The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions of
the world, as evidenced by petroglyphs and artifacts
Author: Vi Duo
Abstract
Many ancient symbols and scripts found in ancient cultures outside the Americas can also be seen
in petroglyphs and artifacts in the Americas, yet these common cultural phenomena have not
received sufficient attention and discussion. This article presents the common ancient cultural
phenomena between the Americas and other regions of the world, introduces scholar Dao
Feichang’s interpretations for the celestial origins of certain symbols, and provides evidence
demonstrating the close connections between ancient American cultures and those outside the
Americas.
Preface
Petroglyphs can be found all around the world, and the Americas is one of the regions with the
highest concentra�on of petroglyphs on the globe. Many ancient symbols and scripts found in
ancient cultures outside the Americas can also be seen in petroglyphs and ar�facts in the
Americas, so here arises a ques�on: if ancient na�ve American peoples had no contact with the
rest of the world a�er the end of Ice Age and before Columbus, why so many ancient symbols
and scripts can also be seen in petroglyphs and ar�facts in the Americas?
One possible explana�on is these symbols and scripts had already existed in their cultures
before the ancients migrated to American con�nent during Ice Age, based on the narra�ve of
the mainstream academia. But this explana�on cannot cover all the cases: the end of Ice Age is
about 10000 years ago, however, some ancient symbols and scripts excavated from the ancient
sites outside the Americas are dated at most about 7000 years old, which is about 3000 years
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
a�er the end of Ice Age, so, does this mean that these ancient symbols and scripts actually have
a much earlier origin? There is another scenario as follows.
Besides the earliest universal symbols which existed at least 10000 years ago, such as the
symbols found in ancient caves dated tens of thousands years ago and symbols found at
Gobekli Tepe dated 11000 years ago, some universal symbols and scripts dated only several
thousands years ago can also be seen in the petroglyphs and ar�facts in the Americas, such as
Shang Dynasty wri�ngs (dated 3599-3059 years ago) discussed in my paper “The Shang Dynasty
scripts and the suspected Indus scripts in Southwest American petroglyphs” and pote ry scripts
excavated from Neolithic sites in Egypt, West Asia, and China (dated between 7000 and 3000
years ago). There is no any evidence showing that these scripts originated 10000 years ago,
therefore, does this mean that ancient na�ve Americans had contact with other ancient
cultures outside the Americas, or people from other ancient cultures migrated to American
con�ent from �me to �me a�er the end of Ice Age and before Columbus?
Part 1. Symbols related to ancient astronomy and calendar
1. Spirals (Figure 1)
The spiral petroglyphs can be seen across the world (A, Figure 1). Some petroglyph
researchers have discovered that some spiral petroglyphs in the American Southwest are the
markers of solar terms such as sols�ces, equinoxes and lunar alignments as well. Anna Sofaer
founded the sols�ce project at Chaco Canyon and discovered that a spiral petroglyph was the
marker of solar and lunar alignments (B in Figure 1). Chacho Canyon is not the only place
where sprirals are found to be the markers of solar or lunar alignments, and researchers also
dicovered that some spirals in other petroglyph sites in the US have the same func�on as well.
Besides single spirals, there are also double spirals and triple sprirals in Southwest American
petroglyphs and around the world, and spirals may have different meanings to different
peoples.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 1. A: Spiral petroglyphs found across the world, pictures taken from the internet. B: The sun dagger at Fajada Bute,
Chaco Canyon as Thomas Y. Canby explains in an ar�cle in the June 1990 Na�onal Geographic Magazine, picture taken from
spirasolaris.ca.
2. Orion, Bes, the “Squat erman”, and the Anau seal scripts (Figure 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
1) The “Squaterman”
In the American Southwest, we can see tremendous petroglyphs called by the nick name “
Squaterman” (A, B, C, D, E, F, G in Figure 2). These petroglyphs are characterized by having their
arms bent up or down and a phallic-like object in between their squa�ng legs. These images can also
be seen around the world, including Mexico as shown in H, I, Figure 2.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 2. A, B, C, D, E, F, G: Petroglyphs in the American Southwest. Picture B, D, E, F, G taken by the author, pictureA taken from
the internet, picture C posted by “the Treck Planner” on the internet. H, I: Petroglyphs at a site nearby the west coast of Mexico,
Picture H posted on the internet by Julio Campos, picture I posted on the internet by Yohana Dela Rosa on the internet.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
I had always wondered why these petroglyphs were always depicted as a humanoid figure with this
“thing” in between their legs and in the squa�ng posi�on (Figure 2 above). These images look more
anthropomorphic than zoomorphic, so it does not make sense if this “thing” is the depic�on of a tail.
Moreover, we can see in I, Figure 2 above that people s�ll make offering to this figure this day, so they
should be a deity to the ancients, but which deity is featured with this phallic-like object in between his
squa�ng legs?
2) The symbols on Neolithic Chinese pot ery and tradi�onal Chinese architecture
More interes�nly, I found this symbol in the pot ery scripts ( A, Figure 3 below) excavated from a
Neolithic Yangshao culture site, China (da�ng 6500-5000 years ago), and a similar symbol was found
on top of a tradi�onal Chinese house’s entrance in Southwest China (B, Figure 3).
Figure 3. A: Ancient scripts inscribed on the pot ery excavated from Yangshao culture sites, China, picture taken from the book
“苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” ( Gong et al
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
2009). B: A symbol on top of an ancient Chinese house’s entrance in Southwest China, picture taken from the video posted by
@user-jp4di9gh9k on YouTube.
3) Bes and Orion
My ques�on had lingered for a while un�l I saw scholar Dao Feichang’s interpreta�on (X account:
@LD_daofeichang, who has written dozens of ar�lces about ancient astronomy and ancient history) for
the celes�al origin of ancient Egyp�an god Bes’ images in a post on X as shown in Figure 4 below: “As we
can see from the comparison between C and D in Figure 4, the snake held in Bes’s left hand is “叁旗九
星” in Chinese (circled in blue in C, Figure 4), meaning 9 stars of Orion’s flag (corresponding to
some stars of Taurus). The weapon held in Bes’s right hand is the four stars’ combination called “钺” in
Chinese (circled in red in C, Figure 10), an ancient weapon. And the phallus in between Bes’s legs is “伐
三星” in Chinese, meaning “three stars of Fa” which are part of the Constellation of Orion. So, the
image of Bes in C, Figure 4, as a whole, is the depiction of Orion and some stars around it which is the
depiction of the celestial phenomenon occurred on August 30, 10758 BC as shown in D, Figure 4 . “
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 4. A: Dao Feichang’s interpreta�on (X account: @LD_daofeichang) of the astronomical origin of the images of Bes in a
post on X. B, C: Ancient Egyp�an god Bes, picture taken from the internet. D: Amplified image of Dao Feichang’s interpreta�on
in A.
Dao Feichang believes that the origin of Bes’ images should be the celes�al phenomenon that occurred
when the Winter Sols�ce point was located in the constella�on of Orion in the year 10759 BC
(astronomical year 10758 BC). To be specific, there is an ancient Chinese god depicted in the similar
image as Bes, called “Bo Shen” or “Fu Shen” in Chinese language, and “Bo” and “Fu” are two coupling
Gua (Hexagons) corresponding to Winter Sols�ce in ancient 64 Gua (Hexagon) astronomical system
which divides the sky into 64 equal celes�al regions with each region named as a hexagon. In the year
10759 BC, Winter Solsc�ce point was located in Orion and also in the celes�al region of Bo and Fu
Hexagons, which should be the celes�al origin of Bo Shen and Bes’s images and their names.
