. Neurological Complications of Malignant Lymphoma. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 39. Vinken PI, Bruyn GW, eds. North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 27–62.
Gametchu B. Glucocorticoid receptor-like antigen in lymphoma cell membranes: correlation to cell lysis. Science 1987; 236: 456–461.
Vaquero J, Martinez R, Rossi E, Lopez R. Primary Cerebral Lymphoma: the “Ghost Tumor. ” J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 174–176.
Tucha O, Smely C, Preier M, Lange KW. Cognitive deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors. Neurosurgery 2000; 47: 231–334.
Slivnick D, Ellis T, Nawrocki J, Fisher R. The impact of Hodgkin’s disease on the immune system. Semin Oncol 1990; 17: 673–682.
Levitt LJ, Dawson DM, Rosenthal DS, Maloney WC. CNS Involvement in the non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas. Cancer 1980; 45: 545–552.
Macintosh FR, Colby TV, Podolsky WJ, et al. Central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an analysis of 105 cases. Cancer 1982; 49: 586–595.
Posner JP. Neurologic Complications of Cancer. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 1995.
Hoenri-Simon G, Suchaud JP, Eghbali H, Cindre JM, Hoerni B. Secondary involvement of the central nervous system in malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A study of 30 cases in a series of 498 patients. Oncology 1987; 44: 98–101.
Liang R, Chiu E, Loke SL. Secondary Central nervous system involvement by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: risk factors. Hematol Oncol 1990; 8: 141–145.
Kaufman DK, Habermann TM, Kurtin Pi, O’Neill BP. Neurologic complications of peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Ann Neurol 1994; 36: 635–639.
Sapoznik MD, Kaplan HS. Intracranial Hodgkin’ s disease. Cancer 1983; 52: 1301–1307.
Van den Bont Mi. Neurological complications of systemic lymphoma. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 69(25). Vecht CJ, ed. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1997, pp. 261–287.
Henson RA, Urich H. Cancer and the Nervous System. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1982.
Scheithauer BW, Cerebral metastasis in Hodgkin’s disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1979; 103: 284–287.
Mulligan MI, Vasu R, Grossi CE, et al. Care report: neoplastic meningitis with eosinophilic pleocytosis in Hodgkin’s disease: a case with cerebellar dysfunction. Am J Med Sci 1988; 296: 322–326.
Inwards DJ, Piepgras DG, O’Neill BP, et al. Granulomatous angiitis of the spinal cord associated with Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer 1991; 68: 1318–1322.
O’Neill BP, Illig JJ. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64: 1005–1020.
Helle TL, Britt RH, Colby TV. Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: clinicopathological study of experience at Stanford. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 94–103.
Horvat B, Pena C, Fisher ER. Primary reticulum cell sarcoma (microglioma) of the brain: an electron microscopic study. Arch Pathol 1969; 87: 609–616.
Kumanishi T, Washiyama K, Saito T, Nishiyama A, Abe S, Tanaka T. Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain: an immunohistochemical study of eight cases using a panel of monoclonal and heterologous antibodies. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1986; 71: 190–196.
Ratech H, Burke JS, Blayney DW, Sheibani K, Rappaport H. A clinicopathologic study of malignant lymphomas of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and hard palate, including cases of lethal mid-line granuloma. Cancer 1989; 64: 2525–2531.
Todeschini G, Tecchio C, Degani D, Meneghini V. Marradi P, Balter R, et al. Eighty-one percent event-free survival in advanced Burkitt’ s lymphoma/leukemia: no differences in outcome between pediatric and adult patients treated with the same intensive pediatric protocol. Ann Oncol 1997; 8 (Suppl 1): 77–81.
Fonseca R, Inwards DJ, Habermann TM, Colgan JP, O’Neill BP, White WL, et al. Testicular lymphoma is associated with a high incidence of extranodal relapse. Cancer 2000; 88: 154–161.
Young RC, Howser DM, Anderson T, Fisher RI, Jaffe E, Devita VT. Central nervous system complications of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The potential role for prophylactic therapy. Am J Med 1979; 66: 435–443.
Recht L, Straus DJ, Cirrincione C, Thaler HT, Posner JB. Central nervous system metastases from non-Hodgkin’ s lymphoma: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Med 1988; 84: 425–435.
Erbsoll J, Schultz HB, Thomsen BLR, Keiding N, Nissen NI. Meningeal involvement in non-Hodgkin’ s lymphoma: symptoms, incidence, risk factors and treatment. Scand J Haematol 1985; 35: 487–496.
Bashir R, Coakham H, Hochberg F. Expression of LFA-1/ICAM1 in CNS lymphomas: possible mechanisms for lymphoma homing to the brain. J Neuro-oncol 1992; 12: 103–110.
