California Independence from the United States, the "Calexit Initiative" (2018)

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California Calexit Initiative
Flag of California.png
Election date
November 6, 2018
Topic
Federal constitutional issues
Status
Not on the ballot
Type
Amendment
& Statute		Origin
Citizens


The California Independence from the United States Initiative (#16-0011A1), also known as the Calexit Initiative, was not on the ballot in California as a combined initiated constitutional amendment and state statute on November 6, 2018. The initiative was informally referred to as Calexit in reference to Great Britain's 2016 Brexit vote.[1][2]

On April 17, 2017, Louis Marinelli, the president of the supporting Yes California group, announced the campaign was ending. Campaign officials stated that Marinelli's connection to Russia was hurting their fundraising. Marcus Ruiz Evans, former vice president of Yes California, joined the California Freedom Caucus (CFC). Ruiz Evans said the CFC hoped to have its own independence initiative proposed by May 1, 2017.[3]

The measure would have called on the state to hold a referendum on March 13, 2019, on whether California should declare independence from the United States. The question asked would have been: "Should California become a free, sovereign, and independent country?" A declaration of independence would have been issued if at least 50 percent of registered voters participated and 55 percent or more voted yes on the question. If the 2019 referendum were to be approved, the California governor would have been required to request California’s admittance into the United Nations as the Republic of California.[4]

The measure would have repealed language in the California Constitution that states "... California is an inseparable part of the United States of America, and the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land."[4]

It’s unclear what impact this initiative would have had on the status of California as a state in the United States because no mechanism to secede exists in the United States Constitution.[5]

Text of measure

Ballot title

The official ballot title was as follows:[6]

“ California Nationhood. Initiative Constitutional Amendment and Statute.[7] ”

Petition summary

The summary provided for inclusion on signature petition sheets was as follows:[6]

“ Repeals provision in California Constitution stating California is an inseparable part of the United States and that the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Places question of whether California should become a separate country on a future ballot. Treats result of such future vote as declaration of independence from the United States if 50 percent of registered voters participate and 55 percent of those voting approve. Requires Governor to request California admission to the United Nations if voters approve independence.[7] ”

Fiscal impact

Note: The fiscal impact statement for a California ballot initiative authorized for circulation is prepared by the state's legislative analyst and director of finance.

The fiscal impact statement was as follows:[6]

“ The fiscal impact of this measure is dependent on various factors, including a vote by the people on this measure, a subsequent vote on California independence, possible legal challenges, and implementation issues. Assuming that California actually became an independent nation, the state and its local governments would experience major, but unknown, budgetary impacts. This measure also would result in tens of millions of dollars of one-time state and local election costs.[7] ”

Constitutional changes

See also: Article III, California Constitution

The measure would have repealed Section 1 of Article III of the California Constitution. The following text would have been repealed:[4]

The State of California is an inseparable part of the United States of America, and the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land.[7]

Changes to statute

The measure would have added a Division 22 to the California Election Code. The following text would have been added:[4]

DIVISION 22. THE INDEPENDENCE PLEBISCITE OF 2019

22002. On March 13, 2019, the election date for odd-year elections established by Division 1 of this Code, the Secretary of State shall submit the following independence plebiscite question to the voters: "Should California become a free, sovereign, and independent country?"

22003. The words "Yes" and "No" on separate lines with an enclosed voting space to the right of each shall be placed to the right of the independence plebiscite question.

22004. The independence plebiscite shall constitute a Declaration of Independence from the United States of America if both the following conditions are met:

(1) At least 50% of registered voters participate.
(2) At least 55% vote "Yes".

22005. Pursuant to the conditions in Section 22004 having been met, the Governor shall carry and shepherd an application for the newly-independent Republic of California to join the United Nations. The Governor shall have the authority to appoint an ambassador to whom he may delegate this duty.