4) The images of “a squaterman with a snake/ s�ck/ weapon next to him or holding in his hand”
Dao Feichang’s interpeta�on not only helps me understand the origin of these petroglyphs of single
“squat erman” with a phallic-like object between his squa�ng legs, but also reminds me of many
petroglyphs of a “squaterman with a snake next to him” (as shown in A, B, C, Figure 5 below) I have
seen in the Amercian Southwest, and I believe the origin of these petroglyphs are also the same
depic�ons of “Orion and stars around it” as Bes’ images in Figure 4 above, as well as those similar
ancient images/ petroglyphs/ geoglyphs found around the world as shown in E, F, G, H, I, J, K in Figure 5
below. In some cases, the snake transformed into a s�ck or a weapon.
More astonishingly, I no�ced that a group of ancient pottery scripts (D, Figure 5 below) excavated from
an Neolithic site in West Asia, listed in the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative
Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009), also depict the same
images of “a squat erman with a snake next to it” as the petroglyphs (A, B, C, Figure 5). Pot ery scripts
are the prototypes of wri�ngs, therefore, it is fair to say that some wri�ngs originate from celes�al
phenomena.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 5. A, B, C, F: Petroglyphs in the American Southwest, picture A taken by the author; Picture B taken from the internet;
Picture C taken from “s�riesbyalex” YouTube channel. D: Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from a Neolithic site in West Asia,
picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and
Chinese Script” (Gong et al 2009). E: Pictogrphs in Tanum, Sweden, da�ng 3000 years ago, picture taken fom the internet. G, H, I:
Images taken from the book “In Plain Sight” (Farley 1994). J: Gene Giant petroglyphs in Britain, picture taken from the book
“America B.C “ (Fell 1989). K: Geoglyph found in Austrilia, picture taken from dailymail.co.uk.
There is much evidence proving that ancient peoples had sophis�cated knowledge of astronomy, such as
the astronomical records in ancient Chinese books and documents, and the astronomical legacy in many
ancient cultures. In the ar�cle “萨满教星辰崇拜与北方天文学的萌芽 (The worship of stars in
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Shanmanism and the early development of Northern astronomy)” (Guo 2010), tanslated into English, it is
said that “The understanding of the stars by the people in northern China is inseparable from the
Shamanism they believed in, and many of them were passed down through Shamanism. This is very
similar to many other ancient peoples in the world ……In the world of Shamanism, the worship of stars
is ancient and widespread……The people in northern China widely used astronomical knowledge in
production and life, and summarized many valuable experiences. Shamans of all ages synthesized
and summarized these experiences and knowledge relying on the star patterns of rising eastward and
moving westward in the northern night sky, such as star orientation, brightness, jitter, color and their
transformation, to determine the season, orientation, time, weather and various ecological
movements of animals and plants, and to predict the future of the year and determine the fate of the
clan.” I believe this is the common case in every ancient culture that believed in Shamanism.
5) The Anau seal scripts
A stamp seal with scripts on it, da�ng aout 4500 years ago, was excavated from a site at Anau,
Turkmenistan in 2000, as shown in the following picture taken from the ar�cle “The Context of the Anau
Seal” (Hiebert 2002).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
The Anau seal scripts in the above picture are how they appear on the seal, in fact, once being stamped
on the paper, they should look the way as shown in A in the following figure. Some researchers argue
that the scripts are some sort of ancient Chinese wri�ng or the prototype of ancient Chinese wri�ng. I
think the scripts on the Anau seal are the same as the petroglyphs and pot ery scrpts in Figure 5 above,
namely, they are the depic�on of Orion with a s�ck next to it. Astonishingly, the Anau seal scripts (A in
the following picture below) and the petroglyphs at Chaco Canyon (B in the following picture) share the
same charactersic�cs that the symbols on the le� (circled in blue) are the same and the symbols on the
right (circled in red) are both the depci�ons of Orion.
More evidence supports my opinion: other seal scripts excavated from the same site of Anau (circled in
red in the following picture) are depicted in the similar struture as the petroglyphs and pot ery scripts in
Figure 5 above.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Picture taken from “The Context of the Anau Seal” (Hiebert 2002).
6) Reliefs and statues discovered at Karahan Tepe and Gobekli Tepe, Turky
Based on the above discuss�on, it can be inferred that the reliefs discovered at Karahan Tepe, Turkey
(da�ng 11500 years ago) are also the depic�ons of Orion as shown in Figure 6 below: the man with
something in his right hand and in a squa�ng posi�on (A, Figure 6) is the depic�on of Orion, and the bull
in front of him is the depic�on of Taurus (Figure 6).
Other researchers aslo no�ced the connec�on between ancient symbols and constella�ons, for instance,
Mayank Vahia discusses the depic�ons of Orion and Taurus across different cultures in the ar�cle “Orion,
Taurus and Pleiades in Different Cultures 1” (Vahia 2023).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 6. A: Reliefs found at Karahan Tepe, Turkey, pictures taken from the internet. B: Orion and Taurus, picture taken from the
internet.
There are more human statues with an outstanding phallus (Figure 7 below) and single statues of
phallus (Figure 8 below) discovered at or around Karahan Tepe. As Dao Feichang indicated that Orion
was the celes�al origin of Ancient Egypi�an god Bes and ancient Chinese god Bo Shen, I believe that
besides the origin of above men�oned images of “the squaterman” and “the squaterman with a
snake/s�ck/weapon next to him” around the world, Orion is highly likely also the origin of these statues
and phallus worship culture at Karahan Tepe and Gobekli Tepe. Note that all of these statues have an
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
oustanding phallus and in a squa�ng posi�on, and I believe it is because up in the sky, Orion appeared
to have a phallic object in between his legs and in a squa�ng pos�on as shown in B, Figure 6 above to
the ancients.
Figure 7: A, C: Statues and reliefs discovered at Karahan Tepe. B: A Statue discovered at Urfa, Turky. Pictures taken from the
internet.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 8: A, B: Stone phalluses discovered at Göbekli Tepe, pictures taken from the ar�cle “The flow of ideas: shared
symbolism during the Neolithic emergence in Southwest Asia: WF16 and Göbekli Tepe” writen by Steven Mithen, Amy
Richardson, and Bill Finlayson, posted on cambridge.org. C, D: Statues discovered at Karahan Tepe, pictures taken from the
internet.
Very possibly, the images of ancient Egyp�an god Bes were influenced by this phallus worship culture
originated from Karahan Tepe and Gobekli Tepe. Dao Feichang also indicated the similari�es between
an ar�fact discovered in South America (the one on the le� in the picture below) and an Egyp�an
a�fact of Bes (the one on the right in the picture below) in a post on X.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
3. The deity with hands raised on both sides or holding stuff/animals in both hands (Figure 9, 10)
As shown in Figure 9 below, “a deity raising hands on both sides or holding stuff/animals in both hands”
is a universal ancient symbol that can be seen in a lot of ancient cultures around the world. As far as I
know, the earliest image of this sort is the reliefs found at Karahan Tepe, Turky (A, Figure 9 below), and
this sort of image can also be seen on ar�facts excavated from Indus Valley (B, Figure 9) , Iran (C, Figure
9), and China (D, E, Figure 9). I believe the pot ery scripts (F, Figure 9) excavated from a Neolithic site in
West Asia are also the depi�ons of this symbol. Without excep�on, we can also see this sort of image in
the petroglyphs and ar�facts in the Americas too (Figure 10). Dao Feichang had a brief interpreta�on of
the celes�al origin of this sort of image in a post on X, which is also related to Orion, and let us wait for
his detailed interpreta�on in his ar�cles or books in the future.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 9. A: Reliefs discovered at Karahan Tepe, da�ng to ca. 9500 BC, picture taken from the internet. B: Indus Valley seal,
da�ngh about 5300-3300 years ago, picture taken from the internet. C: Ar�fact, da�ng 7000-6000 years ago, discovered in Iran,
picture posted by @serbiaireland on X. D, E: Ar�facts, da�ng to Waring States Period (ca. 475 BC to 221 BC), excavated from
ancient tombs in China, pictures taken from the internet. F: Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from an ancient site in West Asia,
picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and
Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009).