Steffen BJ; Butcher EC, Engelhardt B. Evidence for involvement of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in lymphocyte interaction with endothelium in experimental autoimmune encephalomyolitis in the central nervous system in the SJL/J mouse. Amer J Pathol 1994; 145: 189–201.
Trojano M, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of clinically active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: correlation with Gd-DPTA magnetic resonance imaging enhancement and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Neurology 1996; 46: 1535–1541.
Schaumburg HH, Plank CR, Adams RD. The reticulum cell sarcoma-microglioma group of brain tumours. Brain 1972; 95: 199–212.
O’Neill BP, Dinapoli RP, Kurtin PJ, Habermann TM. Occult systemic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in patients initially diagnosed as primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL): how much staging is enough? J Neurooncol 1995; 25: 67–71.
O’Neill BP, Banks PM, Habermann TM, O’Fallon JR, Earle JD. Primary central nervous system lymphoma as a variant of Richter’s Syndrome in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 1989; 64: 1296–1300.
DeAngelis LM. Primary central nervous system lymphoma as a secondary malignancy. Cancer 1991; 67: 1431–1435.
Lossos A, Ben-Yahuda D, Bokstein F, et al. Does late CNS relapse of systemic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) represent a residual primary disease or a second novel Lymphoma? Neurology 2000; 54 (S uppl 3): A39 - A40.
Landys KE, Berg GEB, Torgeson JS, Klingenstierna HAG, Ridell BS, Johansson BR. Bulky centroblastic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mimicking brain involvement managed with chemotherapy. Cancer 1995; 76: 1261–1270.
Cher L, Glass J, Harsh GR, Hochberg FH. Therapy of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate-based chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy: preliminary results. Neurology 1996; 46: 1757–1759.
Frick JC, et al. Successful high-dose intravenous cytarabine treatment of parenchymal brain involvement from malignant lymphoma. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 791–792.
Reni M, Ferreri AJ, Villa E. Second-line treatment for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 530–534.
Winkelman MD, Adelstein DJ, Karlin NL. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 526–531.
Costigan DA, Winkelman MD. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. A clinicopathological study of 13 cases. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 227–233.
Lyding JM, Tseng A, Newman A, et al. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis in Hodgkin’s disease. Rapid diagnosis and treatment resulting in neurologic recovery. Cancer 1987; 60: 1741–1744.
Bashir RM, Bierman PJ, Vose JM, Weisenberger DD, Armitage JO. Central nervous system involvement in patients with diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am J Clin Oncol 1991; 14: 478–482.
Wasserstrom WR. Glass JP. Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer. 1982; 49 (4): 759–772.
Broderick JP, Cascino TL. Non-convulsive status epilepticus in a patient with leptomeningeal cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 835–837.
Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer 1982: 49: 759–772.
Schiff D, Feske SK, Wen PY. Deceptively normal ventricular fluid in lymphomatous meningitis. Arch Int Med 1993; 153: 389–390.
Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA, Glantz MJ. A comparison between ventricular and lumbar CSF cytology in adult patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Neuro-Oncol 2000; 2: 255.
Balmaceda C, Gaynor JJ, Sun M, Gluck JT, DeAngelis LM. Leptomeningeal tumor in primary central nervous system lymphoma: recognition, significance, and implications. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 202–209.
Cheng TM, O’Neill BP, Scheithauer BW, Piepgras DG. Chronic meningitis: the role of meningeal or cortical biopsy. Neurosurg 1994;34, 4: 590–596.
Chamberlain MC. Leptomeningeal metastases: a review of evaluation and treatment. J Neuro-Oncol 1998; 37: 271–284.
Chamberlain MC, Corey-Bloom J. Leptomeningeal metastases: 111indium-DPTA CSF flow studies. Neurology 1991; 41: 1765–1769.
Bleyer WA. Neurologic sequelae of methotrexate and ionizing radiation: a new classification. Cancer Treat Rep 1981; 65 (Suppl 1): 89–98.
Glantz MJ, LaFollette S, Jaeckle KA, et al. Randomized trial of a slow-release versus a standard formulation of cytarabine for the intrathecal treatment of lymphomatous meningitis. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 3110–3116.
Coakham HB, Kemshead JT. Treatment of neoplastic meningitis by targeted radiation using 11314-radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies. Results of responses and long term follow-up in 40 patients. J Neuro-Oncol 1998; 38: 225–232.
Hagen NA, O’Neill BP, Kelly PJ. Computer assisted stereotactic placement of Ommaya reservoirs for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer patients. J Neuro-Oncol 1987; 5: 273–276.
Obbens EA, Leavens ME, Beal JW, Lee YY Ommaya reservoirs in 387 cancer patients: a 15-year experience. Neurology 1985; 35: 1274–1278.
