"He who does not support a wife, he who does not support a child, has no cause for celebration." - Sumerian Proverb
(a mural depicting the flowers of eternal youth and the eternals who maintain it)
After the Sumerians had ruled Mesopotamia
unsurpassed for one thousand and four hundred years, as the rulers Gilgamesh dealt with Egypt and Kubaba with Phrygia, the Medes were the first to revolt. They cast away the demands of tribute that had been exacted since the early days of Gilgamesh and won their freedom. However, they were alone in their aims. Much of the Eternal Empire remained under Kubaba's lure of immortality. Few rebelled since the time of Kish, when those who did not understand the true inner workings of the water of neverending life merely disappeared in great quantities upon diving beneath its surface.
Kubaba taught her people patience. They could wait while their enemies passed on, little by little. As the clever Deioces, son of Phraortes, practiced and professed justice throughout the land of Media, Kubaba and her people followed the code of patience. Curious and not averse to risk, Deioces disguised himself and hid among a caravan passing through Harran. Immortal and mortal lived together and could not be distinguished by eye, but only by reputation. So he found an immortal by the name Uballissu, the author of the first volume of the
Sumerian Chronicles, who was at the cemetary laying food and water out for his deceased successor and valued student, Esagil-kin-apli, who had been killed in Egypt by a stray arrow.
Deioces killed Uballissu when the older man would not go with him. Afraid his murder would be noticed, Deioces thought to burn the body but could not carry it out of the city. With the same barbarity his people were known for, Deioces made to cut Uballissu into pieces. Not one drop of blood spilt, despite his savagery; and when cutting into the first limb, he was stopped by what felt like armor. Furious and increasingly paranoid, he tore open his victim's skin and discovered what no man was meant to see: how the immortal's body became like iron, yet moved like any other. In shock, Deioces dropped his knife and fled back home to Media.
This story has passed on from the Medes to all the peoples of the world, down to us Greeks through Heraclitus. There are four other variants of this story, with different characters in each, but they all share the revelation of the immortals' true nature, whatever it may be.
(the Sixteenth march across the border into Media, 01:36)
"Here rests Uballissu, formerly of Marduk, freed of captivity in the waters of heaven. He served four hundred years, chief scribe in Babylon, author and teacher of scribes and kings. He is murdered by a Median, death comes for him eternally. Vengeance be mine, he says; when the culprit is dead, I will turn the knife on him and he will experience everlasting agony. My spirit so soothed, my body lies in wait for the day of awakening."
- a grave stelae in the Royal Cemetary of Ur, c. 700 BCE
"On this first year, Kurus, King of Persia, made Astyages to bow before him. Thus rewarded in their patience, the Twenty-Third* marched upon the Medes. They defeated Astyages on the plains north of Ecbatana, raided a caravan rich in gold, and struck a Median camp. Kubaba welcomed a messenger from the nomadic lands, where the kings craved eternal life and agreed to support our war against Media. So Kubaba found cause to reign over the nomads."
- Shammuramat,
The Median War
* The Twenty-Third refers to a generation of eternals; specifically, those who submerged themselves in the waters of Kubaba between 760 and 740 BCE. They would comprise the youngest warriors of the time, which often made up a large portion of the army prior to the reforms of Shamshi-ilu in the early 5th century BCE. Strangely, Kurus chose not to invade Media or support his new vassal. Sources suggest he may have feared leaving Persis undefended, since it was surrounded to the north by the Medes and west by Sumer.
(the invasion of Ecbatana, 05:27)
"On this second year, the Twenty-Third were bolstered by their newly awakened brethren from Babylon. They raided and pillaged the Median camp. Before the march into the heart of Media, Tukulti-Esarra, commander of the east, son of Tukulti-Pulu, arrived and armed the men for all manner of warfare and discipline. On the other end of the world, Gilgamesh's veterans claimed Elephantine and scoured his land for the rebellious nomarchs. Ashur-dan, son of Tukulti-Esarra, returned to Babylon after witnessing the deaths of innocents; and he founded the first college of ethics in war, drawing many to his banner."
- Shammuramat,
The Median War
"She saw them bicker and argue. Pride blinded humanity until they rejected all that they had and demanded more. And before all the people of Babylon, she* proclaimed the gods destroyed, and she herself now the Queen of Heaven, Gilgamesh her demigod lover; and that all must follow her every command, which she once rejected in order to give mankind a chance to rule themselves. Gilgamesh remained in Egypt to rule as king of the west, though he feared her growing power and turned his heart into itself, contenting it with his own glories in Egypt should she grow hungry for more."