Secession

There is no mechanism in the United States Constitution for a state to secede from the United States of America.[5] In Texas v. White of 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the union between Texas and the rest of the United States was "as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States." Secession, according to the court, was not possible "except through revolution or through consent of the States."[8] Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia summarized the issue, saying, "If there was any constitutional issue resolved by the Civil War, it is that there is no right to secede."[9]

For California to secede from the United States, the U.S. Constitution would need to be amended. Amending the United States Constitution would require a two-thirds vote of each chamber of the United States Congress and ratification by 38 states. An alternative would be to call a convention of states, have two-thirds of the delegates at the convention back California's secession, and then have 38 state legislatures approve the amendment.[9][10]

The California Constitution would need to be amended to remove Section 1 of Article III, which states, "The State of California is an inseparable part of the United States of America, and the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land."[11] The Calexit initiative would repeal this language.[4]

Yes California, the group sponsoring the initiative, commented on this process, stating:[10]

“ Indeed, California cannot unilaterally declare itself independent of the United States even though the original 13 colonies unilaterally declared their independence from England. ... Granted, the process of getting a constitutional amendment passed and ratified is a difficult and long one but that is why our campaign has started now. We need to educate Californians and Americans alike on why California independence will not only be for the benefit of the people of California, but just as importantly, that it will be for the benefit of this whole country.[7] ”

Support

Yes California 2018 logo.png

Yes California led the campaign in support of the initiative.[12] As of 2017, Louis Marinelli was the president of Yes California.[13] At the time of the campaign, Marinelli lived in Yekaterinburg, Russia, where he worked as an English teacher.[14]

Arguments

Louis J. Marinelli, president of Yes California, stated:[15]

“ California is a conquered territory which was annexed and made a state by an act of Congress but the people of California never actually affirmatively voted to join the union like the people of the other states had the chance to do. This puts us in a unique position where international law supports our right to self-determination and we designed this initiative to first establish a mandate for independence.[7] ”

Yes California provided nine points in support of an independent California on its website:[12]

“ THE CASE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN 9 SIMPLE POINTS

Being a U.S. state is no longer serving California’s best interests. On issues ranging from peace and security to natural resources and the environment, it has become increasingly true that California would be better off as an independent country. Here’s a summary of why we think so.

1. PEACE AND SECURITY

The U.S. Government spends more on its military than the next several countries combined. Not only is California forced to subsidize this massive military budget with our taxes, but Californians are sent off to fight in wars that often do more to perpetuate terrorism than to abate it. The only reason terrorists might want to attack us is because we are part of the United States and are guilty by association. Not being a part of that country will make California a less likely target of retaliation by its enemies.

2. ELECTIONS AND GOVERNMENT

California’s electoral votes haven’t affected a presidential election since 1876. On top of that, presidential election results are often known before our votes are even counted. So, why should we keep subjecting ourselves to presidents we play no role in electing, to 382 representatives and 98 senators we can’t vote for, and all the government officials and federal judges appointed by those very same people we don’t elect.

3. TRADE AND REGULATION

The U.S. Government maintains a burdensome trade system that hurts California’s economy by making trade more difficult and more expensive for California’s businesses. As long as California remains within this burdensome trade system, we will never be able to capitalize on the trade and investment opportunities that would be available to us as an independent country. On top of that, the United States is dragging California into the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement which conflicts with our values.

4. DEBT AND TAXES

Since 1987, California has been subsidizing the other states at a loss of tens and sometimes hundreds of billions of dollars in a single fiscal year. As a result, we are often forced to raise taxes and charge fees in California, and borrow money from the future to make up the difference. This is partly why California presently has some of the highest taxes in the country, and so much debt. Independence means that all of our taxes will be kept in California based on the priorities we set, and we will be able to do so while repaying our debts and phasing out the current state income tax.

5. IMMIGRATION

California is the most diverse state in the United States and that is something we are proud of. This diversity is a central part of our culture and an indispensable part of our economy. As a U.S. state, our immigration system was largely designed by the 49 other states thirty years ago. This immigration system has since neglected the needs of the California economy and has hurt too many California families. Independence means California will be able to decide what immigration policies make sense for our diverse and unique population, culture, and economy, and that we’ll be able to build an immigration system that is consistent with our values.

6. NATURAL RESOURCES

Certain minerals and other natural resources like coal, oil, and natural gas are being extracted from California at below market value rates by private corporations with the permission of the U.S. Government. While a small portion of the revenue is shared with us, our share has been withheld during times of sequestration. That means the U.S. Government is paying their debts with royalties collected from selling off California’s natural resources. Independence means we will gain control of the 46% of California that is currently owned by the U.S. Government and its agencies. We will therefore take control of our natural resources and be the sole beneficiary of royalties collected if and when they are extracted from our lands.

7. THE ENVIRONMENT

California is a global leader on environmental issues. However, as long as the other states continue debating whether or not climate change is real, they will continue holding up real efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The truth is this country accounts for less than five percent of the world’s population yet consumes one-third of the world’s paper, a quarter of the world’s oil, 27 percent of the aluminum, 23 percent of the coal, and 19 percent of the copper. Independence means California will be able to negotiate treaties to not only reduce the human impact on our climate but also to help build global resource sustainability.

8. HEALTH AND MEDICINE

The Affordable Care Act was enacted by the U.S. Government to lower the cost of health care and expand health insurance coverage to the uninsured, yet millions of Californians still lack access to quality health care because they can’t afford it. For many, access to hospitals and medicine is a life or death issue. Independence means we can fund the health care programs we want and ensure everyone has access to the medicines they need because our taxes will no longer be subsidizing other states. Finally, California can join the rest of the industrialized world in guaranteeing health care as a universal right for all of our people.

9. EDUCATION

California has some of the best universities but in various ways, our schools are among the worst in the country. Not only does this deprive our children of the education they deserve, but it also costs taxpayers billions in social services and law enforcement expenses linked to lacking opportunities resulting from poor education. Independence means we will be able to fully fund public education, rebuild and modernize public schools, and pay public school teachers the salaries they deserve. On top of that, independence means freedom from federal education policies and one-size-fits-all standards set by political appointees on the other side of the continent.[7]

”

Opposition

Arguments

Conor Friedersdorf, a journalist writing in the Los Angeles Times, stated:[16]

“ For decades California has exerted more influence on American politics and culture than vice versa. Secession would not improve our values. But it would practically ensure that the rest of the U.S. would drift farther away from our laid-back tolerance and easygoing diversity. And they'd still be our neighbors, geographic reality unchanged by political independence. ...

The main benefit of a California exit would be psychic. There is a subset of people here, mostly from the privileged classes, who feel sullied by their political affiliation with Red America. Secession would boost their sense of personal virtue.

The Calexit movement is trying to exploit that.

But satisfying the urge for ideological purity would come at a very dear cost: a worse life for many millions of Californians and tens of millions of Americans.[7]

”

Campaign finance

See also: Campaign finance requirements for Nevada ballot measures
Total campaign contributions:
Support: $0.00
Opposition: $0.00

One ballot measure committee, the Yes California Independence Committee, registered in support of the initiative.[17]

Support

PAC Amount raised Amount spent
Yes California Independence Committee $0.00 $0.00
Total $0.00 $0.00

Media editorials

Other opinions

The Sacramento Bee argued against secession, not the initiative specifically, stating:[18]

“ But even if secession were a practical idea – and with 38 states and a supermajority of Congress needed to sign off on it, it isn’t – that’s not how we do democracy in this country. We don’t take our ball and go home.

We are one nation, as we say in our Pledge of Allegiance. It wasn’t OK when sore loser Texans and Southerners started secession petitions in 2012 after Barack Obama was re-elected, and it isn’t a productive use of California’s time and talent.

More constructive would be a statewide effort to stand strong and defend our values and economy against what is sure to be an onslaught of hostile federal legislation. Trump’s promise to dismantle the Affordable Care Act stands to slash billions of federal Medicaid dollars from the state budget and could cancel health insurance for millions of low-income Californians. This state is going to need all hands on deck to protect public health and mitigate the financial hit.[7]

”

Polls

  • On November 16, 2016, SurveyUSA conducted a poll on "the idea of California seceding from the United States." Of the 800 persons surveyed, 23 percent supported the idea of secession, while 57 percent opposed the idea. Individuals who supported Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2016 presidential election opposed secession by a 19-point margin, with 49 percent opposing and 30 percent supporting. Backers of Donald Trump (R) opposed secession by a 59-point margin, with 74 percent opposing and 15 percent supporting. The age cohort with the most support for secession was 18 to 34 years old, with 31 percent supporting and 47 percent opposing.[19]
  • A Hoover Institution Golden State Poll asked state residents about whether "California should declare independence from the United States." Two versions of the question were asked, with one asking "would you vote for or against California declaring its independence to become its own country" and the other asking "would you vote for or against secession of California from the rest of the United States." The first registered support at 25 percent, and the second registered support at 27 percent. In both samples, Hispanics were the most likely ethnic group to support independence. Men were also more likely than women in both samples to support independence. People who identified as liberal supported independence at 37 percent in the first sample and 41 percent in the second. Conservative support was 11 percent in the first sample and 18 percent in the second.[20]
  • A Reuters/Ipsos poll released on January 25, 2017, showed that 32 percent of the 500 Californians surveyed between December 6, 2016, and January 19, 2017, supported a peaceful secession from the United States.[21][22][23]
California Independence from the United States Initiative (2018)
Poll Support OpposeUndecidedMargin of errorSample size
Hoover Institution[24]
1/5/2017 - 1/9/2017		 25.0%58.0%17.0%+/-3.82720
SurveyUSA
11/16/2016		 23.0%57.0%20.0%+/-3.50800
AVERAGES 24% 57.5% 18.5% +/-3.66 760
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

Background

Prior initiatives

Voting on
Federal Constitutional Issues
Federal constitutional issues.jpg
Ballot Measures
By state
By year
Not on ballot


In 2015, the group Sovereign California proposed several initiatives "seeking to redefine the relationship between the United States and the California Republic."[25] None of the proposals made the ballot on November 8, 2016. The president of Sovereign California was Louis Marinelli, who is now the president of Yes California.

One initiative would have established a panel to explore the devolution of California from the federal government. The idea of devolution was modeled on the status of Scotland in the United Kingdom.[26] Devolution is, according to the BBC, "a process designed to decentralise government and give more powers," in the case of the United Kingdom, "to the three nations which, together with England, make up the UK."[27]

Sovereign California also filed a Sovereignty Referendum, which would have called for a referendum on whether California should be a "nation within the United States." The proposal would have asked voters:[28]

“ Do you agree that California should acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish its own relations abroad - in other words, sovereignty - and at the same time to maintain with United States an economic, political, and military partnership?[7] ”

Other filed initiatives included the creation of a Citizens Services Agency, which would have been tasked with developing civic pride and national unity in California, a measure prohibiting out-of-state political contributions, an amendment to rename the position of "California Governor" as "California President", and one to require the state flag to be displayed at equal height with the United States national flag.[29][4][30][31]

Presidential election, 2016

See also: Presidential election, 2016 and Presidential election in California, 2016

The California Independence from the United States Initiative, dubbed Calexit, began trending on social media following the presidential election on November 8, 2016.[32][33][34][35] Donald Trump (R) defeated former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D) in the election. In California, Clinton received 62 percent of the vote compared to Trump's 32 percent.[36]

Marcus Ruiz Evans, vice president of Yes California, said the result of the election would help his group's cause. He stated, "Now that America chose Trump, no one is debating with us that America is failing. So then the question becomes, do you want to go down with the sinking ship, knowing that you have a ship that's able to sail the international economy on its own?"[37] Louis Marinelli, the president of Yes California, voted for Trump in the election, thinking his victory would "invigorate people to understand that they shouldn’t be a part of that country."[38][39]

Two days prior to the 2016 presidential election, Asm. Evan Low (D-28) said he would explore introducing a bill into the state legislature to have California secede from the United States should Donald Trump win the election. Others also expressed an interest in California seceding following Trump's win. Shervin Pishevar, a Silicon Valley investor, said he would fund "a legitimate campaign for California to become its own nation."[40][41] Pishevar later stated that, "In the heat of election night, I didn’t adequately or precisely describe my new thinking. I do not believe in secession - nor will I ever."[42] Speaker of the Assembly Anthony Rendon (D-63) described discussion of secession as "just another expression of angst that people feel in this state about Trump."[43]

Comparison to Brexit

The initiative's nickname, Calexit, recalled the United Kingdom's referendum to withdraw from the European Union, which was nicknamed Brexit.[12][13] In June 2016, 52 percent of voters in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union.[44] The question on the ballot was, "Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union?"[45]

Path to the ballot

See also: Laws governing the initiative process in California

In California, the number of signatures needed to qualify a measure for the ballot is based on the total number of votes cast for the office of governor. For a combined initiated constitutional amendment and state statute, petitioners must collect signatures equal to eight percent of the most recent gubernatorial vote. To get a measure on the 2018 ballot, the number of signatures required was 585,407. In California, initiatives can be circulated for 180 days. Signatures needed to be certified at least 131 days before the 2018 general election, which was around June 28, 2018. As the signature verification process can take several weeks, the California secretary of state issues suggested deadlines for several months before the certification deadline.

The following is the timeline for the initiative:[46]

  • Marcus Evans submitted a letter requesting a title and summary on November 21, 2016.
  • A title and summary were issued by the California attorney general's office on January 26, 2017.
  • Proponents of the initiative needed to submit 585,407 valid signatures by July 25, 2017, in order for it to make the 2018 ballot. Marcus Evans said the campaign would utilize almost 7,000 volunteers to collect the signatures.[47]
  • The campaign ended on April 17, 2017.[3]

Withdraw

On April 17, 2017, Louis J. Marinelli, president of the Yes California organization backing the initiative, said, "For me, today, my ballot initiative petition drive came to an end." Marinelli, who lives in Russia, said he would seek permanent residence there.[48] He stated:[49]

“ As I have stated in the past, I do not wish to live under the American flag. I do not wish to live under the American political system or within the American economic system. Regardless, I had long planned to eventually return to occupied California and struggle for her independence from the United States so we could build the kind of country that reflects our progressive values. However, while my frustration, disappointment and disillusionment with the United States remains, these feelings now point me in a different direction. I have found in Russia a new happiness, a life without the albatross of frustration and resentment towards ones’ homeland, and a future detached from the partisan divisions and animosity that has thus far engulfed my entire adult life.[7] ”

Marcus Ruiz Evans, former vice president of Yes California, said Marinelli's residence in Russia was becoming a distraction and causing donors to back out of the campaign. Ruiz Evans said, "People got scared. They got spooked by what they saw on the news and pulled out. Absent of claims that something evil was going on backed by Russia, we would have had the money. Guaranteed."[50]

Ruiz Evans joined the California Freedom Caucus (CFC). He said the CFC hoped to have its own independence proposal by May 1, 2017.[51]

State profile

USA California location map.svg
Demographic data for California
 CaliforniaU.S.
Total population:38,993,940316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):155,7793,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:61.8%73.6%
Black/African American:5.9%12.6%
Asian:13.7%5.1%
Native American:0.7%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0.4%0.2%
Two or more:4.5%3%
Hispanic/Latino:38.4%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:81.8%86.7%
College graduation rate:31.4%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$61,818$53,889
Persons below poverty level:18.2%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in California.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

Presidential voting pattern

See also: Presidential voting trends in California

California voted for the Democratic candidate in all six presidential elections between 2000 and 2020.


More California coverage on Ballotpedia

Recent news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms California Independence Initiative 2018. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

California Independence from the United States, the "Calexit Initiative" (2018) - Google News

See also

External links

Basic information

Support

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Yes California, "Yes California's Calexit Blue Book," accessed November 10, 2016
  2. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "'Calexit' organizers can now start collecting signatures to put California secession on the ballot," January 26, 2017
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named end
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 California Attorney General, "Initiative Petition," November 21, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "text" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 NBC Bay Area, "Presidential Election Aftermath Spurs Cal-Exit Dreams," November 10, 2016
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 California Secretary of State, "Initiatives and Referenda Cleared for Circulation," accessed January 26, 2017
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Cornell University Law School, "Texas v. White," accessed November 10, 2016
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Washington Post, "So you want to secede from the U.S.: A four-step guide," June 27, 2016
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Yes California, "How California Can Legally Secede from the Union," March 3, 2016
  11. ↑ California State Legislature, "California Constitution," accessed November 10, 2016
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Yes California, "Homepage," accessed November 10, 2016
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Business Insider, "Californians are calling for a 'Calexit' from the US — here's how a secession could work," November 9, 2016
  14. ↑ New York Times, "California Secession Advocate Faces Scrutiny Over Where He’s Based: Russia," February 21, 2017
  15. ↑ MyNewsLA, "Do you want California to be a separate country? Nothing to do with Trump," January 27, 2017
  16. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "'Calexit' would be a disaster for progressive values," January 27, 2017
  17. ↑ Cal-Access, "Yes California Independence Committee," accessed April 17, 2017
  18. ↑ The Sacramento Bee, "Forget #Calexit. Just defend California against Trump," November 10, 2016
  19. ↑ SurveyUSA, "Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #23349," November 16, 2016
  20. ↑ Hoover Institute, "Hoover Institution Golden State Poll: January 5-9, 2017," January 19, 2017
  21. ↑ Reuters, "More Californians dreaming of a country without Trump: poll," January 24, 2017
  22. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Support for California secession is up, one poll says," January 24, 2017
  23. ↑ This poll is not included in the table below because Reuters/Ipsos had not released their full results for California as of January 26, 2017.
  24. ↑ The Hoover Institution asked two questions related to the ballot initiative. One asked "would you vote for or against California declaring its independence to become its own country" and the other asked "would you vote for or against secession of California from the rest of the United States." Support was 25 percent using the first question and 27 percent using the second question. The results from the first question, rather than the second question, are factored into this table because the initiative's petition summary uses the word independence, but not the word secession.
  25. ↑ Sovereign California, "About," accessed April 12, 2015
  26. ↑ Sovereign California, "Our Message to the People of the California Republic," January 8, 2015
  27. ↑ BBC, "Devolution: A beginner's guide," April 29, 2010
  28. ↑ California Attorney General, "Initiative 15-0037," July 9, 2015
  29. ↑ California Attorney General, "Letter requesting a ballot title for Initiative 15-0022," April 20, 2015
  30. ↑ California Attorney General, "Initiative 15-0013," March 25, 2015
  31. ↑ California Attorney General, "Initiative 15-0011," March 25, 2015
  32. ↑ CNN, "Interest in #Calexit growing after Donald Trump victory," November 10, 2016
  33. ↑ Time, "Californians Suggest ‘Calexit’ in Wake of Donald Trump Win," November 9, 2016
  34. ↑ International Business Times, "What Is Calexit? California Considers Leaving US After Trump Win," November 9, 2016
  35. ↑ The Sacramento Bee, "#CalExit: Topic of California seceding from the nation takes over social media," November 9, 2016
  36. ↑ New York Times, "California Presidential Race Results: Hillary Clinton Wins," November 10, 2016
  37. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "'Calexit' movement says Trump win helps their calls for California to secede," November 9, 2016
  38. ↑ Bloomberg, "How to Make California Great: Secede, With a Little Help From Putin," December 7, 2016
  39. ↑ Wall Street Journal, "Backers of California Seceding From the U.S. Get a Go-Ahead," January 28, 2017
  40. ↑ The Guardian, "Silicon Valley investors call for California to secede from the US after Trump win," November 9, 2016
  41. ↑ Fusion, "After Trump’s win, Silicon Valley powerbrokers make plans for California to secede from Union," November 9, 2016
  42. ↑ Business Insider, "Silicon Valley investor: California shouldn't secede, states must 'determine their destinies' within the US," November 15, 2016
  43. ↑ CBS News, "Cal-exit? Meet the movement for Californian secession," February 20, 2017
  44. ↑ BBC, "EU Referendum Results," accessed November 10, 2016
  45. ↑ The Electoral Commission, "EU referendum question assessment," accessed November 11, 2016
  46. ↑ California Secretary of State, "Ballot Measures," accessed January 26, 2017
  47. ↑ Utah Public Radio, "'California Nationhood' Ballot Measure Builds Steam," January 27, 2017
  48. ↑ ABC News, "Calexit backers drop 1 California secession bid, try again," April 17, 2017
  49. ↑ San Diego Union-Tribune, 'Calexit' secession movement leader calls it quits, from Russia, with love," April 17, 2017
  50. ↑ The Sacramento Bee, "‘Calexit’ effort halted – but backers to try again soon," April 17, 2017
  51. ↑ The Sacramento Bee, "Calexit effort is dead – for now," April 17, 2017
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