Figure 10. A, B, D: Petroglyphs in the American Southwest, pictures taken by the author. C: Paracas culture, da�ng 3000 years
back, picture posted by @EDICIONESREGION on X. E: Mayan Culture, da�ng 600-900 CD, picture taken from get yimages. F:
Nasca culture, da�ng 100 Bc-800 AD, picture posted by @EDICIONESREGION on X.
4. The marker of Meridian (Fiugre 11, 12, 13)
1) A universal ancient symbol
A symbol (A, Figure 11 below) can be seen frequently in Southwest American petroglyphs, and
coincidently, this symbol is also engraved on a plat uee excavated from Gobekli Tepe (B, Figure 11).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Moreover, this symbol can also be seen in the potery scripts excavated from Neolithic Maijiayao
culture site, China, da�ng 4000-4500 years ago (C, Figure 11) and from Neolithic Tepe Yahya and
Shahdad, Iran, da�ng 5000-3800 years ago, and Tutul , Syriain (D, E, F in Figure 11).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 11. A: Petroglyphs at a site in the American Southwest, picture taken by the author. B: Stone ar�facts excavated at
Gobekli Tepe, Turky, picture taken from the internet. C: Ancient scripts inscrived on pot ery excavated at Majiayao culture site,
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
China, da�ng 4500-4000 years ago. D, E, F: Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from ancient sites in West Asia, da�ng to about
3750-1800 BC. Picture B, C, E, D taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient
Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009).
2) The petroglyphs located on a hill by the Gila river
Very interes�ngly, I also found two petroglyphs of this symbol on Monument Hill located right by Gila
river in south of Phoenix (A, Figure 12 below). In a short distance from these two petroglyphs, there is a
marker of the ini�al point of the Gila and Salt River Meridian placed on top of this hill by the U. S.
Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management (B, D, Figure 12 below).
According to Wikipedia, “the original marker was set in 1851 by John R. Bartlett. In 1934, the U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey set triangulation station ‘Initial’ approximately 15 feet from the initial point”. The
ques�on is: where was the ini�al marker set in 1851 and 15 feet from the current marker? Was it ini�ally
at the spot where the petroglyphs are located (A, Figure 12 below)? I put my cell phone right on these
petroglyphs and the compass in my cell phone showed the result as C, Figure 12. Note that the compass
showed “33 degrees North la�tude”, and it reminds me of Dao Feichang’s statement that ancient
agronomists had to stay in the approximate scope of 30 degrees North la�tude to assure the accuracy
of their observa�ons because their astronomical knowledge and data accumulated through tens of
thousands of years’ observa�ons were based on the loca�ons in this scope.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 12. A: The petroglyphs on on Monument Hill, picture taken by the author. B: The marker of the ini�al point of the Gila
and Salt River Meridian put on top of this hill by the U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, picture
taken by the author. C: The result of the compass in my cell phone when being placed on the petroglyphs, picture taken by the
author. D: The Signs placed by the U. S. government, picture posted by Bernardao Magana on the internet.
3) Ancient Chinese character “Wu”
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Did John R. Bartlet set the “original” marker of Meridian on this hill in 1851 because he had been
informed that these petroglyphs were the markers of Meridian? What is the meaning of this ancient
universal symbol? Could it mean or one of its meanings could be “Meridian” in the ancient �mes? Let
us refer to the Bronze wri�ngs of the Chinese character “Wu” (Figure 13 below), the 7th Dizhi in ancient
Chinese calendrical system and also meaning “Meridian”. Although the Bronze wri�ngs of the Chinese
character “午 Wu” are not exactly the same as the ancient symbol shown in Figure 11 and 12, we can
s�ll see they are similar in structure, and probably, the ancient Chinese character “Wu” evolved from
this ancient symbol and s�ll kept its original meaning of “Meridian”.
Figure 13. The Bronze wri�ngs of Chinese character “午 Wu” in Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, and Spring and Autumn Period.
5. Cross and Swas�ka (Figure 14, 15)
Tremendous Cross symbols and some Swas�ka symbols can be seen in southwest American petroglyphs
(A, B, Figure 14), on na�ve American ar�facts (C, Figuere 15), and on the architecture in South America
(D, Figure 15). They can be seen in many ancient cultures around the world as well (E, Figure 15).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 14. The cross petroglyph (le�) and the swas�ka petroglyph (right) in the American Southwest, pictures taken by the
author.
Figure 15. A: A cross petroglyph in the American Southwest, picture taken by the author. B: A swas�ka petroglyph in the
American Southwest, picture taken by the author. C: Symbols on na�ve American ar�facts, picture taken from the internet. D:
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Swas�kas on ancient wall at Puma Punku remains, Bolivia, picture taken from the internet. E: Various Swas�ka symbols in
ancient cultures around the world, picture taken from the internet.
In my opinion, the cross symbol and the swas�ka symbol depict various meanings in different cultures
at different �me periods, however, what is a plausible interpreta�on for the origin of the Cross and the
Swas�ka symbols? I think the most convincing interpreta�on is Dao Feichang’s theory. The following is
the interpreta�on for the celes�al origin of the Cross and the Swas�ka symbols excerpted from his ar�cle
“A Textual Research on the Relationship between Göbekli Tepe and Huaxia Civilization— Discussing the
Origin of Huaxia Civilization, the Exact Dates of Major Historical Events, and the Relationship with
Göbekli Tepe in Light of the Characteristics of Ancient Astronomy and Calendar Recorded in Chinese
Historical” (link to this ar�cle: ht ps://zenodo.org/records/7450145):
As shown in A, Figure 16 below, “At sunset of the Beginning of Winter day on January 10, 9177 BC at
Van Lake (in modern day Iran), Three Stars Mansion (corresponding to Orion) was located on the
southern meridian. Moreover, the astronomical phenomenon that appeared in the northern ecliptic
sky is more magnificent. In the northern ecliptic sky, Di Xing (帝星, Kochab) and Hou Xing (侯星, Ras
Alhague) are almost on the meridian, Arcturus and Sadr are almost on the same horizontal line, and
the line connecting Kochab and Ras Alhague is perpendicular to the line connecting Arcturus and
Sadr, forming a huge Cross in the northern sky. The upright huge Cross in the northern sky firstly
appeared at the sunset on the Beginning of Winter day of that year, and then whenever on the day of
the next Solar Term, the direction of the huge Cross deflected 15° counterclockwise. Starting from the
Beginning of Winter of 9,177 BC, the huge Cross in the northern sky kept rotating counterclockwise,
which played a distinct role in indicating the seasons and terms. This major astronomical
phenomenon is the origin of the Swastika, and as well as the large Christian cross. ”
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 16. A: The huge cross appeared in the Northern sky on the Beginning of Winter day- January 10, 9177BC (astronomical
year 9176 BC), picture taken from the above men�oned ar�cle. B: An ar�fact (700 to 650 BCE) discovered in Italy, picture taken
from the internet.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
6. Arcturus (Figure 17, 18, 19, 20)
Also in the same ar�cle, it is said that “Meanwhile, starting from the Beginning of Winter on January
10, 9,177 BC, Arcturus’s position moved at the eight horizontal, vertical and diagonal positions in the
northern sky with the change of time, which could exactly mark the eight Solar Terms of Beginning of
Winter, Winter Solstice, Beginning of Spring, Spring Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice,
Beginning of Autumn, and Autumnal Equinox. ” (Figure 17)
Figure 17. Arcturus’s movement around the eclip�c sky with the change of �me, marking eight solar terms, pictures taken from
the above men�oned ar�cle writ en by Dao Feichang.
“Undoubtedly, the octagonal patterns on various utensils unearthed in the Sumerian civilization, the
Mayan and Aztec civilizations in America, as well as the Neolithic sites in China are all originated from
Arcturus in the northern sky in 9,177 BC, which became the special symbol of indicating the eight
major Solar Terms.” (Figure 18)
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 18. Depic�ons of Arcturus on different ar�facts from different ancient cultures, pictures taken from the above men�oned
ar�cle.