- Rimeni,
The Sumerian Chronicle, volume 3
* Kubaba. At this time in history, fewer people were choosing to become eternals. Although their lives were shorter, mortals often enjoyed a higher standard of living. Older eternals, many of the first ten generations or so, hated this inequality. They were allowed to own land, but the lawmakers were always lurugu (Sumerian term for 'stubborn man', slang for those who refused the Kubaba's gift of immortality).
In response, Kubaba instituted a series of reforms meant to expand the roles of eternals as civil servants. To avoid revolts, mortal governors had to raise wages for their new eternal servants, causing many now-unemployed mortals to seek employment in the army, bolstering it significantly. Ashur-dan, chief military advisor, formed a standing army. For the vast amounts of gold required in payment, eternals left their money with trustworthy accountants to the governors in each city and were given promissory notes in exchange.
(Greeks pass through Cilicia and raid Tarsus, 08:16)
"On this third year, Tukulti-Essara sent for siege weapons to be brought to Ecbatana, to destroy the fort where the recalcitrant Medes took refuge. Gilgamesh took captive the Egyptian pharaoh, Ameres, and razed the town of El-Amarna to the ground. Armies of the pale-skinned peoples from the north and west passed by Tarsus in great numbers, but only to fight their own war in the country of Luddu*. Our army still fighting Astyages could not protect our distant lands from their frequent raids."
- Shammuramat,
The Median War
* This wasn't learned until just before Tukulti-Essara's attack on the Median camp near Arbela. Kubaba feared an attack on the important copper mines to the north, which were undefended. The Greeks
would eventually strike there, but not for some time after. Also, "pale skinned" refers to the slightly lighter skintones of the Greeks; to the Sumerians, they appeared pale.
(at the Siege of Arbela, 09:26)
"Isn't there more to life than war and death? Father, I plead for those who still mourn the loss of their sons, their husbands, their brothers in war. Turn your attention on the invaders north of Tarsus. Do not abandon them. They are a poor people, fishermen and hunters. Why must they be judged so harshly? Hasn't the die of life rolled not in their favor already?"
- Letter from Ashur-dan to Tukulti-Kessara, c. 560 BCE
"On this fourth year, Arbela was put to siege and fell six months later. Ashur-dan sent a letter pleading with his father to send his army north to protect Tarsus, but Tukulti-Kessara ignored his son's advice and marched east. Kubaba divided the land among the high judges and appointed one to each city, no longer leaving common justice to the temples. Menua, chief inventor of the military academy in Babylon, forged the first solid armor*."
- Shammuramat,
The Median War
* Plate armor wouldn't become the norm until at least the beginning of the 5th century BCE. Even then, it would be reserved for the royal home guard, a situation unchanged until after greater mining techniques were developed nearly a millennia later. Menua's other accomplishments include a detailed analysis of horticulture and astronomy, both which helped increase the efficiency of farmlands throughout the Eternal Empire.
(Astyages pleads with Tukulti-Essara)
"On this fifth year, Astyages, knowing his final days were upon him, went out from Ray to plead with Tukulti-Kessara to spare his people. Tukulti-Essara refused, but upon hearing Astyages' impassioned plea, he was reminded of his son, whose earlier plea went unheard. Unwilling to kill such a man, Tukulti released him to take his family to safety, ordering his men to let him pass through unharmed. Astyages took his family to Asterabad and sent them on to Bactra but stood his ground at Asterabad. Ray fell to Sumer, and Astyages surrendered four months later. Tukulti spared him, but his son was struck down before an army of nomads."
- Shammuramat,
The Median War
"Astiruwa, a Twenty-First eternal and merchant from Harran, discovered the ruins of an Akkadian colony once called Armani; bandits killed him before he could begin to uncover its secrets*."
- Rimeni,
The Sumerian Chronicle, volume 3
* By this time, a certain disdain for anything in the past had developed among the older generations, aside from the clergy and their scribes. It was believed that learning about the past should be left to the priesthood, who could afford to spend their time studying about it. If anyone could study the past, it was believed progress for the rest of society would be held back, since people would grow attached to unneeded traditions. The identity of the bandits are disputed by historians, but Rimeni postulates in a letter to his pupil that he believed it was a mob. Without evidence to support his belief, he refrained from including it in the Chronicle.
Ashur-dan renewed interest in the study of past history among his students by introducing symbols of heraldry to represent each division of his army. This led to some rivalry among the divisions, but also reintroduced the idea of claiming accomplishments as a group.