Bokstein F, Lossos A, Siegal T. Leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: a comparison of two prospective series treated with and without intra-cerebrospinal fluid chemotherapy. Cancer 1998; 82: 1756–1763.
Glantz, MJ, Hall WF, Cole BS, et al. Diagnosis, management, and survival of patients with leptomeningeal cancer based on cerebrospinal fluid-flow status. Cancer 1995; 75: 2919–2931.
Allen JC, et al. Leukoencephalopathy following high-dose IV methotrexate chemotherapy with leucovorin rescue. Cancer Treat Rep 1980; 64: 1261–1273.
Azzarelli B, Easterling K, Norton JA. Leukemic cell-encothelial cell interaction in leukemic cell dissemination. Lab Invest 1989; 60: 45–64.
Washington R, et al. Expression of immunologically relevant endothelial cell activation antigens on isolated central nervous system microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1994; 35: 89–87.
Trojano M, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of clinically active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: correlation with Gd-DPTA magnetic resonance imaging enhancement and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Neurology 1996; 46: 1535–1541.
Jellinger K, Radaszkiewez T. Involvement of the central nervous system in malignant lymphoma. Virchows Arch 1976; 48: 330–332.
Diaz-Arrastia R, Younger DS, Hair L, et al. Neurolymphomatosis: a clinicopathological syndrome re-emerges. Neurology 1992, 42: 1136–1141.
Quinones-Hinojosa A, Friedlander RM, Boyer PJ, Batchelor TT, Chiocca EA. Solitary sciatic nerve lymphoma as an initial manifestation of diffuse neurolymphomatosis. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 165–169.
Patchell R, Perry MC. Eosinophilic meningitis in Hodgkin’s disease. Neurology 1981; 31: 887–888.
Kimmel DW, O’Neill BP. Systemic cancer presenting as diabetes insipidus (DI): clinical and radiographic features of eleven patients with a review of metastatic-induced diabetes insipidus. Cancer 1983; 52: 2355–2358.
Wick MR, Mills SE, Scheithauer BW, et al. Reassessment of malignant “angioendotheliomatosis.” Evidence in favor of its reclassification as “intravascular lymphomatosis.” Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 112–123.
Glass J, Hochberg FC, Miller DC. Intravascular lymphomastosis. Cancer 1993; 75: 2919–2931.
DiGiuseppe JA, Nelson WG, Seifter EJ, Boitnott JK, Mann RB. Intravascular lymphomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and assessment of response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2573–2579.
Herkes GK, Partington MD, O’Neill BP. Neurological features of cranial vault lymphoma: report of two cases. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 898–901.
Isla A, Alvarez F, Gutierrez M, et al. Primary cranial vault lymphoma mimicking meningioma. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 211–213.
Mokri B. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: from intracranial hypotension to cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia-evolution of a concept. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 1113–1123.
Stewart DJ. A critique of the role of the blood-brain barrier in the chemotherapy of human brain tumors. J Neuro-Oncol 1994; 20: 121–134.
Greenberg HS, Deck MD, Vikram B, Chu FC, Posner JB. Metastasis to the base of the skull: clinical findings in 43 patients. Neurology 1981; 31: 530–537.
Sigsbee B, Deck MD, Posner JB. Nonmetastatic superior sagittal sinus thrombosis complicating systemic cancer. Neurology 1979; 29: 139–146.
Packer RJ, Rorke LB, Lange BJ, Siegel KR, Evans AE. Cerebrovascular accidents in children with cancer. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 194–201.
Haddad P, Thaell JF, Keily JM, Harrison EG, Miller RH. Lymphoma of the spinal epidural space. Cancer 1976; 38: 1862–1866.
Gilbert RW, Kim J-H, Posner JB. Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Neurol 1978; 3: 40–51.
Schiff D, O’Neill BP, Wang C-H, O’Fallon, JR. Neuroimaging and treatment implications of multiple spinal epidural metastases. Cancer 1998; 83: 1593–1601.
Posner JB, Howieson J, Cvitkovic E. “Disappearing” spinal cord compression: oncolytic effectg of glucocorticoids (and other chemotherapeutic agents) on epidural metastases. Ann Neurol 1977; 2: 409–413.
Schiff D, O’Neill BP, Suman, VJ. Spinal epidural metastasis as the initial manifestation of malignancy: clinical features and diagnostic approach. Neurology 1997; 49: 452–456.
Lyons MK, O’Neill BP, Marsh WR, Kurtin PJ. Primary spinal epidural non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: report of eight CT era cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1992; 30: 675–680.
Lyons MK, O’Neill BP, Kurtin PJ, Marsh WR. Diagnosis and management of primary spinal epidural non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71: 453–457.
Greenberg HG, Kim JH, Posner JB. Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor; results with a new treatment protocol. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 361–366.
