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IMAGES, PART ONE Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment.

IMAGES, PART ONE Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment.

Profile image of John U . ReesJohn U . Rees

IMAGES, PART ONE Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment. Contents 1. Contents of Main Monograph 2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center 3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780 4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment 5. Images Included in the Narrative of "An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.” The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence 6. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried. Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment. 7. Related Articles by the Author Representative Images of Whig Soldiers’ Belongings Companion Resource for "An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.” The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-my-Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence

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IMAGES, PART TWO: Plates, Bowls, Eating Utensils, Clasp Knives, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Rugs, Coverlets, Slipcase Pocket Books, common Pocket Books, Linen Wallets, Mittens, Cups, Pipes, Tobacco and Snuff Boxes, and Writing Implements.

John U . Rees

IMAGES, PART TWO Plates, Bowls, Eating Utensils, Clasp Knives, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Rugs, Coverlets, Slipcase Pocket Books, common Pocket Books, Linen Wallets, Mittens, Cups, Pipes, Tobacco and Snuff Boxes, and Writing Implements. Contents 1. Contents of Primary Monograph 2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center 3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780 4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment 5. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried. Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment. 7. Related Articles by the Author Representative Images of Whig Soldiers’ Belongings Companion Resource for "An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.” The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-my-Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence

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"An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack. " The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence

John U . Rees

Contents 1. Overview: “Our almost incessant marching – marching almost day & night.” 2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.” Personal Equipage as Stipulated in British Treatises 3. “The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …” What British Troops Actually Carried, 1755-1783 4. “Only such articles as are necessary and useful …”: Lightening the Soldiers’ Load 5. “Spare cloathing and necessaries ..." Personal and Other Items Carried by Continental and Militia Soldiers a. Ezra Tilden, 1775 to 1779 b. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment (including discussion of “snapsack[s]”) c. An "Estimate of the Expences of raising a foot soldier … 1776, in Colo. Smallwood's battalion & ye 7 independent Companies …” d. An inventory of the possessions of the late Samuel Lamson of Colonel Fisher Gay's Connecticut Regiment, 1776. e. Sergeant Major John Hawkins, 2nd Canadian Regiment, September 1777 f. Inventory of a Deceased Rhode Island Soldier’s Belongings, October 1777 g. References to Soldiers’ Belongings and Knapsacks in Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States. 1779 h. "Plan for the Cloathing of the [light] Infantry,"circa 1779 i. Massachusetts Soldier: Sgt. Andrew Kettell’s Journal, May 1780 March 1781 j. Soldier-Tailor: “Inventory of the Effects of Frederick Oblieskie,” West Point, September 1780 6. "All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...": Cooking Gear and other Food-Related Items a. Light-Weight Military Kettles, and Cast-Iron Cooking Gear, 1775-1782. b. Continental Army and States' Militia, 1775-1780. c. American Sheet-Iron Kettles, 1781-1782. d. Iron Pots and Pans. e. Makeshift Cookware. d. Eating Utensils. 7. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food. 8. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783. 9. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water. 10. Equipment Shortages Appendix A. “I hired some of my pack carried about a dozen miles …”: Excerpts from Ezra Tilden’s diary, 1776-1777 Appendix B. Soldiers had what and how many? List of Related Articles

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Miscellaneous Military Material Culture (etc.), 1775-1783

John U . Rees

Miscellaneous Military Material Culture (1775-1783) (pages 48-58) Monographs on Continental Army equipage and vehicle returns (1775-1782), knapsack types, evolution of British knapsacks, what soldiers’ carried (militia, Continentals, British common soldiers and officers’ campaign equipage, images of items soldiers carried in two parts), soldier’s blankets, hunting shirts (proper terminology), unpaid volunteers in the Continental and British armies (1775-1781), a look at order books in the Museum of the American Revolution, musket cleaning and care, stacking arms, officers’ shoulder arms, artillery at the Battle of Monmouth, shoe supply and soldier-artificers making shoes and other leather goods (1776-1782), tin cartridge canisters, soldier-tailors, and Continental Army surgeons. Other authors: "Redcoat Images, No. 83 (Revisited) Ensign Richard St George Mansergh St George, 4th Regiment of Foot, 1776" (Urwin), Richard St. George Mansergh and Darley’s "A View of America in 1778" (Gilbert and Rayner), Massachusetts bounty coat, 1775, Cooke), line “market” wallet (LeCount), British Guards preparing for the American War, 1776 (Burke and Bass), a rare waistcoat with a motto (Skic), belted wistcoats (Kochan), French-made “Lottery” u, 1778-1779 (Kochan), 4th Connecticut regimental coats and rereated unit guidelines, 1777-1778 (Keagle), 17th century “snapsacks” (Saguto), markings on Continental Army muskets (McDonald), officers’ longarms in rifle units, 1775-1779, including Jacob Bowers’ rifle, 6th Penna. Regt. (Hentz), early New England pouch and musket toolkit (Harper), della Gatta’s Paoli and Germantown paintings, 1777 (Gilbert), supplying the southern Continental army, 1781-1781 (Babits), Benjamin Warner (Packer), court martial of Capt. John F.D. Smyth, Queen’s Rangers, 1779 (Braisted).

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“This Napsack I carryd through the war of the Revolution” Knapsacks Used by the Soldiers during the War for American Independence

John U . Rees

A preliminary study due for a much-needed update. Contents a. Overview b. Knapsacks and Tumplines, Massachusetts, 1775 c. The Uhl Knapsack d. Leather and Hair Packs, and Ezra Tilden’s Narrative e. The Rufus Lincoln and Elisha Gross Hair Knapsacks f. The “new Invented Napsack and haversack,” 1776 g. The Benjamin Warner Linen Pack h. British Linen Knapsacks Appendices a. Carrying Blankets in or on Knapsacks. b. “Like a Pedlar's Pack.”: Blanket Rolls and Slings c. More Extant Artifacts with Revolutionary War Provenance or with a Design Similar to Knapsacks Used During the War d. Extant Knapsacks Discounted as having Revolutionary War Provenance

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19. Military Clothing, Headwear, and Blankets: War of the American Revolution, 1775-1783 (By John U. Rees and other authors)

John U . Rees

Continental Army early and late-war regimental coats, resource file with images of wool and linen caps, neckwear, shirts, drawers, breeches, overalls, stockings, shoes and buckles, New Jersey brigade clothing 1776-1778, Forman’s Additional Regiment clothing, Continental Army tailors, American riflemen, clothing of women following the armies, resource file of period images and recreated women’s clothing, Continental Army blankets, and blanket shortages. Other Authors Hunting shirts (N. Hurst), 1775-1776 Bounty coats (H. Cooke), 1776 British Guards battalions campaign clothing (L. Bass and W. Burke), New York leather cap, Jonathan Alden’s cap, belted waistcoats (M. Skic and J, Kochan), etc.

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“With my pack and large blanket at my back …”: British and American Officers’ Equipage and Campaign Gear

John U . Rees

The plight of the Revolutionary common soldier is well known, with poor or difficult living conditions in camp and on campaign. Revolutionary officers, with more privileges and sometimes additional resources, did all they could to make their own lot as comfortable as possible. In a winter cantonment, fortified post, or settled camp all manner of furniture was procured and made use of, but campaign living was quite different. When armies needed to move quickly, of necessity both officers and common soldiers had to divest themselves of all but the most requisite equipment. The general orders, letters, and returns below will give an overview of the problems experienced by the armies as they balanced the need for mobility against the desire for creature comforts.

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" A quantity of public leather … made up into shoes and accoutrements … " Soldiers, Prisoners, and Deserters at the Continental Manufactory in Philadelphia (Including the role of artificer companies and regiments)

John U . Rees

Having gleaned Joseph Lee Boyle’s two volume work “’He loves a good deal of rum ...': Military Desertions during the American Revolution for useful and interesting material, I found myself surprised at some of the wonderful tidbits discovered. This monograph is based around several notices that bring to light interesting aspects of late-war Continental Army equipment manufacturing.1 “The Soals were worth nothing and would not last …” Continental Army Shoe Manufacturing and Supply First, an overview. Leather was a crucial necessity in cladding and equipping troops, with shoes at the top of the list of needed items. This was largely due to there being no suitable alternative to properly made footwear, and that every soldier needed shoes even for duty at a fixed post, more so when on the march. When the war began, the nascent New England army had no certain system to supply footwear, relying on makers in and around Massachusetts to fill the need. Each Provincial government seems to have contracted for shoes, and a month after Gen. George Washington assumed command of the troops surrounding Boston, he wrote the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, “The Shirts, Shoes, Breeches and Stockings, Provided by the Province can be taken on the Continental Account.” One week later he was informing the same legislative body, “In a Conference with … the General Court, I was informed that a Quantity of Shirts, Breeches, Stockings and Shoes had been provided by the Committee of Supplies; As there are Numbers of the Army destitute of these Articles. I should be glad the General Court would order them to be delivered to the Quarter Master General and to hasten those which are in Hand. He has orders to receive them on the Continental Account.” As time went on the army was increasingly clothed and equipped via Continental stores and coffers, but provinces and states continued to play a role in supplying their own troops.2 With the British evacuation of Boston in March 1776, General Washington’s army moved to the area in and around New York city, awaiting their enemy’s next move. At the same time additional Whig troops were moving north towards Canada; these events heralded the advent of a more mobile war, taxing the troops’ marching abilities, and tearing apart their footwear. After being pushed off Long Island and considering how to defend the city itself, the commander-in-chief’s mind was also concerned with the comfort ad mobility of his men, telling Congress, “being Provided only for a Summers Campaign, [the soldiers] Cloaths, Shoes and Blanketts will soon be unfit for the change of weather which we every day feel.”3

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"The taylors of the regiment": Insights on Soldiers Making and Mending Clothing, and Continental Army Clothing Supply 1778 to 1783

John U . Rees

The popular view of Continental soldiers as a bedraggled and poorly–dressed group, while exaggerated, has some basis in fact. There were times when soldiers’ clothing was worn and tattered for an extended period, most notably during the 1776 retreat through New Jersey (and for some months following), the autumn 1777 Philadelphia campaign, and the first months at Valley Forge. Be that as it may, commanders, from the lowest to the highest, knew the positive moral effect well–made and properly cared–for clothing had on both wearers and observers, and tried to provide materials and time to allow the men to properly maintain their apparel. In May 1777 Gen. George Washington directed Maryland Brig. Gen. William Smallwood "as far as in your power lies, [to] cause the Men to appear Neat, Clean, and Soldier–like, not only for the sake of appearances, but for the Benefit of their Health."1 This view was reiterated in 27 August 1782 Continental Army orders: To keep the Cloathing in the best possible order has become an object of so much attention that the general thinks it almost superfluous to repeat his recommendations especially as it is now universally considered that not only the comfort and convenience but even the reputation of a corps depends essentially upon keeping every article belonging to the soldiers in the most perfect state both for service and appearance.2

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Resource File: Examples of Continental Army Camp Equipage and Vehicle Returns, 1775-1781 (John U. Rees)

John U . Rees

So, what were the men who fought at Bunker Hill in 1775 wearing or carrying in their knapsacks? How many wagons did a Continental regiment have, and what kinds of tools were considered necessary. Were there enough tents to shelter the men, or sufficient quantities of knapsacks, bowls, spoons? This compendium of returns shows numbers of clothing and equipment issued to the Continental Army or in use by various units. I have used these documents in my own research, and make them available in case someone else may find them of some use and interest. Also included are images of some of the items listed.

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"I joined with the mess in buying a short handled pan to fry in": Ezra Tilden's Belongings and Knapsack Contents, 1776 to 1780

John U . Rees

Ezra Tilden was kind enough to record in detail his military experiences during the War for American Independence. Better still, he also left inventories of the items he carried into military service. On top of those good deeds, Mr. Tilden, also left a record of the items he sold, and, being a purveyor of used knapsacks, pocket watches, and any other items that would bring in some extra cash or serve as barter, left records of all those transactions. Below we will look at Tilden’s lists of belongings in relation to his military service, with selected journal entries recording items sold or acquired during his enlistments. Ezra Tilden served from 20 July 1776 to 10 December 1776 in Capt. James Endicott’s company, Col. Ephraim Wheelock’s Militia Regiment, at Fort Ticonderoga. Should anyone assume Tilden’s list of the belongings he carried into service in 1776 represented a typical Continental soldiers’ burden, it must be remembered that he was a short-term militia soldier serving at a fixed post. And, despite previous tours of duty (eight months in 1775, and two months earlier in 1776) Tilden was still very much an amateur, with no campaign experience. He also had recourse to placing excess gear, and occasionally his entire knapsack, on a cart accompanying his unit. With those caveats, still his roster of goods does provide examples of the type of personal belongings Continentals likely carried on occasion. Tilden’s recounting also shows how certain items could be wrapped for protection or to separate them from other knapsack contents.

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IMAGES, PART ONE Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment. Contents 1. Contents of Main Monograph 2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center 3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780 4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment 5. Images Included in the Narrative of "An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.” The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence 6. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried. Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment. 7. Related Articles by the Author Representative Images of Whig Soldiers’ Belongings Companion Resource for "An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.” The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-myPack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence John U. Rees American rearguard troops, Fort Ticonderoga, July 1777. (Fort Ticonderoga, 2014) 1. Contents of Main Monograph 1. Overview: “Our almost incessant marching – marching almost day & night.” 2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.” Personal Equipage as Stipulated in British Treatises 3. “The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …” What British Troops Actually Carried, 1755-1783 4. “Only such articles as are necessary and useful …”: Lightening the Soldiers’ Load 5. “Spare cloathing and necessaries ..." Personal and Other Items Carried by Continental and Militia Soldiers a. Ezra Tilden, 1775 to 1779 b. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment (including discussion of “snapsack[s]”) c. An "Estimate of the Expences of raising a foot soldier … 1776, in Colo. Smallwood's battalion & ye 7 independent Companies …” d. An inventory of the possessions of the late Samuel Lamson of Colonel Fisher Gay's Connecticut Regiment, 1776. e. Sergeant Major John Hawkins, 2 nd Canadian Regiment, September 1777 f. Inventory of a Deceased Rhode Island Soldier’s Belongings, October 1777 g. References to Soldiers’ Belongings and Knapsacks in Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States. 1779 h. "Plan for the Cloathing of the [light] Infantry,"circa 1779 i. Massachusetts Soldier: Sgt. Andrew Kettell’s Journal, May 1780-March 1781 j. Soldier-Tailor: “Inventory of the Effects of Frederick Oblieskie,” West Point, September 1780 6. "All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...": Cooking Gear and other Food-Related Items a. Light-Weight Military Kettles, and Cast-Iron Cooking Gear, 1775-1782. b. Continental Army and States' Militia, 1775-1780. c. American Sheet-Iron Kettles, 1781-1782. d. Iron Pots and Pans. e. Makeshift Cookware. d. Eating Utensils. 7. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food. 8. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783. 9. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water. 10. Equipment Shortages Appendix A. “I hired some of my pack carried about a dozen miles …”: Excerpts from Ezra Tilden’s diary, 1776-1777 Appendix B. Contents lists and Weblinks to two addenda with additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried. Appendix C. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers’ carried. List of Related Articles See Images Part Two https://tinyurl.com/yd7xy9k5 2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center This image compendium would not be possible without Gregory Theberge’s 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center. That invaluable resource contains 451 slideshows in 62 categories on apparel, household and personal items, military gear, firearms and more. Appended is the category list, plus the slideshows and links used for this work. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center: http://materialculture18t.wixsite.com/18thcmcrc/the-slideshows Categories AMERICAN REVOLUTION AMERICAN REVOLUTION - COLONIES TO STATES AMERICAN REVOLUTION - THE BRITISH ARMY AMERICAN REVOLUTION - ARTILLERY ANIMALS & PETS ARCHITECTURE - BUILDINGS & OUTBUILDINGS ARMS & ACCOUTREMENTS: FIREARMS ARMS & ACCOUTREMENTS: EDGED WEAPONS ARMS & ACCOUTREMENTS: ACCOUTREMENTS ARTISTS - PORTRAIT BEDDING “Bed Coverings Part I,” https://www.scribd.com/document/249156391/Bedding-Bed-Coverings-Part-I “Bed Coverings Part II,” https://www.scribd.com/document/249155908/Bedding-Bed-Coverings-Part-II “Blankets,” https://www.scribd.com/document/288097548/Bedding-Blankets “Bolsters, Pillows, & Sheets,” https://www.scribd.com/document/190108639/Bedding-Pillows-Bolsters CLEANING & LAUNDRY CLOTHING - FEMALE CLOTHING - MALE “Shirts,” https://www.scribd.com/document/210008634/Male-Dress-Shirts “Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats,” https://www.scribd.com/document/333296477/Neck-Covers-StocksCravats “Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” https://www.scribd.com/document/333295027/Neck-Covers-Kerchiefs “Breeches & Overalls,” https://www.scribd.com/document/159514758/Male-Dress-Breeches-Overalls “Male Under Drawers,” https://www.scribd.com/document/314727988/Male-Dress-Under-Drawers “Knit Caps,” https://www.scribd.com/document/250897727/Male-Dress-Knit-Caps “Utility & Clasp Knives,” https://www.scribd.com/document/274582394/Food-Food-Preparation-UtilityClasp-Knives CONTAINERS “Bags, Sacks, & Wallets,” https://www.scribd.com/document/258664144/Containers-Bags-Sacks-MarketWallets CRIME & PUNISHMENT DEATH DRINKING - TAVERNS, PUNCH & KEGS DRINKING - BEVERAGE CONTAINERS & OPENERS DRINKING - GERMAN STONEWARE DRINKING - MUGS, CUPS, GLASSWARE, Etc. “Miscellaneous Drinking Vessels,” https://www.scribd.com/document/248750910/Drinking-Drinking-VesselsMiscellaneous DRINKING - TEA, COFFEE, CHOCOLATE, WATER ENGINEERING / SURVEYING / DRAFTING ... ENTERTAINMENT FIRE FIGHTING FOOD & FOOD PREPARATION FOOD & FOOD PREPARATION - THE KITCHEN “Plates & Bowls - Woodenware,” https://www.scribd.com/document/250745881/Food-Food-Preparation-PlatesBowls-Wood “Cutlery,” https://www.scribd.com/document/245277887/Food-Food-Preparation-Cutlery FOOTWEAR “Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters,” https://www.scribd.com/document/202562079/Footwear-Male-Shoes-BootsGaiters “Shoe Buckles,” https://www.scribd.com/document/202628324/Footwear-Shoe-Buckles “Stockings,” https://www.scribd.com/document/265557115/Footwear-Stockings FURNITURE - CHESTS & CABINETS FURNITURE - TABLES & CHAIRS GAMES & GAMING GOVERNMENT & POLITICS GROOMING “Dressing the Hair & Wig,” https://www.scribd.com/document/282835312/Grooming-Hair-Dressing-the-Hair “Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving), https://www.scribd.com/document/282835063/Grooming-Hair-Dressingthe-Face HOUSEHOLD / HOME DECOR HYGIENE & BODY FUNCTIIONS LIGHTING “Fire Starting,” https://www.scribd.com/document/239232659/Fire-Starting-Candles MAGIC LANTERNS MATERNITY, INFANTS, & CHILDREN MEDICAL ARTS METAL WORKING MONEY & SCALES MUSIC NATIVE AMERICANS NAVY & MARINES PERSONAL AFFECTS & JEWELRY POCKET BOOKS, PURSES & BAGS “Leather Pocket Books” (Wallets), https://www.scribd.com/document/255784457/Personal-Effects-LeatherPocket-Books “Wool Embroidered Pocket Books,” https://www.scribd.com/document/255834454/Personal-Effects-WoolEmbroidered-Pocket-Books “Irish Stitch Pocket Books I,” https://www.scribd.com/document/255862780/Personal-Effects-Pocket-BooksWool-Embroidered-Irish-Stitch-1 “Irish Stitch Pocket Books I,” https://www.scribd.com/document/255862294/Personal-Effects-Pocket-BooksWool-Embroidered-Irish-Stitch-2 PRINTING, READING, WRITING “Writing Implements,” https://www.scribd.com/document/312175931/Reading-Writing-Writing-Implements RELIGION ROMANCE & SEX SEWING, TAILORING. & TEXTILES “Sewing & Tailoring Tools,” https://www.scribd.com/document/212330271/Sewing-Tools-of-the-Trade SLAVERY - AFRICA & THE WEST INDIES SMOKING & TOBACCO “Tobacco Boxes,” https://www.scribd.com/doc/316943880/Tobacco-Smoking-Part-2-Tobacco-Boxes “Smoking Pipes,” https://www.scribd.com/doc/316944343/Tobacco-Smoking-Part-3-Pipes “Snuff,” https://www.scribd.com/doc/316944994/Tobacco-Smoking-Part-5-Snuff SPECTACLES & VISUAL AIDS SPORTS SPORTSMEN & HUNTING TIME PIECES “Silver Watches 1770-1784,” https://www.scribd.com/document/251452307/Time-Pieces-Silver-Watches-1770-1784 “Watch Chains & Accessories,” https://www.scribd.com/document/282204028/Time-Pieces-Watch-Chains- Accessories TINSMITHING TOOLS - CARPENTRY & CONSTRUCTION TOOLS - EXCAVATION & FARMING TRANSPORTATION TRUNKS & PORTMANTEAUS __________________________ 3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780 Tilden, 1776 Fort Ticonderoga Garrison Ezra Tilden served from 20 July 1776 to 10 December 1776 in Capt. James Endicott’s company, Col. Ephraim Wheelock’s Militia Regiment, at Fort Ticonderoga. Should anyone assume Tilden’s list of the belongings he carried into service in 1776 represented a typical Continental soldiers’ burden, it must be remembered that he was a short-term militia soldier serving at a fixed post. And, despite previous tours of duty (eight months in 1775, and two months earlier in 1776) Tilden was still very much an amateur, with no campaign experience. He also had recourse to placing excess gear, and occasionally his entire knapsack, on a cart accompanying his unit. With those caveats, still his roster of goods does provide examples of the type of personal belongings Continentals likely carried on occasion. Tilden’s recounting also shows how certain items could be wrapped for protection or to separate them from other knapsack contents. “N.B. I have here set down, not only my pack and things in it, but even my clothes and things that I wear, besides the things in my pockets that I carry & other things.” “A woolen Shirt with a snuff bottle full of ground coffee in it” “one and a half of chocolate in it too, wrapt up in a piece of brown paper” “a new cotton and linen shirt” “a new milk cheese wrapt up in it which weighed five pounds” “a pair of white stockings” “a pair of blue stockings” “a bag of plumbs” “a bag with three pounds and half of sugar in it” “a pair of boots” “a cap” “a powder horn” “four sheets of paper wrapt up in a piece of brown paper and four quills in it” “a brown paper with two pieces of soap in it” “one great pin, four small ones” “one brown thread needle” “one worsted darning needle” “one ball of white yarn” “one ball of blue yarn” “some strings” “some thread” “some sealing wax” “a snuff box full of snuff” “a pewter bason” “a wooden plate” “a spoon” “a fork” “a Jack-knife” “a pen-knife” “a pair of knee buckles” “a pocket book and case to it” “a small toothed comb” “a pocket looking glass” “an under-jacket” “a short coat” “a great coat” “a pair of grey stockings” “two pair shoes” “a striped shirt” “a pair of long trowsers” “a hat, two handkerchiefs” “a pair of shoe buckles” “a pair of garters” “a pack to carry my things in” “a pair of arm strings” “a pair of leather breeches” “a pair of cloth breeches” “a leather strap” “a cod line” “a frock” “some tow” “Thurs. Aug. 15, 1776. … that day I sent home by Mr. Spear a great coat a woolen shirt and an under jacket …” “tues. Aug. 20 … that A.M. I hired some of my pack carried about a dozen miles I believe which cost me six coppers and that P.M. I joined with the mess in buying a short handled pan to fry in which cost me for my part of it six coppers …” “Wed. Aug. 21 … I laid out 3 Dollars for a pair of shoes in Brookfield …” “Fri. Aug. 23 … obliged to have my pack carried some as well as at two other different times I had to hire all or part of my pack carried a little way.” Tilden next refers to feeling unwell, so it is not known if he had his pack carted due to sickness, its weight, or both. “Fri. Sept. 20 … I sold my calfskin pumps to Solomon Jordan for 10s L.M.” “Thurs. Oct. 24, 1776 … I swopt my best purse away to Elijah Hawes for his old one and he gave me 7d. L.M. to boot … I swopt away my cotton handkerchief with Nath’l Tilden Jr. for his checkered one, and I had 26s 6d o[ld].t[enor]. to boot.” “Fri. Oct. 25, 1776 … I Sold my white stockings to one of the Jersey blues for five s. 6 d. … I sold them buckles to a man, I know not who, for a dollar in the p.m. of that same day, and that day in the p.m. I sold my leather breeches to a man I know not who for a dollar.” “Tues. a.m. Nov 26, 1776 … I swopt combs with Elisha Hawes & I gave him 3 cop. To boot. We did start out from Ticonderoga for Stoughton … home.” Tilden, 1777 Campaign to Saratoga Ezra Tilden served from 27 August 1777 to mid-December 1777 in Capt. Aaron Smith’s company, Col. Gill’s Militia Regiment, in northern New York, present at but not participating in the Saratoga battles, and witnessed the surrender of Maj. Gen. John Burgoyne’s army. He left no accounting of his campaign gear, but did mention purchase, sale, or trade of various items, providing some insights into what he carried. Items Gleaned from Ezra Tilden’s Saratoga Campaign Diary “a new pair of cow hide pumps” “pocket looking glass: “A blue jacket” “a pair of gloves” “a pair of muffetts” (the OED defines a “muffetee” as “a muffler worn around the neck; refs. 1706, 1772; but the reference is to a pair, and there is some indication the reference may be to knit wool wristlets. Oxford English Dictionary, Compact Edition, two vols. (Glasgow, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1971), vol. 1, 1871) “a pair of new shoes” (possibly the cowhide pumps noted above) “six sheets of papers wrapped up in a piece of paper” “a pair of boots” “some rags, needles, thread and yarn.” ”black handkerchief” “a pair of almost new stockings” “a book he took out of the regulars’ camps that morning after the regulars went and left their lines … The title of the book was ‘An Account of the European Settlement in America.” ”a pipe” “a checkr’d shirt” “a book entitled An Oration Delivered when Gen. Montgomery and other brave officers and soldiers fell at Quebec, I bought of a woman in Peekskill.” “pint porringer and spoon, plate and fork” ”calfskin” knapsack ”an old striped shirt” “an ax” “a blanket” “ leggings” “a blue jacket “a pair stockings and an old pair of trousers.” ”gave one Mr. Isaac Doolittle a dollar for cleaning my watch and putting a new hook to the chain to wind it up.” _________________ “Sab. Night Aug. 31 I bought a new pair of cow hide pumps of one Mr. Gilbert of Brookfield for which I gave him 18s L.M. three dollars.” “Sat. Sept 6, 1777 … at the house of one Mr. Barber … I sold my pocket looking glass to one mr. Garner of … Worthington. I sold it to him for a dollar.” “Wed. Sept. 10, 1777 … Our teamsters … who brought up the baggage for Cap. Smiths’ company did set out from Bennington for home for they did not go no farther than Bennington head quarters with the pack[s], and then we had to take our packs and carry them ourselves. Some things we were ordered to leave at Bennington and I left the following things there viz: A blue jacket, a pair of gloves, a pair of muffetts, a pair of new shoes, six sheets of papers wrapped up in a piece of paper, a pair of boots, some rags, needles, thread and yarn.” (Oxford English Dictionary, Compact Edition, two vols. (Glasgow, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1971), vol. 1, 1871. Muffetee: a muffler worn around the neck; refs. 1706, 1772) “Mon Sept. 15 A.M. In Powlet I sold my black handkerchief that I had up there to a man I know not who for 15s L.M. …” “Mon. … Oct 6, 1777 … I bought a pair of almost new stockings of Enoch Talbot for which I gave him two dollars.” “Wed. Oct 8, 1777. I laid out half a dollar for a book … of a man, I know not who, a book he took out of the regulars’ camps that morning after the regulars went and left their lines … The title of the book was ‘An Account of the European Settlement in America.” Edmund Burke: “What is considered a joint work of Burke and his cousin, William Bourke, appeared in 1757 -- An Account of the European Settlement in America -- and shows how carefully at this date he had studied the condition of the colonies.” http://www.nndb.com/people/019/000084764/ “Thurs Oct. 23, 1777 … At Clinconsborough I gave a negro 18d L.M. for a pipe. I bought a checkr’d shirt of 1 of the Continental soldiers. I have him 5 dollars … I bought a cartouche box of Sam Hayward … I gave him 3£” “Wed. p.m. Oct. 29th … At Clinconsborough I sold Wm. Davis my checkered shirt that I bought a few days ago for which he gave me 39s L.M. …” “Fri. Nov. 7, 1777 … [paid] 9d L.M. for a book entitled An Oration Delivered when Gen. Montgomery and other brave officers and soldiers fell at Quebec, I bought of a woman in Peekskill.” An Oration in Memory of General MONTGOMERY, and of the Officers and Soldiers who fell with him, DECEMBER 31, 1775, before QUEBECK; drawn up (and delivered FEBRUARY 19, 1776,) at the desire of the Honourable Continental Congress, by WILLIAM SMITH, D˙ D˙, Provost of the College and Academy of PHILADELPHIA. American Archives: Documents of the American Revolutionary Period, 1774-1776 http://amarch.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/niu-amarch%3A94194 “Fri. Nov. 28, 1777 A.M. I was on picquet guard again at Scarsdale … At Scarsdale I sold a woman my pint porringer and spoon, plate and fork for 5s 1d L.M. … I sold Timothy Moore my book that I bought … entitled `An Account of the European Settlements in America.’ I sold it to him … for two dollars so in selling the book I gained 9s L.M. …frid. P.M. I swopt packs with Sergt. William Everett. I let him have my calfskin one that I had of John McIlivain, I let him have it for his cloth one and he gave me 22s. L.M. to boot so that now in swopping packs I have made 4s. L.M. besides having a better pack than I let McIlvain have.” “Sat. Nov. 29, 1777 … I spent 41/2d L.M. for apples … I gave Thaddeus Fuller six apples … for a sugar box. I bought a little tin kettle of Spear for which I gave him 1s. 18d. l.m. and that night I lost an old striped shirt of mine by turning up a copper with Davis, to see which should have both shirts his and mine …” “Sab. Day, Nov. 30, 1777 … I sent a pack that weighed eleven and one half pounds … by Mr. John Spear in his cart home to Stoughton which comes to 8s 6d. L.M. at 9d L.M. a pound for carrying and there was in the pack an ax wrapped up in an old piece of shirt and a blanket and leggings and a blue jacket and a pair stockings and an old pair of trousers.” “Tues. Dec. 2, 1777. P.M. At New Haven I gave one Mr. Isaac Doolittle a dollar for cleaning my watch and putting a new hook to the chain to wind it up.” Tilden, 1779, West Point, New York Ezra Tilden served from August 1779 to 1 April 1780 in Capt. John Ellis’s company, Col Thomas Poor’s Militia Regiment, 9 months. This was likely a nine-month levy regiment, created by a state draft to form a regiment to augment the Continental army. This list shows that by 1779, although still a militia soldier, Tilden had learned to make do with less during his nine-month military sojourn. “An acct of things, carryd up, wth me, To Claverick, in ye year 1779 & c.(viz) …” “a gun” “Cartridge Box” “powder horn” “a pipe” “some tobacco, wrapt up in a handkerchief” “some tow” “a spoon” “2 knives” “some chalk” “a canteen” “a pack” “a pocket Book, wth another book in it” “a case to my pocket book” “3 Large Loose papers, & 7 Small ones, Loose in sd Book” “a dish” “a pr of garters” “a pr of overhalls” “a pr of Leather Breeches” “a pr of mittens” “a pr of muffittees” “2 pr of Stockings” “a pr of shoes & taps” “a Coat” “a Jacket” (waistcoat?) “some yarn, thread, a needle, 4 pins” “a string” “an inkhorn, wth 3 pens, 1 Quill, & a thing to pick my teeth wth in it: “1 hand kerchiefs” “a snuff-box wth Snuff in it” “some flag-root” (Acorus calamus (also called sweet flag or calamus, among many common names.) “some Liquorish” “a pr of knee buckles, wth Leathr Straps to ym[i.e., them]” “a horn cup” “som sugr & tea” “Some bread, & cheese” “2 shirts” “a Comb” “a Blanket” “a Surtout” “a hat” “6d York in Cash” “a sugr Box” “2 shirts” Tilden, 1780, New Jersey and West Point, New York Ezra Tilden served at West Point from July 1780 to January 1781 as a six month levy in Capt. Lunt’s company, Col. Benjamin Tupper’s 11th Mass. (Continental) Regiment. “An Account of things yt I Carryd up, wth me, to west-point, in ye year 1781 [sic, 1780]…” “a gun” “a cartridge Box” “a Blanket” “a spoon” “2 knives” “a Pocket book, wth paper in it, & Cased to it” “3 pens in ink horn” “an almanack” “3 Lose pieces of paper, & a Paper Buk, Loose in my Pocket Book” “16 Silver dollars” “2 red, & 2 white, & 2 black handkerchiefs, silk ditto” “2 checker'd handkerchiefs “ “a Snuff Box & some Snuff in it” “a cap” “2 pipes” “a line & some chalk a piece of chalk” “some tow” “a hat” “a canteen” “2 horns[?]” “a horn comb” “a tin cup” “some tea, sugar & chocolate” “1 coat” “1 Jacket” “2 shirts” “1 pair of 'trowsers” “1 pair of Buck Breeches” “2 pair of Stockings” “2 pair of shoes” “1 pair of shoe Buckles” “1 pair of knee Buckles” “10 pins” “a pair of sleeve buttons” “a pair of gloves” “a thing to pick my teeth” “a Book Baxter's Call“ “a Book, Concerning Barnett Davenport” “a nother Book Memorable accidents” “brown thread, needle, some thread” “a pair of garters” “a razor” “a girt to a saddle” The four books he writes of carrying were as follows: 1. Almanacs were very popular and often given as presents in varying forms to suit every pocket. One example is the London Almanack for the Year of Christ 1781 (London: Printed for The Company of Stationers, 1780). “Spectacular miniature Almanac from the year 1781 providing all sorts of useful information such as: common notes for 1781; a 12-month calendar; a table of Kings and Queens' reigns; a table of Lord Mayors and Sheriffs from the year 1760 to the year 1781; a list of holidays; and a table of the current coins.” https://www.abaa.org/book/873389787 2. Richard Baxter, Call to the Unconverted to Turn and Live; “A slim devotional work published in 1658.” 3. T. Léonard, Memorable Accidents and unheard-of Transactions, containing an account of several strange events, as the deposing of tyrants, lamentable shipwrecks, dismal misfortunes, strategems of war, perilous adventures, happy deliverances, with other remarkable occurrences and select historical events which have happend in several Countries in this last age. Translated from the French, printed at Brussels in 1691, and dedicated to his present Majesty William King of England, etc. (Published in English by R. B. London, 1733). or A chronology of some memorable accidents, from the creation of the world, to the year, 1742 (Dublin: printed by James Carson, 1743.) or A Chronology Of Some Memorable Accidents, from the Creation of the World, to the Year, 1754 (Dublin: printed by James Carson, 1754) and (James Carson, at the Bagnio-Slip, Temple-Bar, 1755 ) 4. A BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE AND CONFESSION OF BARNETT DAVENPORT. Under Sentence of Death, for a Series of the most horrid Murders, ever perpetrated in this Country, or perhaps any other, on the Evening following the 3d of February, 1780. Is to be executed at Litchfield, on the 8th of May. (Printed in the Year, M.DCC.LXXI). http://www.accessible-archives.com/2011/02/the-crime-of-the-eighteenth-century/ The Crime of the (Eighteenth) Century Blog entry posted on February 3, 2011 by JD Thomas “Today, February 3rd, marks the anniversary of the first mass murder in the post-revolutionary United States. Two hundred and thirty-one years ago today, Barnett Davenport [a Continental Army deserter], a young man living in Litchfield County, Connecticut murdered his landlord, Mr. Caleb Mallory, and Mallory’s wife and granddaughter. He then stole anything of value and set fire to the Mallory house which resulted in the death of two more sleepers in the house. Davenport’s vicious actions resulted in multiple books and his life and crime became a ‘teaching moment’ for the young nation. Prior to this incident, crime was most often seen, and reported in the press, as resulting from common sinners losing their way. Davenport’s crime and its portrayal by the press and fledgling publishing industry changed all that. American’s began to perceive criminals as evil and alien to the rest of society and that view continues to a large degree into the present.” (See also, http://gizmodo.com/in-1780-americas-first-mass-murder-was-a-crime-of-unc-1706814529) 4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment Nathaniel Bouton, ed., Provincial Papers: Documents and Records Relating to the Province of New-Hampshire, from 1764 to 1776, vol. VII (Nashua: Orren C. Moore, State Printer, 1873), 586597, 603. The men in the ten companies whose lost possessions are listed below most commonly included coats, shirts, breeches, trousers, stockings, blankets, knapsacks, firearms, and cartridge pouches, Shoes appeared less often, but still fairly regularly. Here are a number of objects lost by the soldiers that were not often mentioned or stand out in some way (complete lists are included in main monograph (https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-somethings-I-carried-in-my-Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-forIndependence ) “a shag great coat” “one shagge greatcoat” “one shag great coat” “1 gr't coat” “1 great coat” “1 surtoot “ “1 st[raight] Bod'd” coat “1 new Blue serge coat lin'd” “1 tow shirt” “bed-tiking shurt” “1 cotton shirt” “1 cotton shirt” “one woolen shirt” “1 pr. Mooskin-breeches” “2 pr. Leather-breeches” “1 pr. Deerskin-breeches” “1 pr. sheepskin-breeches” “1 pr. Leather-briches” “1 pr. Lether briches” “1 pair of Leather-Breeches” “1 pr of Deer-skin Breeches” “2 good capes” (caps?) “caps” “1 pair of calfskin pumps” “handkerchief” “silke handkerchief” “a silk handkerchief” “2 silk handkerchief” “a Rasor” “razor” “1 Pocket book” “1 Book” “1 Malitia Book” “1 Book” “1 Psalm book” “1 Bible” “one Bible” “1 sett of shoe-makers Tools” “Ink-pot” “1 pr. spectacles” “1 coverlid” (coverlet) “tobacco” “3 Fills [phials?] of Firr Balsome” “Health Benefits of Fir Needle Essential Oil [modern claims] Some of the health benefits of fir needle essential oil include its ability to reduce pain, prevent infections, improve respiratory function, increase the metabolism, detoxify the body, and reduce body odor.” https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/essential-oils/fir-needle-essential-oil.html “one Bottle” “1 good Rasher” “1 Rasher” “Rasher … a piece ‘rashly or hastily roasted’ … A thin slice of bacon or ham, cooked (or intended to be cooked) by broiling or frying.” Oxford English Dictionary, Compact Edition, two vols. (Glasgow, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1971), vol. 1, 1871. “sack & sundry articles” “sack” “1 pillar case” “1 good piller case“ “one haversack” “havsak” (haversack) “1 lb rope” “1-2 lb rope” “1 Tin Quart” (canteen?) “1 Tin point” (canteen?) “1 Fife” “Drum sticks & sling” “1 drum” “1 good Drum” “iron strike sword” “1 bayonet” “one byanot” “cartridge box shot to pieces” “1 Pistol” “1 Powder horn” “one Bullet Mold” 5. Images Included in the Narrative of "An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.” The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-my-PackThe-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence Capt. David Brown’s Minute company, Concord, Massachusetts. April 2014. Detail of part of a group of Continental soldiers from Pierre Charles L'Enfant (1754-1825) painting of West Point and dependencies. View is from the east side of the Hudson River, at the top is the lower part of Constitution Island. "Encampment of the Revolutionary Army on the Hudson River," Library of Congress. Continental soldier wearing typical warm weather wear consisting of linen hunting shirt and linen overalls. This soldier carries a camp kettle, one kettle was allotted to each six-man mess group. Illustration by Peter F. Copeland; “7th Virginia Regiment, 1777,” Peter F. Copeland and Donald W. Holst, Brother Jonathan print series. Courtesy of the artist. Sheet-iron camp kettle as per Timothy Pickering's 1782 specifications. This reproduction, by Patrick M. Cunningham, measures 9 1/2 inches wide by 9 1/2 inches high, weighs 2 pounds, 12.1 ounces, and holds 2 gallons, 1 pint (8 1/2 quarts), and was the standard-size mess kettle for the Continental Army during 1782. American sheet-iron kettles issued in 1781 "average[d] about 8 Inches High and about eight and a half or nine Inches wide, made without Ears and without covers." From the beginning of the war kettles of this type were issued in large numbers to soldiers on both sides. (To determine capacity kettles were filled with water to one inch below the rim.) (Photo by Ross Hamel) Cast-iron pot measuring 11 inches at its widest point (10 inches wide at the mouth) by 7 inches high, weighs in at 6 pounds, 15.5 ounces, and holds 2 gallons (8 quarts). Of the same construction as a larger pot found on the Gunboat Philadelphia, cast-iron cooking vessels of this capacity were provided for the Connecticut militia in autumn 1776. (Original iron pot from author's collection Photo by Ross Hamel.) Small long-handled fry pans such as this were used on occasion by Continental soldiers. This reproduction has a 13 ½ inch handle and a 7 ½ inch diameter pan. (Fry pan made by Jymm Hoffman of Hoffmans Forge, http://www.hoffmansforge.com/ ) Spade converted into a frying pan by soldiers, from the collections of Morristown National Historical Park. (Pictured in George C. Neumann and Frank J. Kravic, Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1975), 94.) An iron "broiler" made from a barrel hoop by soldiers in camp. (George C. Neumann and Frank J. Kravic, Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Harrisburg, Pa., 1975), p. 93. Illustration by Ross Hamel.) A barrel hoop broiler found in the 21st Royal North British Fusiliers’ encampment site on Saratoga battlefield. Similar broilers have been excavated at Continental Army sites as well. (Saratoga National Historical Park, SARA 1770) Staved wooden bowl belonging to a soldier left sick along the line of march from Valley Forge to Monmouth Courthouse in June 1778. “The common necessaries of life …” A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl,” including, “’Left sick on the Road’: An Attempt to Identify the Soldier Left at the Paxson Home, ‘Rolling Green,’ June 1778.”) http://tinyurl.com/at3dj3e Turned wooden mess bowls were likely more common than staved ones. Above is a wood bowl from the wreck of the HMS Invincible, sunk in 1758. A total of 11 wood bowls (ranging from 9 inches to 13.4 inches in diameter), the fragments of 13 other wood bowls, plus 1 pewter bowl, 1 gourd bowl, and the remains of a “green glazed stoneware” bowl were recovered from the Invincible. Image courtesy of John Broomhead, director Invincible Conservations Ltd. (http://www.invincible1758.co.uk/) Wooden spoons excavated from HMS Invincible, which sank in 1758. Identified as being made of sycamore. Maritime Archaeology Trust. http://www.maritimearchaeologytrust.org/mapguide/invincible/main.php http://www.hwtma.org.uk/mapguide/Invincible/images/ARTEFACTSsub/136.jpg "Description - has an engraved silver band on handle of spoon a silver label has been added to the back of the spoon: Porridge Ladle/made by/Samuel Adams/at/Valley Forge/ 1778..." Maine Historical Society. http://mainehistory.pastperfectonline.com/32314cgi/mweb.exe?request=record%3Bid%3D89BEEE69-0AB6-47FF-B7A8951653866210%3Btype%3D10 (Above and following page.) Pewter spoon excavated on Brandywine battlefield (found on the southwest side of Sandy Hollow, across the road, along the line of retreat from Birmingham Hill). The handle was purposely cut off, similar to several others of pewter and lead excavated by Frank J. Kravic at Hudson Highland camp sites. Overall length, 4 1/8 inches; bowl of spoon, 2 1/2 inches long by 2 1/4 wide; length of remaining handle, 1 3/4 inches. The maker’s mark “WB with a fleurde-lis,” denotes New York pewterer William Bradford. (Courtesy of Bob McDonald.) George C. Neumann and Frank J. Kravic, Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Harrisburg, Pa., 1975), 110. Morrison H. Heckscher and Leslie Greene Bowman, American Rococo, 1770-1775: Elegance in Ornament (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992), 107. Above is an unexcavated example of the same pattern spoon, with full-length handle intact. Lot 602, pewter spoon, William Bradford (1688-1759). New York City, 1719-1759. Maker's mark stamped inside bowl. Length 6 5/8 inches, width 2 1/8 inches. Provenance: William D. Carlebach, Bedford, New York, 1990. New Hampshire Weekend Auction Platinum House (Northeast Auctions) 24 February 24, 2007, Manchester, NH, USA. http://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/602-pewterspoon.-william-bradford-1688-1759-.-602-c-bc1tesevx9 A soldier’s spoon with initials, found at the site of Fort Montgomery, New York. Charles L. Fisher, ed., The Most Advantageous Situation in the Highlands. An Archaeological Study of Fort Montgomery State Historic Site (Albany: (New York State Education Department, 2004), 17. Reproduction of the knapsack used by Benjamin Warner during the War for American Independence, the only extant linen knapsack known to have been used in service by a Continental Army enlisted soldier. The original knapsack is in the Fort Ticonderoga collection. (See endnote for a synopsis of Warner’s service.) 82 Continental Army wooden canteen marked “U States.” Courtesy of the Museum of the American Revolution. Linen haversacks were the preferred receptacle for carrying food. (One surviving British example measures 13½ inches high by 16¾ inches wide, with a two–inch linen strap; the haversack’s flap is closed with two buttons.) Here we see a typical Continental soldier’s haversack, with boiled beef and hard biscuit in a wooden bowl. Linen bags inside the haversack were used for storing meat, flour, biscuits, bread, and other rations. Also shown are a tin cup, horn spoon, and tin canteen with a wool cover. (Photograph by the author.) Examples of turnscrews and worms. George C. Neumann and Frank J. Kravic, Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Harrisburg, PA, 1975), 264. 6. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried. Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment. Knit wool cap, 18th century (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” English knit wool “Monmouth Cap,” late 17th and 18th century (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Knit cap recovered from Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson, North Carolina (Hannah P. Smith Hannah P. Smith, Revisiting the Port of Brunswick: A Research Design for the. Waterfront of Brunswick Town/Fort Anderson State Historic Site, Winnabow, North. Carolina (2014)) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Dutch frame knitted cap, circa 1740 (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Knit cap worn by Guilford County, North Carolina militia officer Capt. Arthur Forbis at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, where he was mortally wounded, March 1781 (Greensboro Historical Museum). John R. Elting noted in his article, “Militia Officer's Cap and Sword, 1781" (Military Collector & Historian, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 202), "It is a faded yellow with maroon and butternut stripes, and still shows stains of Arthur Forbis's blood." See also, “18th Century Material Culture: “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Linen cap belonging to poet William Cowper (1731-1800) (Cowper & Newton Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Detail from “High Life at Noon” (artist unknown), circa 1769 (Lewis Walpole Library) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Detail from “Interior of a Tailor’s Shop” (anonymous artist), circa 1767. “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Detail from “Interior of a Tailor’s Shop” (anonymous artist), circa 1767. “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” Detail from “Interior of a Tailor’s Shop” (anonymous artist), circa 1767. “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” “A Cabinet Maker’s Office,” circa 1770 (Victoria & Albert Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Knit Caps” (Above and below) Horn comb (53 mm x 39 mm), recovered from the 1785 wreck of the General Carleton of Whitby. (From: “The General Carleton Shipwreck 1785,” Wrak Statku - Polish Maritime Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Hair & Wig” Black horn comb (102 mm x 29 mm), recovered from the 1785 Wreck of the General Carleton of Whitby. (From: “The General Carleton Shipwreck 1785,” Wrak Statku - Polish Maritime Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Hair & Wig” Straight razor with Crown & Wolf by John Shepherd (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Bone handled razor in a leather case recovered from the 1785 Wreck of the General Carleton of Whitby. (From: “The General Carleton Shipwreck 1785,” Wrak Statku - Polish Maritime Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Bone handled razors recovered from the 1785 Wreck of the General Carleton of Whitby. (From: “The General Carleton Shipwreck 1785” Wrak Statku - Polish Maritime Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) A. Razor by George Smith & Sons, Sheffield, 1770-1785. Trademark, cross and "Smith." Black Horn Handle 1775 B. Razor by John Shepherd, Sheffield, 1770-1795. Trademark, Crown and "Wolf." Inscription, "Acier fondu." Bone Handle 1780 C. Razor by Staniforth, Parkin & Co., Sheffield, 1785-1800. Trademark, "Parkin." Inscription, "Acier fondu." Handle, mottled horn, 1790 (From Henry T. Lummus, "Old Sheffield Razors,” Antiques, vol. 2 (December 1922.), 262.) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Straight blade razor marked “FRANCE,” 18th century (Private collection) 18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Straight razor and leather wallet, 18th century (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Straight blade razor marked “S Norris,” 18th century (Morristown National Historic Park) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Straight blade razor 18th century (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Straight blade razor marked “P Ford,” 18th century (Private collection) Gregory Theberge, “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Straight blade razor marked “P,” 18th century (Private collection) Gregory Theberge, “18th Century Material Culture: Dressing the Face” (i.e., shaving) Shaving bowl with images of razors and other items for personal grooming. (Historic Deerfield, photographed on display in the Ashley House, 2015) Photo courtesy of Dan Center. Four buttonhole, pleated linen neck stock, worn by a member of the Robbins family, Lexington, Massachusetts. Fourth quarter of the 18th century (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) “18th Century Material Culture: Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats” Silk stock found in the of the H.M.S. Invincible, 1758 (Chatham Dockyard) “18th Century Material Culture: Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats” 1. (Above and below) English military brass neck stock clasp, recovered at Fort Stanwix, New York (Fort Stanwix, National Park Service) “18th Century Material Culture: Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats” 2. (Above and below) English military brass neck stock clasp, recovered at Fort Stanwix, New York (Fort Stanwix, National Park Service) “18th Century Material Culture: Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats” (Above and below) English military brass neck stock clasp, recovered in New Brunswick, New Jersey. “18th Century Material Culture: Neck Stocks, Rollers, & Cravats” Detail: Black (likely silk) neck cloth, tied in a bow and worn over the shirt collar. Anonymous huntsman by William Hoare of Bath, circa 1770s (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” Detail: White neck cloth, worn over the shirt collar and tucked into the waistcoat. “George Morland” by Henry Robert Morland, circa 1779. (Yale Center for British Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” American plain weave linen handkerchief, bordered with four pink stripes, 18th-early 19th century. (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” Printed red neck cloth with white dots and striped border, 18th century. (Cowper and Newton Museum, Olney, U.K.) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” Indian export birdseye resist dyed handkerchief, circa 1750-1820. (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” Detail: Red neck cloth with resist or tie-dyed ” bandannoe” diamonds. “The Peale Family” (Signed, dated and inscribed: right center: "C. W. Peale painted these Portraits of his family / in 1773. / wishing to finish every work he had undertaken / -completed This picture in 1809!") New-York Historical Society (http://www.nyhistory.org/exhibit/peale-family) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” American wool handkerchief, late 18th to early 19th century. (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” American checked linen neck cloth, circa 1750. (Metropolitan Museum of Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Handkerchiefs, Neckerchiefs, & Fichus” American linen shirt with stand-up collar closed with buttons, circa 1780-1800 (Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” Linen shirt “Made by Mary Campbell Gordon from linen spun from flax raised on the Gordon Farm for her son Josiah Gordon when he entered the Continental Army in 1776.” (New Hampshire Historical Society) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” American linen shirt, initialed “I.S,” with fold down collar, circa 1780. (Staten Island Historical Society) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” Linen shirt - Halsinge Regemente Sealed Pattern, 1757. (Armémuseum, Stockholm, Sweden) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” Detail of linen shirt - Halsinge Regemente Sealed Pattern, 1757. (Armémuseum, Stockholm, Sweden) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” Checked linen shirt with two button fold-down collar, circa 1780-1820 (Historic Deerfield) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” Detail: Checked shirt, “Seaman Relaxing on the Pallas,” by Lt. Gabriel Bray, April 1775. (National Maritime Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” (Above and below) English linen shirt with shoulder tabs and stand-up three-button collar. (Reproduction made and modeled by David Niescior) “18th Century Material Culture: Shirts” (Above and below) Linen under drawers, circa 1750-1775 (Meg Andrews) “18th Century Material Culture: Male Under Drawers” Linen under drawers, circa 1750-1775 (Meg Andrews) “18th Century Material Culture: Male Under Drawers” American or European wool breeches, 18th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Breeches & Overalls” Linen breeches, 18th century (Dunlap) “18th Century Material Culture: Breeches & Overalls” Buckskin breeches, 18th century. (Valley Forge National Historic Park) “18th Century Material Culture: Breeches & Overalls” Leather breeches purportedly worn by Thomas Miner (1751-1781) of Groton, Connecticut, when he was killed at Fort Griswold, New London, on 6 September 1781. (Connecticut History Society) “18th Century Material Culture: Breeches & Overalls” Buff leather breeches owned by Jacob Schieffelin, circa 1780. (Fort Ticonderoga) “18th Century Material Culture: Breeches & Overalls” Linen gaitered trousers (overalls), circa 1793. (Metropolitan Museum of Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Breeches & Overalls” Wool stocking knit by “Sarah Benjamin, a Nurse during the Revolutionary War,” circa 1776. (DAR Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Stockings” English wool stockings recovered from the wreck of the General Carlton of Whitby, sunk in 1785. (Polish Maritime Museum) From the work The General Carleton Shipwreck 1785, Archeological Research of the Polish Maritime Museum. “18th Century Material Culture: Stockings” English wool stockings recovered from the wreck of the General Carlton of Whitby, sunk in 1785. (Polish Maritime Museum - research by Matthew Brenckle) “18th Century Material Culture: Stockings” English cut and sewn linen stockings. “18th Century Material Culture: Stockings” Linen and silk stockings from Pennsylvania, circa 1782. Hand knit by Catherine Jansen Wistar (17031786) (Colonial Williamsburg) “18th Century Material Culture: Stockings” American steel shoe buckles, late 18th century (Philadelphia Museum of Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Shoe Buckles” Shoe buckle excavated at Fort Stanwix, New York, mid to late 18th century (Fort Stanwix, National Park Service) “18th Century Material Culture: Shoe Buckles” Shoe buckle excavated at Fort Stanwix, New York, mid to late 18th century (Fort Stanwix, National Park Service) “18th Century Material Culture: Shoe Buckles” Buckle and shoe top quarters found in the River Thames, London, circa 1775-1800 (London Mudlark) “18th Century Material Culture: Shoe Buckles” Shoe buckles recovered from the Wreck of the General Carleton ,1785 (Polish Maritime Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Shoe Buckles” Black leather shoes for a lay figure (dummy or jointed manikin of a human body used by artists) used and made by artist Louis François Roubiliac, circa 1750-1762 (Museum of London) “18th Century Material Culture: Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters” Shoe from the excavation of the H.M.S. Invincible, Chatham Dockyard, 1758. “18th Century Material Culture: Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters” Shoe from the excavation of the H.M.S. Invincible, Chatham Dockyard, 1758. “18th Century Material Culture: Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters” Shoe of Pvt. James Simpson, 57th Regiment, died at Fort Anne, Nova Scotia in 1784 “Who was this man? Colonial soldier's remains star in N.S. exhibit,” The Globe and Mail, 5 September 2011. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/who-was-this-man-colonialsoldiers-remains-star-in-ns-exhibit/article593226/ “18th Century Material Culture: Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters” English leather buckle s, late 18th century (Metropolitan Museum of Art) “18th Century Material Culture: Male Shoes, Boots & Gaiters” English silver pair cased watch with Verge movement by Martin Caitlin of Walden, Essex, circa 1770. (Cogs & Pieces, Antique Pocket Watches) “18th Century Material Culture: Silver Watches 1770-1784” English silver pair cased watch with Verge movement by Martin Caitlin of Walden, Essex, circa 1770. (Cogs & Pieces, Antique Pocket Watches) “18th Century Material Culture: Silver Watches 1770-1784” English silver pair cased watch with Verge movement by Martin Caitlin of Walden, Essex, circa 1770. (Cogs & Pieces, Antique Pocket Watches) “18th Century Material Culture: Silver Watches 1770-1784” English silver pair cased watch with Verge movement by Martin Caitlin of Walden, Essex, circa 1770. (Cogs & Pieces, Antique Pocket Watches) “18th Century Material Culture: Silver Watches 1770-1784” English silver cased watch with Verge movement by B. Flameyer of London, circa 1770. (Cogs & Pieces, Antique Pocket Watches) “18th Century Material Culture: Silver Watches 1770-1784” “Crank-Wind” watch key, 18th century (Niels Hobbs Collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Watch Chains & Accessories” “Crank-Wind” watch key, 18th century (Niels Hobbs Collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Watch Chains & Accessories” “Crank-Wind” watch key, 18th century (Niels Hobbs Collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Watch Chains & Accessories” Sewing implements from the Ephraim Spraque House Archeology Site, Lebanon, Connecticut, 18th century (State of Connecticut, Funded by the Connecticut State of Transportation) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Silver thimble, 18th century (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Two cast and lathe-turned brass thimbles with a waffle-pattern crown. Introduced to England by Dutchman John Lofting, 18th century (UK Detector Finds Database) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Lofting type thimble - Holmes Type III, 18th century (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Thimbles found at Fort Ticonderoga, New York, mid -18th century (Fort Ticonderoga - Photograph Courtesy William Booth Draper) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Pewter thimbles recovered from the wreck of a merchant ship bound for Philadelphia, Roosevelt Inlet Shipwreck, Delaware, circa 1762-1775 (State of Delaware) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Set of nesting pewter thimbles recovered from the wreck of a merchant ship bound for Philadelphia, Roosevelt Inlet Shipwreck, Delaware, circa 1762-1775 (State of Delaware) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Thimbles excavated from a privy at the Three Cranes Tavern, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Burned by the British on 17 June 1775. (City of Boston Archeology Program) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Turned wood needle case from the Dauphine, 1704, wrecked off the coast of St. Malo, Brittany, France. “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” 1. American canvas work roll-up or housewife/huswif (sewing kit), 1763 (Skinner Auction House) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” 2. American canvas work roll-up or housewife/huswif (sewing kit), 1763 (Skinner Auction House) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” 3. American canvas work roll-up or housewife/huswif (sewing kit), 1763 (Skinner Auction House) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” 4. American canvas work roll-up or housewife/huswif (sewing kit), 1763 (Skinner Auction House) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” 1. American canvas work roll-up or housewife/huswif (sewing kit), likely from Philadelphia,1763. (Skinner Auction House) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” 2. American canvas work roll-up or housewife/huswif (sewing kit), likely from Philadelphia,1763. (Skinner Auction House) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” English needlework case, circa 1780-1800 (Winterthur) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Above and below) Late 18th century American sewing case, embroidered with polychrome silks in a Rococo Queen stitch bound with green silk tape, and a five leaf needle book of red wool. Brocaded pockets hold sewing items. (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” English straight pins from Gloucestershire or London, circa 1620-1800 (Victoria & Albert Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Straight pins, circa 1765-1775 (City of Boston Archeology Program) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Wooden thread spool found in the Cross Street privy of Katherine Nanny Naylor of Boston, Massachusetts, late 17th century. (Massachusetts Historical Commission - City of Boston Archeology Program) “18th Century Material Culture: Sewing & Tailoring Tools” Fire steel/flint strikers, late 18th to early 19th Century (Skinner) “18th Century Material Culture: Fire Starting” Tinder box with fire steel (striker) and flint, 18th century. (Private collection) “18th Century Material Culture: Fire Starting” Tinned iron tinder box and striker, late 18th century-early 19th century (Antiques of Early America) “18th Century Material Culture: Fire Starting” English sheet brass tinder box with candle holder and striker, circa 1770-1800 (Wendy Hamilton Antiques) “18th Century Material Culture: Fire Starting” English tin tinder box with steel, flint, tow, and matches, circa 1775-1825. (The British Museum) “18th Century Material Culture: Fire Starting” See Images Part Two https://tinyurl.com/yd7xy9k5 or Primary Article https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-Icarried-in-my-Pack-The-Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-AmericanWar-for-Independence 7. Related Articles by the Author Resource File: Examples of Continental Army Camp Equipage and Vehicle Returns, 1775-1781 (John U. Rees) http://www.scribd.com/doc/223095304/Resource-File-Examples-of-ContinentalArmy-Camp-Equipage-and-Vehicle-Returns-1776-1781-John-U-Rees Contents 1. Clothing and Equipment Lost at Bunker Hill, 17 June 1775 (including a discussion of “snapsacks”) 2. Cooking and Other Equipment in Brig. Gen. John Sullivan’s Brigade, 24 March 1776 3. Main Army: Return of Arms and Accoutrements issued from 1 April to 1 August 1777 4. Return of Camp Equipage Delivered to the Army during the 1777 Campaign 5. Partial List of Stores Captured on the British Ship Symmetry, Wilmington, Delaware, January 1778 6. Camp Equipage in the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade, Valley Forge, 3 June 1778 7. "A Return of Quarter-Master-General's Stores in The Brigades at West Point & Constitution Island," 1 August 1779: North Carolina, 4th Massachusetts, and Paterson’s (Massachusetts) Brigades 8. "A Return of Quarter-Master-General's Stores in the Second Pennsylvania Brigade ... at Camp West Point," 4 August 1779 9. Return of Quartermaster’s Stores for Maj. Gen. John Sullivan’s Army, Tioga, 21 August 1779. 10. Return of Clothing and Camp Equipment in Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair’s Pennsylvania Division in the Hudson Highlands, 1 October 1779. 11. Return of Quartermaster’s Stores in the 1st Connecticut Brigade (Including Brigadier General and Staff), Hudson Highlands, 25 May 1781 12. "Return of Waggons, Horses … &c the property of the United States Army – Camp Tappan – 27th September 1780" 13. "Return of all Public Property in the Quarter Masters Department with the Southern Army" 14. Two Returns of Horse and Wagons with the Pennsylvania Line in Virginia, 12 June and 27 November 1781 Appendices: 1. Overview of Wheeled Transportation. 2. Material Culture Articles Related to Items on the Equipment Returns “Spent the winter at Jockey Hollow, and … washed together while there …”: American Revolution Army Women Names Project - Continental Army https://www.scribd.com/document/322026319/American-Revolution-Army-Women-Names-ProjectContinental "’The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed...’: An Overview of Continental Army Female Camp Followers” 1. “A clog upon every movement. “: Numbers 2. "Rations... Without Whiskey": Women’s Food Allowance 3. "Some men washed their own clothing.": Women's Duties and Shelter 4. Orders Concerning Women in the Summer of 1777 (Delaware Regiment of Maj. Gen. John Sullivan’s Division 5. "Coming into the line of fire.": Women on the March or on Campaign Appendices A. An Estimate of Females with Continental Army Units on the March to Yorktown, 1781 B. Mess Roll of Capt. John Ross’s Company, 3d New Jersey Regiment C. Tent Assignments in Lt. Col. John Wrottesley’s (3d) Company, 1st Battalion, Brigade of (British) Guards (Including “British Army orders regarding female followers, summer 1777”) D. Period Images of Army Followers or Poor to Middling Female Civilians E. Photographs of Army Women at Living History Events F. Online Articles Pertaining to Female Camp Followers and Related Subjects During the War for American Independence G. Other Authors’ Monographs (Women Following the Army) The Continental Soldier, vol. VIII, no. 3 (Spring 1995), 51-58. ALHFAM Bulletin (Association of Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums), vol. XXVIII, no. 4 (Winter 1999), 18-21. https://www.scribd.com/doc/255868431/The-proportion-of-Women-which-ought-to-be-allowed-AnOverview-of-Continental-Army-Female-Camp-Followers “’They were good soldiers.’: African–Americans Serving in the Continental Army,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/123231213/%E2%80%9CThey-were-good-soldiersAfrican%E2%80%93Americans-Serving-in-the-Continental-Army “’At Eutau Springs he received three wounds …’: Black Soldiers in Southern Continental Regiments” Contents Overview of Numbers Gleaning Veterans’ Pensions Georgia South Carolina Maryland Delaware Virginia Analysis: William Ranney’s Painting “Battle of Cowpens” and Black Cavalry Soldiers Analysis: Officers’ Servants North Carolina Post-War Comments on Unit Integration, Slavery, and Societal Attitudes towards Blacks Appendices A. "Return of the Negroes in the Army," 24 August 1778, White Plains, New York B. Estimated Populations of the American Colonies, 1700-1780 C. Synopsis of African-American veterans’ pensions found on Southern Campaign Revolutionary War Pension Statements & Rosters (with links to pension transcriptions) D. Analysis of average number of African Americans in all the brigades listed in the 24 August 1778 “Return of the Negroes in the Army” showing 755 black soldiers in fifteen brigades of Gen. George Washington’s main army at White Plains, New York. E. A Study in Complexity: Comparison of Virginia Continental regiment lineage with that of the Pennsylvania and Massachusetts Lines F. Synopsis of the Chesterfield List (Virginia, 1780-1781) (Including, “Numbers of African-Americans on the Chesterfield List.”) https://www.scribd.com/doc/290761045/At-Eutau-Springs-he-received-three-wounds-BlackSoldiers-in-Southern-Continental-Regiments “When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus Stacking Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices) https://www.scribd.com/doc/292407335/When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-groundtheir-arms-When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-their-arms-Groundin “’Was not in the battles ... being a Waiter.’ Enlisted Men and Civilians as Officers’ Servants during the War for American Independence” Part 1. “Our boys bring down something to eat ...”: Overview: Field and Company Officers’ Servants https://www.scribd.com/doc/260955648/Was-not-in-the-battles-being-a-Waiter-Enlisted-Men-andCivilians-as-Officers-Servants-during-the-War-for-AmericanIndependence?secret_password=OJ0XV4DLMfjssaEcdU34 see also http://allthingsliberty.com/2015/04/war-as-a-waiter-soldier-servants/ "’The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …”’: The British Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence” (Dedicated to the recreated 17th Regiment of Foot) Contents 1. Overview 2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.”: Personal Equipage as Stipulated in Military Treatises 3. "An enormous bulk, weighing about sixty pounds": British Troops’ Necessaries in Garrison and on Campaign a. 1762, British Grenadiers b. 1771, 7th Regiment c. Undated, Brigade of Guards d. August 1776, Gen. Sir William Howe’s troops e. 1776, Brigade of Guards f. 1777, 40th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings g. 1777, 49th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings h. 1778, Guards Battalion i. 1779, 17th Regiment j. 1780-1781, Cornwallis’s Army 4. “A habersack for Each Soldier":Ways and Means of Carrying Food, and the Burden of Rations 5. "Four Days' flour to be Issued to the Troops": The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783 6. "The men having no other way ...": Shortages of Equipment for Food Carriage and Cooking 7. "Very Dirty and muddy.": Carrying Beverages and Difficulties in Finding Drinkable Water 8. Other Resources (Online Articles) https://www.scribd.com/document/335479170/The-load-a-soldier-generally-carries-during-acampaign-The-British-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence “’With my pack and large blanket at my back …’: British and American Officers’ Equipage and Campaign Gear Contents 1. “Things necessary for a Gentleman to be furnished with …”: Officers’ Kit for Regimental Service a. British Officers’ Belongings b. Continental Army Officers’ Kit. c. Cooking and Eating Utensils. 2. "The officers must be satisfied walking …”: Allotment of Horses 3. Officers and Knapsacks: A Compendium of Accounts and Images a. 1762, British Grenadiers b. 1771, 7th Regiment c. Undated, Brigade of Guards d. August 1776, Gen. Sir William Howe’s troops e. 1776, Brigade of Guards f. 1777, 40th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings g. 1777, 49th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings h. 1778, Guards Battalion 4. Other Resources (Online Articles) Appendix A. Officers and Knapsacks: A Compendium of Accounts and Images a. Knapsack: Rufus Lincoln, Massachusetts militia and 14 th Massachusetts b. 1775, British, 43d Regiment, officer’s knapsack c. 1776, 17th Regiment, Officer’s Rolled Blanket (“Pedlar's Pack “) and Personal Belongings d. 1776, Continental, 22d Continental Regiment, knapsack and belongings e. 1777, Massachusetts Militia officer carrying a knapsack f. 1777, British, 42d Regiment, portmanteau, no knapsack g. 1777, British 49th Regiment, officers’ blanket slings h. 1777, Continental Officers’ Knapsack Contents Described by a German Officer i. 1777, British Officers, Saratoga Campaign, Knapsacks and Packhorses j. 1779, British, 43d Regiment, officer’s marquee and possibly officer’s knapsack k. 1781, British, Cornwallis’s Southern Army, officers and knapsacks l. 1782, Continental, 2d Maryland Regiment, lieutenant colonel wearing a knapsack. m. 1782, Continental Army, New Jersey Regiments, officers issued canteens but not knapsacks Appendix B. Miscellaneous Narratives on Officers’ Belongings and Campaign Living a. 1776, British, Suggested Officers’ Campaign Equipage b. 1776, British, 5th Regiment, campaign camp and food c. 1776, Continental, 3d Virginia officer’s chest d. 1776, Continental, Gen. Thomas Mifflin’s blanket coat and Colonel Lippitt’s andirons e. 1776/1777, Militia, 1st Battalion Philadelphia Associators, Deceased Officer’s Belongings f. 1776/1777, British, 33d Regiment, Officer’s Necessaries g. 1777, British, 40th Regiment, Reduction of Officers’ Baggage h. 1777, British, 24th Regiment and 24th Regiment, Saratoga Campaign i. 1777, British, 46th Regiment, Officer’s Field Equipage j. 1777, Continental, 7th Pennsylvania Regiment, Officer’s Belongings k. 1777-1778, Continental, Rev. Enos Hitchcock’s personal belongings l. 1777 and 1782, British and Continental, a bed made of chairs or stools (In honor of Joshua Mason) m. 1778, Continental Officers and Horse Canteens n. 1778, British, 42d Regiment, campaign living o. 1780, German, Jaeger Camp Description p. 1781, Continental Maryland Regiments, Officers’ Portmanteaus q. 1781, French Officer’s Remarks on Continental Officers’ Life Style r. 1781, Continental, 3d Maryland Regiment, Officer’s Greatcoat and wearing red coats https://www.scribd.com/document/338154147/With-my-pack-and-large-blanket-at-my-backBritish-and-American-Officers-Equipage-and-Campaign-Gear “’Cost of a Knapsack complete …’: Notes on Continental Army Packs and the Soldiers’ Burden” Part 1. “This Napsack I carryd through the war of the Revolution” Knapsacks Used by the Soldiers during the War for American Independence a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Overview Knapsacks and Tumplines, Massachusetts, 1775 The Uhl Knapsack Leather and Hair Packs, and Ezra Tilden’s Narrative The Rufus Lincoln and Elisha Gross Hair Knapsacks The “new Invented Napsack and haversack,” 1776 The Benjamin Warner Linen Pack British Linen Knapsacks Appendices a. Carrying Blankets in or on Knapsacks. b. “Like a Pedlar's Pack.”: Blanket Rolls and Slings c. More Extant Artifacts with Revolutionary War Provenance or with a Design Similar to Knapsacks Used During the War d. Extant Knapsacks Discounted as having Revolutionary War Provenance http://www.scribd.com/doc/210794759/%E2%80%9C-This-Napsack-I-carryd-through-thewar-of-the-Revolution-Knapsacks-Used-by-the-Soldiers-during-the-War-for-AmericanIndependence-Part-1-of-%E2%80%9C-Cos "`The great distress of the Army for want of Blankets ...': Supply Shortages, Suffering Soldiers, and a Secret Mission During the Hard Winter of 1780": 1. "Our condition for want of ... Blankets is quite painful ..." Shortages in the Continental Army, 1776-1779 2. "Without even a shadow of a blanket ..." Desperate Measures to Procure Covering for the Army, 1780 Addendum. “To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four pair of rose Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops Endnote Extras. Note 20. Clothing New Jersey's Soldiers, Winter 1779-1780 38. The Effect of Weather on the Squan Mission Location of Squan Beach 43. Captain Bowman's Soldiers 46. Bowman's 2d New Jersey Light Company at the Battle of Connecticut Farms Military Collector & Historian, vol. 52, no. 3 (Fall 2000), 98-110. https://www.scribd.com/doc/274667902/The-great-distress-of-the-Army-for-want-of-BlanketsSupply-Shortages-Suffering-Soldiers-and-a-Secret-Mission-During-the-Hard-Winter-of-1780 “`White Wollen,' 'Striped Indian Blankets,' 'Rugs and Coverlids': The Variety of Continental Army Blankets," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVI, no. 4 (Winter 2000), 11-14. http://www.revwar75.com/library/rees/variety.htm “To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four pair of rose Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops https://www.scribd.com/doc/273957204/To-Colonel-Morgan-for-the-use-of-the-Light-Infantrytwenty-four-Dutch-Blankets-four-pair-of-rose-Blankets-Examples-of-Bed-Coverings-Issuedto?secret_password=xY0eynb69XnvEPEOnKFY “Images and Descriptions of Wool Blankets and Wool, Wool/Linen Coverlets in the American Textile History Museum, Lowell, Massachusetts (The Chace Catalogue)” https://www.scribd.com/doc/273789670/Images-and-Descriptions-of-Wool-Blankets-and-WoolWool-Linen-Coverlets?secret_password=9AeF0J9Ae2vyuCCoKqRC “A Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting Shirts …”: Proper Terminology: Hunting shirt, Rifle Shirt, Rifle Frock … ? http://www.scribd.com/doc/241410261/A-Quantity-of-Tow-Cloth-for-the-Purpose-of-making-ofIndian-or-Hunting-Shirts-Proper-Terminology-Hunting-shirt-Rifle-Shirt-RifleFrock?secret_password=B5Ass1zGmYgykkILpBjz “`The first object … should be to clean your Arms …’: The Care and Cleaning of Firelocks in the 18th Century” https://www.scribd.com/doc/292985859/The-Care-and-Cleaning-of-Firelocks-in-the-18th-CenturyA-Discussion-of-Period-Methods-and-Their-Present-Day-Applications “When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus Stacking Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices) https://www.scribd.com/doc/292407335/When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-groundtheir-arms-When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-their-arms-Groundin “’To hold thirty-six cartridges of powder and ball …’: Continental Army Tin and Sheet-Iron Canisters, 1775-1780” Including: “They will … scarcely last one Campaign.” The Problem of Poorly-Made Continental Army Cartridge Pouches and Introduction of the New Model Box “The tin magazines … preserve the ammunition from wet … better than any other.” Miscellania Concerning Crown Forces and Tin Canisters. Alternative Names for Tin/Iron Cartridge Boxes “Carried by Moses Currier in the Rev. War.”: Descriptions of Extant Canisters http://www.scribd.com/doc/145591110/%E2%80%9C-To-hold-thirty-six-cartridges-of-powderand-ball-%E2%80%A6-Continental-Army-Tin-and-Sheet-Iron-Canisters-1775-1780 "’The taylors of the regiment’: Insights on Soldiers Making and Mending Clothing, and Continental Army Clothing Supply, 1776 to 1783,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 63, no. 4 (Winter 2011), 254-265. http://www.scribd.com/doc/131742393/The-taylors-of-the-regiment-Insights-on-Soldiers-Makingand-Mending-Clothing-and-Continental-Army-Clothing-Supply-1778-to-1783 "`To subsist an Army well ...': Soldiers' Cooking Equipment, Provisions, and Food Preparation During the American War for Independence”: "’All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...’: Iron Pots, Pans, and LightWeight Military Kettles, 1759-1782” Subheadings: Tin Kettles, 1759-1771” “British Kettles in the American War, 1776-1781” “Continental Army and States’ Militia, 1775-1780” “American Sheet Iron Kettles, 1781-1782” “Iron Pots, Pans, and Makeshift Cookware” “Eating Utensils” “Officers’ Cooking Equipment” “Kettle Covers” “’The extreme suffering of the army for want of … kettles …’: Continental Soldiers and Kettle Shortages in 1782” “’A disgusting incumbrance to the troops …’: Linen Bags and Carts for Carrying Kettles” “’The Kettles to be made as formerly …”: Kettle Capacity and Weight, and Archaeological Finds” Subheadings: “Kettle Capacity and Sizes, 1759-1782” “Louisbourg Kettle, Cape Breton Island” “Fort Ligonier (Buckets or Kettles?)” “Rogers Island (Bucket or Kettle?)” “1812 Kettles, Fort Meigs, Ohio” “Overview of Cooking Equipment, 1775-1783” Addendum to online version: “Two brass kettles, to contain ten gallons each … for each company …” Brass and Copper Kettles Military Collector & Historian, vol. 53, no. 1 (Spring 2001), 7-23. http://www.scribd.com/doc/180835470/To-subsist-an-Army-well-Soldiers-Cooking-EquipmentProvisions-and-Food-Preparation-During-the-American-War-for-Independence "`To the hungry soul every bitter thing is sweet.’: Soldiers' Food and Cooking in the War for Independence” "The manner of messing and living together": Continental Army Mess Groups “Who shall have this?”: Food Distribution "A hard game ...": Continental Army Cooks “On with Kittle, to make some hasty Pudding …”: How a "Continental Devil" Broke His Fast 1. The Army Ration and Cooking Methods. 2. Eating Utensils. 3. The Morning Meal. 4. Other Likely Breakfast Fare. Addenda “The men were very industrious, in baking, all the forepart of the evening.”: Soldiers’ Ingenuity, Regimental Bakers, and the Issue of Raw Flour “The Commissary [is] desired … to furnish biscuit and salt provisions …”: Hard Bread in the War for Independence. "The victuals became putrid by sweat & heat ...": Some Peripheral Aspects of Feeding an Army 1. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food 2. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783 3. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water 4. Equipment Shortages 5. Spoilage of Issued Meats "We had our cooking utensils ... to carry in our hands.": Continental Army Cooking and Eating Gear, and Camp Kitchens, 1775-1782 Endnotes: #50. Compendium of Ration Allotments, 1754-1782 Continental Army rations (summary) British Army rations (summary) Caloric Requirements and Intake #73. Miscellaneous returns of cooking gear and eating utensils, 1778-1781 (Appended) List of author’s articles on food in the armies of the American Revolution http://www.scribd.com/doc/129368664/To-the-hungry-soul-every-bitter-thing-is-sweet-SoldiersFood-and-Cooking-in-the-War-for-Independence "`As many fireplaces as you have tents ...': Earthen Camp Kitchens”: Contents Part I. "Cooking Excavations": Their History and Use by Soldiers in North America A. Advantages. B. Digging a Field Kitchen. Part II. Complete 1762 Kitchen Description and Winter Covering for Field Kitchens Part III. Matt and I Dig a Kitchen. Sequenced photos of kitchen construction, June 1997, Bordentown, New Jersey. Part IV. Original Earthen Kitchens Examined by Archaeologists. A. The Laughanstown, Ireland Earthen Kitchen. B. The Gloucester Point (VIMS) Kitchen, 1781. C. Hessian Kitchens, Winchester, England, 1756. Appendices: 1. Encampment Plans (with an emphasis on kitchen placement): Continental Army, Hessian, and British 2. British Image of Cooking Excavations (Redcoat Images No. 2,000) 3. Newspaper Article on the Discovery of the Gloucester Point Kitchen 4. Miscellaneous Images of Earthen Camp Kitchens and Soldiers Cooking https://www.academia.edu/21056265/_As_many_fireplaces_as_you_have_tents_..._Earthen_Camp_ Kitchens (Video of Old Barracks kitchen, courtesy of David Niescior, https://vimeo.com/151154631 ) "`We ... got ourselves cleverly settled for the night': Soldiers' Shelter on Campaign During the War for Independence," Part I, "`Oznabrig tabernacles’: Tents in the Armies of the Revolution": 1. “Put our Men into barns …”: The Vagaries of Shelter 2. "We Lay in the open world": Troops Without Shelter on Campaign 3. "State of Marquees and Tents delivered to the Army...": Varieties of Tentage a. British Common Tents b. American Common Tents c. Horseman’s and Cavalry Tents d. Wall Tents e. Marquees f. Bell Tents for Sheltering Arms g. Dome, Square, and Hospital Tents h. French Tents 4. "Return of Camp Equipage": More on Tents. Appendices Illustrations of French Tents The Common Tent as Illustrated in a German Treatise How to Fold a Common Tent for Transport (from a German Treatise) Interior Views of Common Tents: Sleeping Arrangements in Three Armies A Melange of Marquees: Additional Images of Officers’ Tents Encampment Plans: Continental Army, Hessian, and British Friedrich Wilhelm de Steuben, Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States Part I. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Styner and Cist, 1779) “A Correct View of the Hessian Camp on Barton Farm near Winchester … by Willm. Godson, Land Surveyor to the Right Worshipful the Corporation of Winchester occupé le 16 Juillet 1756” Lewis Lochee, An Essay on Castrametation (London, 1778) (British treatise on tents and encampments.) Humphrey Bland, A treatise of military discipline: in which is laid down and explained the duty of the officer and soldier, through the several branches of the service. The 8th edition revised, corrected, and altered to the present practice of the army (London: B. Law and T. Caslon, 1762). Military Collector & Historian, vol. 49, no. 3 (Fall 1997), 98-107. https://www.scribd.com/doc/262657282/Oznabrig-tabernacles-Tents-in-the-Armies-of-theRevolution-part-1-of-We-got-ourselves-cleverly-settled-for-the-night-Soldiers-Shelter Part V, “`We built up housan of branchis and leavs ’: Continental Army Brush Shelters, 17751777” A. "This night we lay out without shelter ...”: Overview of American Soldiers' Campaign Lodging B. "We maid us some Bush huts ...": Brush Shelters, 1775 and 1776. C. "Huts of sticks & leaves": Washington's Army in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1777. Military Collector & Historian, vol. 55, no. 4 (Winter 2003-2004), 213-223. http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/huts5.pdf Part VI, "`We built up housan of branchis & leavs ...’: Continental Army Brush Shelters, 17781782 A. "Found the regiment lying in bush huts ...": Continental Troops on Campaign and on the March, 1778-1780. B. "Pine huts," "Huts of rails," and "Bush Tents": Virginia and the Carolinas, 1781-1782. C. "Return of Camp Equipage": More on Tents. Military Collector & Historian, vol. 56, no. 2 (2004), 98-106. http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/huts6.pdf “’Reach Coryels ferry. Encamp on the Pennsylvania side.’: The March from Valley Forge to Monmouth Courthouse, 18 to 28 June 1778” http://www.scribd.com/doc/133301501/“Reach-Coryels-ferry-Encamp-on-the-Pennsylvania-side-”The-March-from-Valley-Forge-to-Monmouth-Courthouse-18-to-28-June-1778 Endnotes: http://www.scribd.com/doc/133293312/Endnotes-“Reach-Coryels-ferry-Encamp-on-thePennsylvania-side-”-The-March-from-Valley-Forge-to-Monmouth-Courthouse-18-to-28-June-1778 Contents 1. “We struck our tents and loaded our baggage.”: Leaving Valley Forge 2. Progress, June 18, 1778. 3. Progress, June 19, 1778. 4. “Crost the dilliware pushed on about 5 milds …”: June 20, 1778: Progress and a River Crossing 5. “4 Wagons & Horses, and 1000 Men at a Try.”: The Mechanics of Ferrying an Army 6. “Halt on the first strong ground after passing the Delaware ...”: June 20th River Crossing 7. “The number of boats … will render the passage of the troops very expeditious.”: June 21st Ferry Operation 8. “The Troops are passing the River … and are mostly over.”: June 22d Crossing 9. “The Army will march off …”: June 22d and 23d, Camp at Amwell Meeting 10. “Just after we halted we sent out a large detachment …”: Camp and Council: Hopewell Township, 23 to 24 June 11. “Giving the Enemy a stroke is a very desireable event …”: Advancing to Englishtown, 24 to 28 June Progress, June 25, 1778. Progress, June 26, 1778. Progress, June 27, 1778. Forward to Battle, June 28, 1778. 12. “Our advanced Corps … took post in the evening on the Monmouth Road …”: Movements of Continental Detachments Followng the British, 24 to 28 June 1778 The Advance Force: Scott’s, Wayne’s, Lafayette’s, and Lee’s Detachments. Daily Movements of Detachments Later Incorporated into Lee’s Advanced Corps. 13. Echoes of 1778, Three Years After. Addendum 1. Driving Directions, Continental Army Route from Valley Forge to Englishtown 2. Day by Day Recap of Route 3. The Road to Hopewell. 4. The Bungtown Road Controversy. 5. Weather During the Monmouth Campaign 6. Selected Accounts of the March from Valley Forge to Englishtown a. Fifteen-year-old Sally Wister b. Surgeon Samuel Adams, 3rd Continental Artillery c. Henry Dearborn, lt. colonel, 3rd New Hampshire Regiment d. Captain Paul Brigham, 8th Connecticut Regiment e. Sergeant Ebenezer Wild, 1st Massachusetts Regiment f. Sgt. Jeremiah Greenman, 2d Rhode Island Regiment g. Dr. James McHenry, assistant secretary to General Washington 7. List of Related works by the author on military material culture and the Continental Army Endnotes contain: 1. Army General and Brigade Orders, June 1778. a. Orders Regulating the Army on the March from Valley Forge. b. Orders Issued During the Movement from Valley Forge to Englishtown. 2. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army to 22 June 1778 3. Washington’s army vehicle allotment for the march to Coryell’s Ferry, 4. Wheeled Transportation (a primer on the vehicles and artillery on the road to Monmouth, including twenty-one illustrations) 5. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army after 22 June 1778 _____________________

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