(the forts guarding Cilicia bolstered by Tukulti-Essara, 18:06)
"If it isn't to be done by another, take up the matter yourself. Kubaba thus advised Ashur-dan, who tired of his failure to convince his father to protect the empire's northern borders*. Thus encouraged, Ashur-dan made his army take an oath of fealty to him and to the defense of the north. To that end, he similarly approached Menua and asked his aid with chief architect Aeaxashesh to produce great forts whereby the northerners could be stopped near Tarsus, and the roads be guarded from further banditry, as was common in those days."
- Rimeni,
The Sumerian Chronicle, volume 3
"Ashur-dan, struck with near-sightedness, is hereby appointed one correctional lens to be worn over the afflicted eye. Exact specifications to be determined after examination. Let the following amount enclosed pay the cost in full."
- Promissory note with instructions to a glassmaker in Babylon, c. 540 BCE.
* In fact, Ashur-dan didn't personally defend Cilicia. He left that to his son, Adad-nirari. According to a fragment from his personal advisor's memoirs, Adad-nirari helped oversee the construction of two major forts west and north of Tarsus, which were being built by Aeaxashesh. Meanwhile, Ashur-dan took the larger portion of his army north into the Caucasus. It's around this time that raiders from Ludda destroyed the copper mines and invaded Harran, where they met Tukulti-Essara's battle-hardened army returning from the Median War. Sumerian records suggest Atys, son of Croesus, was captured in this battle. Tukulti-Essara is next seen commanding the garrison at Tarsus.
(the Laws of War being written, 17:10)
"Kubaba saw that her empire would fracture if Ashur-dan's beliefs spread, but rather than resist such change, she established the first laws of war and sent out scribes to teach them even to the non-combatant; for, as she said, the citizen must know when his master does a misdeed to him and his country. Knowing this, she explained, will keep a governor's eyes on the Eternal Star*, not the lure of others' possessions."
- Rimeni,
The Sumerian Chronicle, volume 3
* The Star of Inanna became the symbol of the Eternal Empire some time around the turn of the millennia, c. 1000 BCE. Here, the author is referring to the good of the empire instead of the individual's own greed. Kubaba's reforms not only established that the armies were ultimately under the command of Gilgamesh, but they also improved literacy throughout the empire. Rimeni describes a machine that sounds remarkably like a printing press, which he claims helped Kubaba disseminate her teachings. This prompted many lively debates that started out civil, but later degraded as Kubaba's followers became more violent.
Ironically, it was Kubaba's negotiations with commanders throughout the empire that led to the development of official military indenture to her authority, causing some unrest among the commanders, even if they couldn't outright rebel (Kubaba still controlled the only source for immortality, and she was still believed to be a goddess). On a positive note, her willingness to debate led to a flourishing of the sciences, as a rigorous method was first developed in Arbela by Amytis, then-wife of Adad-nirari, to test the efficacy of hypotheses.
(Adrastus finds the body of Croesus among the burning ruins of Eregli, 21:57)
"Tikulti-Essara could no longer remain idle, and he sent his grandson back to Arbela to marry the captive Amytis, sister of Astyages, so that he might join the two armies and march on Ludda. First he captured Eregli, and there slayed Croesus, King of the Ludda, but not before Croesus sent Adrastus* out to bring back reinforcements from Phrygia. When Adrastus arrived, he was promptly told of Croesus' death and blamed for abandoning him. Adrastus turned and fled back to Eregli, where he rode his horse through Tukulti's lines and died of arrowshot beside the body of the last man he ever considered to be a father."
- Herodotus,
The Histories
* Adrastus was the son of Gordias, a king of Phrygia. He killed his own brother by accident and was disowned by his father, who exiled him further west. Croesus took him in, forgave him, and gave him a home when he had none. He felt enormous guilt over causing the death of his brother and supposedly couldn't bear the thought of leaving Croesus to die, so he returned in the hopes Croesus was still alive. According to Herodotus, Adrastus took over twenty arrows but didn't die until he found Croesus' body. They were later buried as they laid, with Adrastus hugging Croesus' broken body. Murals depicting the tragedy became popular in Greece.
To this day, Sumerian scholars consider this false and claim Adrestus took his own life. Either way, this event would be used by the Greeks in Leonidas' time to unite against the Eternal Empire...
(a representation of Tukulti-Essara or Adrastus... depending on the source)
"Here rests Tukulti-Essara, now of Eshara, bound in captivity above the waters of heaven. He served one hundred years, commander of the Sixteenth army, conqueror and father of soldiers. He takes his own life, death comes for him once. Punishment is mine, he says; for I killed a son before a father, and a father before a son. Ashur-dan has renounced me, and I now leave him my soul in restitution; may he forgive me some day before it is gone."
- a grave stelae in the Royal Cemetary of Ur, c. 700 BCE
(map of the Eternal Empire, c. 549 BCE)