The “Eight-pointed Star” symbol can be seen on the pot ery ar�facts excavated from Songze Culture site,
China, da�ng 6000-5300 years ago (A, Figure 19), on a pot ery plate excavated from Tangjiagang Culture
site, China, da�ng 6000 years ago (B, Figure 19), and on a Jade ar�fact excavated from Linjiatan Culture
site, China, da�ng 5800-5300 years ago (C, Figure 19). This symbol can also be seen on na�ve American
Navajo na�on’s ar�facts (D, E, Figure 19).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 19. A: Pottery scripts excavated from a Neolithic site in China, da�ng to 6000-5300 years ago, picture taken from the
book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese
Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009). B: Symbols on on a potery plate excavated from Tangjiagang Culture site, China, picture taken
from the Internet. C: A Jade ar�fact excavated from Linjiatan Culture, China, picture taken from the internet. D, E: Eightpointed Star symbols on na�ve American Navajo blankets, pictures taken from the Internet.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
7. The Rota�ng Birds symbol (Figure 20, 21)
Chen, Lin/ Dao Feichang also interpreted for the celes�al origin of “the rota�ng bird symbol” in the
above men�oned ar�cle: “Sadr is one of the main stars of Cygnus, and this “big bird” rotated
counterclockwise in the northern sky with the change of time, therefore it also became a clear and
accurate indication of the seasons and terms. This “big bird with a long neck” is referred to as the
"Xuan Niao"（玄鸟）, meaning the rotating bird, in Chinese historical documents. A piece of gold
artifact named "Xuan Niao" (A, Figure 21) was unearthed at Jinsha Bronze Culture Site in Sichuan,
China. The long-necked bird is a flamingo, however, Sichuan has never had wild flamingos. ” (Figure
20)
31
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 20. Cygnus, pictures taken from the above men�oned Dao Feichang’s ar�cle.
Besides the ar�fact excavated from Jinsha site, China, da�ng to at least 3000 years ago (A, Figure 21),
there are also na�ve American ar�facts (B, Figure 21) and an ar�fact discovered in Britain, da�ng to 89the century (C, Figure 21) depic�ng the rota�ng birds.
32
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 21. A: The unearthed rota�ng bird in China (picture taken from the above men�oned ar�cle and the Internet. ). B: The
symbol of na�ve American Yuchi tribe , picture taken from “Travel Oklahoma”. C: The ar�fact (8th or 9th century) discovered in
Nannerch, Flintshire, posted by @SPTomos on X, image: Na�onal Museum Liverpool.
8. The na�ve American Yuchi People’s symbol (Fiugre 22)
The na�ve American Yuchi People symbol (A, Figure 22) and a symbol excavated from a Florida sand
mound (B, Figure 22) are the same as a Indus Valley seal symbol, da�ng 5300-3300 years ago (C, Figure
22) and also similar to the symbol on a jade ar�fact excavated from Hongshan Culture site, China, da�ng
8000-5000 years ago (D, Figure 22), the symbols on pot ery excavated from Tangjiagang Culture site,
China, da�ng 6000 years ago (E, Figure 22), and a jade ar�fact excavated from Linjiatan Culture site,
China, da�ng 5800-5300 years ago (E, Figure 22).
Note that the Cross is in the center, with eight pointed angles symbolizing Arcturus’ movement and the
rota�ng birds symbolizing Cygnus’s movement, therefore, I believe this symbol is also the depic�on of
the celes�al phenomenon occurred on January 10, 9177 BC as men�oned above in “Cross and
Swas�ka”.
33
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 22. A: The symbol of na�ve American Yuchi tribe , pictute taken from “Travel Oklahoma”. B: A symbol excavated from a
Florida sand mound, picture taken from the book “Path of Souls” writ en by Gregory Lit le (Lit le 2014). C: A Indus Valley Seal,
picture taken from the book “Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscrip�ons 2: Collec�ons in Pakistan” (Mustafa et al 1991). D: A jade
ar�fact excavated from Hongshan Culture site, China. E: The pot ery symbols excavated from Tangjiagang Culture site, China,
picture taken from the internet. F: A jade ar�fact excavated from Linjiatan Culture site, China, picture taken from the internet.
34
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
It is notable that according to Baidu, “Khotan (232 BC -1006 AD) was an ancient kingdom in West of
China (in modern day Uighur people’s region, Xinjiang, China)……The surname of their monarch was
Yuchi.” According to Baidu, “Yuchi was also the tribe name of Xianbei People, an ancient ethnic group
in Northeast Asia. Xianbei people established the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD) in Chinese
history. Later, the Yuchi tribe followed Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen into the central plains, and were
ordered to take the tribe name of Yuchi as their surname.” According to Wikipedia, “During the Sui
and Tang dynasties, Xianbei People disappeared and was no longer mentioned as an independent
nation, and the Xianbei language was lost as a result.” Some Xianbei people might have merged into
other Chinese ethnic groups in history, however, is it all the cases? Could some of them le� for a new
land and s�ll kept their tribe name “Yuchi”? let us see where Xianbei people were originally from?
According to Wikipedia, “Xianbei may be branched from the original Mongolian tribe, and its
language belongs to the Mongolian language family and their ancestors were the Donghu, a
nomadic people in ancient Siberia.” Which part of Asia is closely related to American con�nent? I
recommend the video “Alaska’s Na�ve-Owned Island” from Peter Santenello’s YouTube channel. In this
video, a Alaska na�ve told Peter Santenello that “the Russian natives used to visited us by whale skin
boat.”
9. The “wheel” symbol (Figure 23, 24)
The petroglyphs and ar�facts discovered in the American Southwest (Figure 23), in Japan (A, Figure
24), Egypt (B, Figure 24), and at Sanxingdui site, China (C, Figure 24) indicate that this “wheel symbol”
is a common cultural phenomenon exis�ng in many ancient cultures.
35
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 23. A, B, C: Petroglyphs and pictograohs in Utha and California, picture A taken by the author, picture B taken from “Carl
the crusher”’s YouTube video, picture C posted by Gregory Lit le on X. D: Ar�facts excaveded from the Portsmouth, Ohio, picture
posted by Gregory Lit le on X.
36
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 24. A: Petroglyphs in Japan, picture posted by @tatkba a_ason on X. B: Eyp�an ar�fact, picture taken from Internet. C:
Bronze ar�fact excavated from Sanxingdui, China, picture taken from Internet.
What is the possible origin of this universal symbol? Let us refer to Dao Feichang’s interpreta�on as
shown in Figure 25 below. The meaning translated into English is: “The symbols on top of the two
baboons are the character ‘弗 Fu’ in Chinese language, meaning binding curved wood to straighten
it; ‘福 Fu’ means fortune; ‘复 Fu’ means revive, regain, and repeat; ‘狒 Fu’ means baboon, are all
homophobic to one another. In this way, these characters are pronounced the same and can represent
37
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
and replace one another. ‘Fu’ also represents ‘Fu Hexagon” in 64 Hexagram astronomical system,
corresponding to Winter Solstice”.
This symbol is interpreted as “under world” by Escapologists. What I have learned from Dao
Feichang’s interpreta�on is: the “wheel” symbol represents the sun’s star�ng to regain its power from
the winter sols�ce day on. To the ancients, the sun went to underworld at night and rose again in the
day on the daily cycle, and the sun reduced power to the least on Winter Sols�ce and started to
regain its power since then on the yearly cycle. In B, Figure 25, the Scarab is raising this symbol on top
of the sun, which symbolizes the reviving of sun’s power from Winter Sols�ce day on (the two
baboons and the two characters “Fu” on top of the baboons represent Winter Sols�ce).
Figure 25. A: Dao Feichang’s interpreta�on of “the wheel of big fire” symbol on a post on X. B: Ancient Egyp�an ar�fact, picture
taken from the internet.
38
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
10. Ancient calendars (Figure 26)
Calendar petroglyphs can also be seen frequently in the American Southwest, such as a canlendar with
12 parts in the inner circle and 24 parts in the outer circle (B, Figure 26).
There are also some 13 months calendars in the petroglyphs (D, E, F, G, Figure 26). A shell disk
unearthed at a mound in Tennessee shows 13 months along the outer circle and 12 months along the
inner circle (C, Figure 26). I believe it is the depic�on of a combina�on calendar of 13 lunar months in
the outer circle and 12 solar months in the inner circle in which the concentric circles represent the
normal months of 30 days and the dots represent the months with increased days. In the same ar�cle,
Dao Feichang explained why there was a 13 months calendar: “Usually, a lunar year is divided into 12
lunar months, with an average of 29.53 days per month and 354 days in a whole year, about 11 days
less than a solar year with 365.25 days. The 12 lunar months correspond to the 24 Solar Terms, as long
as each lunar moth has a corresponding "Mid-Solar Term", such as “Rain Water’, “Grain Rain”, “Grain
Buds”, “Major Heat”, each lunar month can accurately indicate the seasons and terms. However, a
lunar year is about 11 days less than a solar year, if the correspondence goes on continuously, there
will always be a situation where a certain lunar month does not correspond to any "Mid-Solar Term"
and only corresponds to a "Solar Term". In this case, it is necessary to set this month as the "leap
month" of the previous month, by doing so, "Mid- Solar Terms" can still be corresponding to the
lunar months in sequence. After setting the leap month, there are 13 lunar months and the total days
in this lunar year are 384 days.”
I also see some petroglyphs with 18 parts in the circle and I was informed by X account
“@RivasNeva87167” that na�ve Americans had also used 18 20-day months calendar. At the oldest
officially-dated petroglyph site (da�ng at least 10000 years ago), located at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, there
is a famous flower-like petroglyph (H, Figure 26), and some people relate it to the flowers worn on the
wrists of Sumerian gods on the reliefs unearthed in Iran (da�ng to 3100 BC). I see 18 parts in the circle of
this petroglyph which tells it is highly likely an ancient 18 20- day month calendar.
39
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
40
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 26. A: A calendar petroglyph, picture taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. B: A carlendar petroglyphs at a site in
the American Southwest, picture taken by the author. C: A shell disk of combined calendar excavated from a mound in
Tennessee, picture posted by Dr. Gregory on X. D, E, F, G: 13 months calendar petroglyphs in the American Southwest, picture D,
E taken by the author, picture F, G picture taken taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. H: A 18 months calendar
petroglyph at the Pyramid Lake, Nevada, da�ng at least 10000 years old, picture taken taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube
channel.
11. Astronomical markers (Figure 27, 28)
Many ancient structures and sites are in alignment with astronomical phenomena such as
Solc�ces, Equinoxes, the moon and stars alignments. Besides spirals, ancients also marked
Sols�ces and Equinoxes with other symbols. The petroglyph as shown in Figure 27 at Petrofied
Forest Na�onal Park in Arizona marks the Summer Sols�ce. Picture B in Figure 27 is taken from
41
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
the book “In Plain Sight” writ en by Gloria Farley who and other team members vis�ed the
Anubis caves and observed the sunlight moving and shedding on these petroglphs on Equinox
days.
42
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 27. A: A petroglyph at Petrofied Forest Na�onal Park in Arizona marking the Summer Sols�ce, picture taken by the author.
B: The sunlight moving and shedding on the petroglphs at the Anubis Caves, picture taken from the book “In Plain Sight” (Farley
1989).
43
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
As shown in A, Figure 28 below, a rock at Parowan Gap, Utah resembles a human face, and this
is the statement quoted from the ar�cle “Utah's Weirdest Place Has Sliding Sunsets, a Moon
Map, and Prehistoric Petroglyphs” (Carter 2017): “ ‘We call this the Overseer’, said Dalton. ‘He
swallows the Sun at the end of summer and spits it out again in Spring.’” At the same site,
there are also petroglyphs depic�ng Lunar Calendar (B, Figure 28), according to Nal Morris’s
study �tled “Calendar Glyph and Solar Alignments”.
44
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 28. A: The rock at Parowon Gap, Utha, picture taken from the ar�cle “Utah's Weirdest Place Has Sliding Sunsets, a Moon
Map, and Prehistoric Petroglyphs” writ en by Jamie Carter posted on Yahoo.com. B: Petroglyphs depic�ng Lunar Canlendar,
picture taken from ht ps://scienceviews.com/indian/lunarcalendar.html.
45
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
12. The compass symbol (Figure 29)
According to Alex Korkis’s research (website: storiesbyalex.com; YouTube channel: storiesbyalex), the
petroglyphs as shown in A, B, Figure 29 below are the symbols of a compass indica�ng cardinal
north, south, east, and west. The petroglyph in A, Figure 29 is located in the US and the one in B,
Figure 29 is located in Mexico. This symbol can also be seen in Indus Valley scripts, da�ng 5300-3300
years ago (C, Figure 29) and Shang Dynasty scripts, da�ng 3599-2059 years ago (D, Figure 29).
Figure 29. A: A Compass petroglyph in the US, picture taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. B: A compass petoglyph in
Mexico, picture taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. C: Indus Valley scripts, picture taken from “Appendix I: List of sign
variants” , rmrl.in. D: Shang Dynasty’s scripts, picture taken from page 92, “甲骨文字典 Oracle-bone inscrip�on Dic�onary” (Xu
et al 2014).
46
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Part 2. Ancient scripts
1. Cross and the Swas�ka (Figure 30)
As we can see from Figure 30, there are a cross and a swas�ka in the ancient potery scripts
excavated from Djowi, Iran, da�ng 6700-6600 years ago. As men�oned above, these two symbols can
be seen in many ancient cultures including in the American petroglyphs and ar�facts.
Figure 30. Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from Djowi, Iran, da�ng to 4700-4600 BC. Picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃
及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009).
2. Lines, dots, grids, and rakes (Figure 31, 32)
Similar to the pot ery scripts (circled in blue in Figure 31) excavated from Tepe Yahya, Iran, da�ng 50004800 years ago, there are geometric pat erns of petroglyphs such as lines, grids, and rakes called “archaic
style” in the US (Figure 32).
47
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 31. Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from Tepe Yahya, Iran, da�ng to 3000-2800 BC. Picture taken from the book “苏美
尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009).
48
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 32. Geometric pat erns of petroglyphs in the US. Picture A, B, C taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. Picture D
taken by the author.
2. “Leaf stems” (Figure 33, 34)
Similar to the potery scr�ps (circled in red in Figure 31 above and Figure 33 below) excavated from
Tutu l, Syria, da�ng 5750-5150 years ago, there are also many “leaf stems” petroglyphs in the US (Figure
34). Picture A in Figure 34 is a petroglyph at the oldest officially-dated petroglyph site in the US.
49
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 33. A: Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from Tut ul, Syria, da�ng to 3750-3150 BC. B: Ancient pot ery scripts excavated
from Tepe Yahya, Iran, da�ng to 3000-2800 BC. Pictures taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究
(Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009).
50
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 34. “Leaf stem” petroglyphs in the US. Picture A, B taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. Picture C posted on the
Internet by Cindy Naessen. Picture D taken by the author.
I no�ced that this “leaf stem” was on the head of a deity worshiped by people at a site in Mexico as
shown in A in the following picture (posted on the Internet by Juliana Toro) and also on the head of deity
on a Indus Pottery (B in the following picture, taken from “Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions 1:
Collections in India”), which indicates that these “leaf stem” symbols might be sacred symbols to the
ancients.
51
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
3. A set of universal symbols (Figure 35, 36, 37)
A set of universal symbols can be seen in potery scripts excavated from the Neolithic sites in Banpo
Culture, China, da�ng 6800-5300 years ago (circled in green in A, B, Figure 35), the Neolithic site in
Shahdad, Iran, da�ng 4500-4000 years ago (circled in green in C, Figure 35), and Indus Valley
scripts, da�ng 5300-3300 years ago ( D, E, Figure 35).
52
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 35. A, B: Ancient potery scripts excavated from Banpo Culture, China. Picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中
国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009). C: Ancient
potery scripts excavated from Shahdad, Iran. Picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究
(Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009). D, E: Indus Vally seals, pictures
taken from the book “Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscrip�ons 2: Collec�ons in Pakistan”.
One of the symbols is also a Shang Dynasty character “Yu 丰 ” (A, Figure 36) and its ini�al meaning is “a
string of jade stones” (汉典 zdic.net) used for worship ceremonies. In the very ancient �mes, only the
kings/ tribe chiefs were the legi�mate mediums communica�ng between the living ones and their gods
and deceased ancestors, therefore, the character “Yu” (ritual utensils) and the character “Wang” (king)
in ancient Chinese language were inter-replaceable and represent the same meaning. The Sumerian
linear script “丰” also means “great” as shown in B, Figure 36. The Shang Dynasty character “Yu 丰” and
Sumerian linear script “丰” were similar and represented the same meaning of “great, king”, so, it can
be inferred that this set of symbols highly likely means “king” or stand for the �tles of kings.
53
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 36. A: Shang Dynasty character “Yu”, meaning a string of jade stones used for worship ceremonies, picture taken from
“hanziyuan.net”. B: Sumerian linear scripts in comparsion with ancient Chinese scripts, picture taken from the book “Chinese
and Sumerian” (Ball et al 1913).
This set of universal symbols can also be seen in the American petroglyphs and ar�facts as shown in
Figure 37 below. So, it can be inferred that the petroglyphs in Figure 37 also represent a deity or a
king’s
�tle.
54
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 37. A, B, C, D, E, F, G: Petroglyphs in the US. Picture A, B, D, E, F, G taken by the author, picture C taken from
“storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. H, I: Navajo blankets, pictures taken from the internet.
55
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
4. Another set of symbols represen�ng dei�es’ �tles (Figure 38, 39)
Another set of scripts can be seen in the potery scripts excavated from Banpo Culture, China, da�ng
6800-5300 years ago (circled in blue in A, Figure 38), Tepe Yahya, Iran, da�ng 5000-4800 years ago
(circled in blue in B, Figure 38), European Vinca Culture, da�ng 6700-6500 years ago (circled in blue in C,
Figure 38), Indus Valley civiliza�on, da�ng 5300-3300 years ago (circled in blue in D, E, Figure 38), as well
as in the American petroglyphs (circled in red in F, G, H, Figure 38).
What is the possible meaning of the set of universal ancient symbols? From the scripts of Indus Valley
civiliza�on (D, E, Figure 38), we can see these scripts are placed next to a deity, so, it can be inferred that
these are another set of �tles of dei�es as shown in Southwest American petroglyphs (F, G, H, Figure 38).
56
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 38. A: Pot ery scripts excavated from Banpo Culture, Chiina. Picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字
比较研究 (Compara�ve Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyp�an, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009). B: Pot ery scripts
excavated from Tepe Yahya, Iran. Pictures taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of
Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)”, (Gong et al 2009). C: Vinca Culture scripts, picture posted by Tomislav
57
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Nacevski on Linkedin.com. D, E: Indus Valley scripts, picture taken from the book “Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscrip�ons 2:
Collec�ons in Pakistan”. F, G, H: Petroglyphs in the American Southwest, pictures taken by the author.
Interes�ngly, I also no�ced that a symbol at a site in Nevada (A, Figure 39) is very similar to the script
casted on a Indus Valley pot ery (B, Figure 39).
Figure 39. A: A petroglyphs in the American Southwest, picture taken by the author. B: A Indus Valley script casted on a pot ery,
picture taken from the book “Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscrip�ons 1: Collec�ons in India” writ en by Joshi J. P. and Parpola A.
5. The symbol of “Shaman, Wizard” (Figure 40)
There is a character “Wu”, meaning Shaman, Wizard” In Shang Dynasty wri�ngs (A, Figure 40 below). The
same symbol can also be seen in the ancient scripts (circled in yellow in Figure 33 above) excavated
from Tutul, Syria, da�ng 5750-5150 years ago, European Vinca Culture, da�ng 6700-6500 years ago
(circled in red in B, Figure 40 below). Unexcep�onaly, this symbol can also be seen in the American
petroglyphs (C, D, Figure 40) and ar�fact (E, Figure 40).
Note that in D, Fiugre 40 below, this symbol is right next the figure of the deity men�oned above, which
indicates that this symbol has the same meaning as the Shang Dynasty character “Wu”, represen�ng
the Shaman who can communicate with dei�es.
58
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 40. A: Shang Dynasty’s Bronze wri�ng of “Wizard, Shaman”, picture taken from “hanziyuan.net”. B: Vinca culture scripts,
da�ng to about 4850-4650 BC, picture posted by Tomislav Nacevski on Linkedin.com. C: A petroglyph in the US, picture taken
from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. D: A petroglyph at a site in the west coast of Mexico, picture taken from the internet. E:
A Navojo blanket, picture taken from the internet.
59
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
6. The symbol of “Ya” (Figure 41)
As we can see in A, Figure 41 below, a Shang dynasty script “Ya”, meaning four corners, is the same as
the petroglyph (B, Figure 41) at a site in Nevada (Valley of Fire) dated over 4000 years ago.
Figure 41. A: Shang Dynasty’s Bronze script “Ya”, picture taken from “甲骨文字典 Oracle-bone Scripts Dicrionary” (Xu et al
2014) . B: Petroglyphs in the American petroglyphs, picture taken by the author.
7. The symbol of “Hui/ Huan” (Figure 42, 43)
As we can see from the scripts circled in blue in B, Figure 40 above and Figure 42 below, a script called
“Hui” or “Huan” in Chinese language, meaning “winding, turning around, returning”, can also be seen in
some ancient cultures such as Vinca culture in Europe and Neolithic Majiayao culture in China. This
symbol can also be seen in American petroglyphs (A, B, C, D, E, F in Figure 43). This symbol is also a
dominant pat ern on Shang dynasty bronze ar�facts (G, H in Figure 43).
60
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 42. Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from Majiayao Culture, Chiina, da�ng 5300-4100 years ago. Picture taken from the
book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong
et al 2009).
61
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 43. A, B, C, D: Petroglyphs in the US, pictures taken by the author. E, F: Petroglyphs at a site near the west coast of
Mexico, pictures taken from the internet. G, H: The “Hui” pat erns on Shang Dyansty’s bronze arifacts, pictures taken from the
internet.
8. The symbol of “Twisted Flax” (Figure 44)
The symbol of “Twisted Flax” is an universal ancient symbol which is also an Egyp�an hierglyph meaning
“twisted flax” (Circled in red in A, Figure 44) and also can be seen in Vinca culture (circled in purple in B,
62
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 40 above), in Ancient Chinese potery scripts, da�ng 7000-4700 years ago, (circled in red in
B, Figure 44 ), and in American petroglyphs (C, D, Figure 44).
Figure 44. A: Pot ery scripts from ancient sites in China, da�ng to 5000-2700 BC, picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及
中国古文字比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)”, writ en by Gong Yushu,
Yanhaiying, Ge Huiying. B: Egyp�an Hierglyphs, picture taken from Omniglot. C, D: Petroglyphs in the American Southwest.
Picture C taken from AZ wonders, picture D taken from ht ps://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/239658?keywords=.
63
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
9. The ancient number “n”- Ten (Figure 45)
The Symbol “n” is the ancient egyp�an number “Ten” (A, Figure 45) and also the number of “Ten” in
Indus Valley scripts (B, Figure 45). A group of same symbols can be seen at a petroglyph site in the
American Southwest (C, Figure 45).
Figure 45. A: Ancient Egyp�an number system, picture taken from “teacghinglondoncompu�ng.org”. B: Indus Valley number
system, picture taken from the ar�cle “Originity of The Number Symbol in The Indus Valley Civilization” (Srivastava et al 2018). C:
Petroglyphs at a site in Nevada, picture taken by the author.
64
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
10. The symbol of “Entanglement” (Figure 46)
As we can see, an ancient symbol as circled in red in Figure 46 can be seen in the ancient pottery
scripts excavated from Smarra, Iraq, da�ng to about 8000 years ago (A, Figure 46) and Linear Elamite
scripts, excavated from Iran, da�ng about 5000-4000 years ago (B, Figure 46). This symbol can also be
seen on the Indus Valley potery (C, Figure 45)and in the Southwest American petroglyphs (D, Figure
46).
65
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 46. A: Ancient pottery scripts excavated from Smarra, Iraq, es�mated da�ng 6000 BC. B: Ancient Linear Elamite, Iran,
da�ng to late 3rd and early 2nd millennial BC. Picture A, B taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字比较研究
(Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009). C: Indus Valley pottery, picture
taken from the book“Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscrip�ons 2: Collec�ons in Pakistan”. D: A petroglyph in the American
Southwest, picture taken by the author.
11. The symbol of “Lower World” (Figure 47)
In the book “America B.C.” (Fell 1989), there is a table of Egyp�an hieroglyphs and one hieroglyph, as
circled in red in A, Figure 47, means “earth, lower world”. I also no�ced the similar symbols in the
petroglyphs in the American Southwest (B, Figure 47) and in Vietnam (C, Figure 47).
66
The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 47. A: A table in the book “America B. C.” wit en by Barry Fell, picture taken from the book. B: A petroglyph in the
American Southwest, picture taken by the author. C: A petroglyph at Muong Hoa Valley, Vietnam, picture taken from
“storiesbyalex” YouTube channel.
12. A special symbol (Figure 48)
A special symbol in the pottery scripts excavated from Shahdad, Iran, da�ng 4500-4000 years ago
(A, Figure 48) drew my aten�on, and it reminded me of some similar petroglyphs I have seen in
the American Southwest as the examples shown in B, Figure 48 below.
Figure 48. A: Ancient pot ery scripts excavated from Shahdad, Iran. Picture taken from the book “苏美尔，埃及及中国古文字
比较研究 (Comparative Study of Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese Scripts)” (Gong et al 2009). B: Petroglyphs at a site in
the American Southwest, picture taken from the video “Hohokam and Mimbres Rock Art and Ideology, with Allen Dart” from
YouTube channel “Aztlander”.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
13. “The Three Branches” (Figure 49)
On a plaque excavated from Gobekli Tepe, Turkey, da�ng 11500 years ago, there is a “three branches”
symbol ( A, Figure 49) with one branch much longer than the other on sides. There are a lot of “three
branches” petroglyphs in the American Southwest, and most of them look more like birds’ footprints or
grass, so I barely see any petroglyph has the same characteris�cs as the Gobekli one. At Chaco Canyon,
I found a “three branches” petroglyph (B, Figure 49) has the same characteris�cs as the Gobekli “three
branches” symbol. Note that this petroglyphs (circled in blue in B, Figure 49) is right above the
“squterman” petroglyphs (circled in red) men�oned above in Part 1, No. 2 “the Anau seal”, so, would it
be any connec�on between them? And the one on the Gobekli plaquete is right next to the universal
symbol men�oned above in Part 1, No. 4 “the marker of Meridian”.
Figure 49. A: Petroglyphs at Chaco Canyon, picture taken by the author. B: Symbols on a plaque excavated from Gobekli Tepe,
Turkey, picture taken from asor.org.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Part 3. Universal symbols related to human bodies
1. The Shang Dynasty script “Huang” and the humanoid figure with three bars on head (Figure 50)
In my paper “The Shang Dynasty scripts and the suspected Indus scripts in Southwest American
petroglyphs” , I discussed a petroglyph at a site in the American Southwest was iden�cal to a Shang
Dynasty character “Huang” as follows:
“Huang” means “royal, emperor”. The petroglyph is consistent with the forms of “Huang” in the Shang
Dynasty’s Bronze inscriptions: its upper part looks like “a head with several light rays on its top” and its
lower part is the character “Wang” .
“More examples of “Huang” in Shang Dynasty’s Bronze inscriptions as shown in the following picture
(source: hanziyuan.net).”
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Let us analyze the structure of this character “Huang”: the upper part symbolizes a head with three
bars on top, and the lower part is the abstract version of a human body. We should know the
differences between symbols and wri�ngs: wri�ngs are more abstract and evolved from symbols.
Shang Dynasty scripts are wri�ngs already, so the character “Huang” is a wri�ng than a symbol, but it
should have evolved from a symbol which depicts a deity or a king with three bars on his head (three in
most cases if not all). Coincidently, I no�ced that some humanoid petroglyphs in the American
Southwest were depicted in the same structure: a human figure with three bars on his head (A, B,
Figure 50). Very interes�ngly, I also no�ced that a bronze statue excavated from Sanxingdui site, China
also had three bars on his head (C, Figure 50). The petroglyph in B, Figure 50 looks very old based on
the pa�na recovered on it. Are these images of the same origin in the very ancient �me?
I have only seen one Shang Dynasty character “Huang” petroglyph at a site where many Shang Dynasty
Kings’ �tles and characters are found, so there are no traces showing that this character evolved here in
America, otherwise, we should have seen more of this character in the American petroglyphs. The best
specula�on is: in very ancient �me, all cultures shared some common symbols including this humanoid
image as shown in A, B, Figure 50, some ancients migrated and brought this symbol with them to the
Americas; In Asia, this symbol evolved to the character “Huang” in Shang Dyansty and Shang people
inscribed it at a site with Shang Dyansty kings’ �tles and other characters while visi�ng the land called
America in modern day.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 50. A, B: Petroglyphs at two different sites in the American Southwest, pictures taken from YouTube channel “Petroglyph
Watch”. C: A bronze statue excavated from Sanxingdui site, China, picture taken from the Internet.
2. Eye in hand symbol (Figure 51)
“Eye in hand symbol” is another universal symbol that can be seen in various ancient cultures around
the world, and some cultures call it “Hamsa”. According to Daniela English’s ar�cle “Hamsa history,
symbol & usage”, “this symbol is used throughout various cultures with roots in the Middle East and
North Africa.” I no�ced that a Dynasty bronze hand excavated from Yin ruins, China also has an eye on it
as shown in A and B, Figure 51 below. Interes�ngly, I also no�ced that a hand petroglyph (C, Figure 51)
at a site looks similar to the Shang Dynasty bronze hand in pattern and systema�c Shang Dyansty’s kings’
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
�tles and scripts are found at the same site as men�oned in my paper. Although there are many hand
petroglyphs in the American Southwest, I barely see a hand petroglyph in this par�cular pat ern.
Figure 51. A, B: Unearthed Shang Dynasty bronze hand with an eye inscribed on it, pictures taken from the Internet. C: A
petroglyph of hand at a site in New Mexico where many Shang dynasty’s scripts are found in my paper “The Shang Dynasty
scripts and the suspected Indus scripts in Southwest American petroglyphs”, picture taken by the author.
“Eye in hand symbols” can also be seen in many petroglyphs and ar�facts in the Americas as shown in
Figure 52. According to Gregory Lit le’s research in the book “Path of Souls” (Lit le 2023), the eye in
hand, aslo called Ogee by na�ve Americans, is believed the portal which leads souls to heaven. Similarly,
there is an old Chinese saying “手眼通天” which literally means “eye in hand leading to the sky/
heaven”. Interes�ngly, the “eye in hand” petroglyohs as shown in A, B Figure 5 are found at the two sites
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
where many Shang Dyasty’s scripts are found, and the petroglyph in B, Figure 52 is right next to a Shang
Dynasty’s king �tle “Ren”.
Figure 52. A, B: Eye in hand petroglyphs in the American Southwest, pictures taken by the author. C, D, E: Eye in hand ar�facts
excavated from mounds in Alabama and Tennessee, picture posted by Dr. Gregory @DrGreLit le2 at X.
3. Handprint and footprint (Fiugre 53)
Handprint and footprint symbols are very popular symbols that can be seen across the world, and in
the Americas, tremendous of them can be seen in the petroglyphs and pictographs as well (Figure 53). In
Egyp�an hieroglyphs and Shang Dynasty wri�ngs, the symbols of “raising hand” represent “present,
worship”, therefore, I believe that many of handprint petroglyphs mean “present, worship” as well. As
we can see from A, Figure 53, on the top center, there is the deity (Orion) and many handprints are
below
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
or around it, which look like “present offering or whorship the deity”. I have no clue about the meaning
of footprint petroglyphs.
Figure 53. A, B, C: Handprint and footprint petroglyphs in the American Southwest, pictures taken by the author. D: Handprint pictographs in
Utah, picture taken form ancient art archive.
There is a very bizarre site in Utah where many handprints were imprinted in the rock wall (A, Figure
54),
and It is worth special men�oning that there are also some handprints imprinted in the rock wall in a
cave located in Baigongshan, Qinhai, China (B, Figure 54), and there are also many iron pipes dated
150000 years old by Chinese scien�sts found in this cave (B, C, Figure 54).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 54. A: Handprints at a site in Utah, picture taken from YouTube channel “vlad9vt”. B, C: Handprints and Iron pipes in a
cave at Baigongshan, Qinhai, China, pictures taken from the internet.
4. Birth scene (Fiugre 55)
We can see the birth scene on a Gobekili ar�fact (A, Figure 55), on pottery of Neolithic Majiayao Cultue,
China, da�ng 5300-4100 years ago (B, Figure 55), and in the Southwestern American petroglyphs as
well (C, D, Figure 55)
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 55. A: A Gobekili ar�fact, picture taken from the internet. B: A pot ery of Neolithic Majiayao cultue, China, picture taken
from the internet. C: Southwestern American petroglyphs, picture C taken by the author, D taken from the internet.
Part 4. Petyroglyphs of animals
1. The double-headed eagle (Figure 56)
Animals are one of the universal themes in the petroglyphs around the world. The common animal
petroglhphs in the American Southwest are antelopes, birds, snakes, and bulls. It’s worth special
men�oning that there are also petroglyphs of double-headed eagles in the American Southwest.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Accordiang to Wikipedia, “the double-headed eagle is an iconographic symbol originating in the
Bronze Age. A heraldic charge, it is used with the concept of an empire. Most modern uses of the
emblem are directly or indirectly associated with its use by the late Byzantine Empire, originally a
dynastic emblem of the Palaiologoi. It was adopted during the Late Medieval to Early Modern period
in the Holy Roman Empire, Albania and in Orthodox principalities (Serbia and Russia), representing an
augmentation of the (single-headed) eagle or Aquila associated with the Roman Empire.”
Figure 56. Double-head eagle petroglyphs in the American Southwes, picture A posted on the internet by Perter Carlson, picture
B taken by the author.
2. The double-headed dragon (Figure 57)
The ar�fact of double-headed dragon found in South America (A, Figure 57) looks very similar to a jade
artifact of double-headed dragon unearthed from Linjiatang site, China, da�ng 5800-5300 years ago (B,
Figure 57).
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 57. A: Double-headed dragon arifact found in South America, picture posted on X by @EDICIONESREGION. B: A jade
ar�fact of double-headed dragon excavated from Lingjiatan site, China, picture taken from the internet.
Part 5. The cultural connec�on between La Pila Del Rey, Mexico and Ancient China
As men�oned above, the petroglyphs of “Wu” (A, Figure 58), the ancient Chinese character meaning
Shaman, are found at a site called La Pila Del Rey close to the west coast of Mexico. There are also
petroglyphs (B, C, Figure 58) same as the ancient Chinese character “Wang” (D, E, Figure 58), meaning
king, found at this site. There are also some “Hui/Huan” petroglyphs found at this site (F, G, Figure 58)
which look iden�cal to the designs on bronze ar�facts excavated from China (H, I, Figure 58).
The Shang Dynasty scripts discussed in my paper “The Shang Dynasty scripts and the suspected Indus
scripts in Southwest American petroglyphs” appear systema�cally and collec�vely at two sites in the
American Southwest, and most importantly, four Shang kings’ �tles in the consecu�ve lineage and
character “Wang” (meaning king), character “Huang” (meaning royal, emperor), and Shang Kings’
surname “Zi” are also found in the petroglyphs, for these reasons, I am confident to say that these
petroglyphs were made by Shang Dynasty’s expedi�on(s) instead of cultural influence or transfer.
But It is hard to say how these ancient Chinese characters appeared at this ancient site in the west coast
of Mexico because there are only a few of them, so maybe an ancient Chinese expedi�on visited the site,
or maybe this site was influenced by the ancient Chinese cultures that visited North America, or maybe
they were brought by ancient people who had been influenced by ancient Chinese cultures before
migra�ng to the Americas.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
Figure 58. A: Petroglyph of the character “Wu”, picture taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. B, C: Petroglyphs of the
Character “Wang” in different styles, picture taken from “storiesbyalex” YouTube channel. D: Ancient Chinese character
“Wang”, picture taken from “hanziyuan.net”. E: A bronze ar�fact with “Wang”, picture taken from the internet. F, G: Petroglyphs
at a site near the west coast of Mexico, pictures taken from the internet. H, I: The “Hui” patterns on Shang Dyansty’s bronze
artifacts, pictures taken from the internet.
Conclusion
The above listed petroglyphs and ar�facts are just some popular symbols that can be found in both
ancient cultures outside the Americas and in the Americas, and as we can see, some symbols were
discovered in the ancient cultures dated only thousands of years old. Why do these ancient symbols
dated only thousands of years old also appear in the Americas?
As Anna Sofaer men�oned in an interview that her na�ve American friend Theresa Pasqual had said
that their language and history were written on the landscape. Most petroglyphs and pictographs are
meaningful, significant, and sacred symbols for ancient na�ve Americans, and they are records and
historical informa�on le� on the landscape by ancients instead of being created as artwork.
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The common ancient cultural phenomena between the Americas and other regions
As Paulet e F. C. Steeves wrote in her book “The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Western Hemisphere” that
“An often expressed Indigenouse view of the world is that all beings are related, all have
intelligence and spirit, and all are respected as relations.”
Acknowledgements
Chinese scholar 广百宋斋/道非常(Dao Feichang)’s excellent research on ancient astronomy and the
origin of human civiliza�on help me understand the origins of some universal symbols. I would not be
able to figure out why there are these common cultural phenomena around the world without learning
from him.
I learned a lot of knowledge from the precursors in the field of petroglyph research, such as Gloria Farley
and Barry Fell, and from na�ve American culture researcher Gregory Lit le.
The precursor in the field of ancient Chinese in American petroglyphs, John A. Ruskamp, Jr. , inspired me
to pay at en�on to ancient Chinese scripts while doing the research.
Alex Korkis’s YouTube channel is the first YouTube channel of petroglyphs I encountered, which provides
a lot of informa�on and knowledge about petroglyphs and inspires my interest in petroglyphs. “Carl
Crusher” and “Petroglyph Watch” are the other two YouTube channels that provide a lot of informa�on
about petroglyphs in the American Southwest for me.
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