Burch PA, Grossman SA. Treatment of epidural cord compressions from Hodgkin’ s disease with chemotherapy. A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med 1988; 84: 555–558.
Wong ET, Portlock CS, O’Brien JP, DeAngelis LM. Chemosensitive epidural spinal cord disease in non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Neurology 1996; 46: 1543–1547.
Siegal T, Tiqva P, Siegal T. Vertebral body resection for epidural compression by malignant tumors. J Bone Joint Surg 1985; 67A: 375–382.
Schiff D, Shaw EG, Cascino TL. Outcome after spinal re-irradiation for malignant epidural spinal cord compression. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 583–589.
Simpson JF. Numb-chin syndrome. Lancet 1970; 2: 1366.
Thompson A. Pearce I. Walton G. Payne SR. Numb-chin syndrome: an unusual presentation of metastatic prostate cancer. BJU Internat 2000; 85: 377–378.
Lossos A, Siegal T. Numb chin syndrome in cancer patients: etiology, response to treatment, and prognostic significance. Neurology 1992; 42: 1181–1184.
Rowe WE, Cohen G, Scopp I. Numb-chin syndrome-mandibular metastasis of a reticulum-cell sarcoma. J Oral Med 1974; 29: 102–104.
Laurencet FM, Anchisi S, Tullen E, Dietrich PY. Mental neuropathy: report of five cases and review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol-Hematol 2000; 34: 71–79.
Wang AM, Lewis ML, Rumbaugh CL, Zamani AA, O’Reilly GV. Spinal cord or nerve root compression in patients with malignant disease: CT evaluation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984; 8: 420–428.
Ransom DT, Dinapoli RP, Richardson RL. Cranial nerve lesions due to base of the skull metastases in prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1990; 65: 586–589.
Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. In: Neurology in Clinical Practice. Bradly WL, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Marsden DC, eds. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1996, pp. 477–298.
Cascino TL, Kori S, Krol G, Foley KM. CT of the brachial plexus in patients with cancer. Neurology 1983; 33: 1553–1557.
Kori S, Foley KM, Posner JB. Brachial plexus lesions in patients with cancer: 100 cases. Neurology 1981; 31: 45–50.
Jaeckle KA, Young DF, Foley KM. The natural history of lumbosacral plexopathy in cancer. Neurology 1985; 35: 8–15.
Hughes RA, Britton T, Richards M. Effects of Lymphoma on the Peripheral Nervous System. J R Soc Med 1994; 87: 526–530.
Lachance DH, O’Neill BP, Harper CM, Cascino TL, Banks PM. Paraneoplastic brachial plexopathy with Hodgkin’s disease. Mato Clin Proc 1991; 66: 97–101.
Kimmel DW, Krecke KN, Cascino TL. Magnetic resonance imaging in cancer-related lumbosacral plexopathy Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 823–829.
Harper CM Jr, Thomas JE, Cascino TL, Litchey WJ. Distinction between neoplastic and radiation—induced brachial plexopathy. Neurology 1989; 39: 502–506.
Kori SH. Diagnosis and management of brachial plexus lesions in cancer patients. Oncology 1995; 9: 756–760.
Kanamori M, Matsui H, Yudoh K. Solitary T-cell lymphoma of the sciatic nerve: case report. Neurosurgery 1995; 36: 1203–1205.
Krendel DA, Stahl RL, Chan WC. Lymphomatous polyneuropathy: biopsy of clinically involved nerve and successful treatment. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 330–332.
Lucchinetti CF, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic and oncologic profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 antineuronal nuclear autoantibodies. Neurology 1998; 50: 652–657.
Dropcho EJ. Paraneoplastic disorders. Continuum 1999; 5: 6–99.
Brain L, Daniel PM, Greenfield JG. Subacute cortical cerebellar degeneration and its relation to cancer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1951; 14: 49–75.
Greenlee JE, Brashear HR. Antibodies to cerebellar Purkinje cells in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and ovarian carcinoma. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 609–613.
Dropcho EJ, Chen YT, Posner JB. Old LJ. Cloning of a brain protein identified by autoantibodes from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 4552–4556.
Hammack JE, Kotanides H, Rosenblum MK, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. Clinical and immunologic findings in 21 patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Neurology 1992; 42: 1938–1943.
Schold SC. Cho ES. Somasundaram M. Posner JB. Subacute motor neuronopathy: a remote effect of lymphoma. Ann Neuro 1979; 5: 271–287.
Lucchinetti CN, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA. Paraneoplastic and oncologic profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 antineuronal nuclear autoantibodies. Neurology 1998; 50: 652–657.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Neill, B.P. (2003). Neurologic Complications of Hodgkin’s Disease and the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas. In: Schiff, D., Wen, P.Y. (eds) Cancer Neurology in Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-317-0_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-317-0_25
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4703-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-317-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive