… for spanking are robust to study design differences. Meta-analyses focused specifically on
… the potential consequences of spanking for children. The purpose of the current study was to …

… As far as we are aware, only 1 study of spanking and later child behavior problems has … In
this study, we explored the association of spanking frequency before age 2 with children's risk …

… of spanking is that investigators who study spanking and the parents and teachers who
interact with children cannot adhere consistently to a delimited and crisp definition of spanking or …

… In this article, I pair mounting research indicating that spanking is both … I conclude that spanking
is a form of violence against children … studies did spanking predict reductions in children's …

… studies simply ask parents how often they “spank” their child, … definition of spanking for the
current study was open-hand … studies used reported occurrence or frequency of spanking as …

… that are reviewed to support conclusions regarding spanking do not purport to study
spanking, per se, but rather physical punishment. We refer to this as a conceptual issue because …

… In this study, we analyze the links between maternal and paternal spanking and child …
data set that follows a large and diverse sample of children from birth through 9 years of age, a …

… This study suggests that the processes linking spanking to child aggression differ for … Our
first step was to extend prior studies that showed links between fathers’ spanking and child …

… Most of the results of this study are consistent with other studies that have generally found
spanking to be associated with child aggression. Baumrind (1973), however, found that …

… spanking and later child behavioral problems. The result in this study showed that occasional
spanking is associated with increased odds of later child behavioral problems (“unable to …