Abstract
In recent years, research on environmentally sustainable packaging has been gaining momentum, primarily driven by consumer ecological consciousness. Green biocomposites play an important role in novel and innovative materials for the emerging sustainable packaging industry, being intrinsically biobased and biodegradable. Therefore, the following chapter is aimed to make an overview of the main trends on green biocomposites study and development, their environmental impact and their importance in future production systems. A revision of the polymeric matrices and fillers most widely used for green biocomposites and bionanocomposites manufacture is done, and the results of the latest investigations on the subject are discussed. Besides, their role in active and intelligent packaging is reviewed as well as their implementation for 3D printing technologies. Finally, the relevance of these materials study and development in terms of environmental impact is herein considered, remarking the importance of adequate life cycle assessment of the developed green biocomposites in comparison to conventional materials used for similar packaging applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adu C, Rahatekar S, Filby J et al (2019) Structural packaging foams prepared by uni-directional freezing of paper sludge cellulose nanofibres and poly (vinyl alcohol). Mater Lett 253:242–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.06.050
Agustin-Salazar S, Cerruti P, Medina-Juárez LÁ et al (2018) Lignin and holocellulose from pecan nutshell as reinforcing fillers in poly (lactic acid) biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 115:727–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.120
Ahmed J, Mulla M, Jacob H et al (2019) Polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone)/zinc oxide/clove essential oil composite antimicrobial films for scrambled egg packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 21:100355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100355
Akrami M, Ghasemi I, Azizi H et al (2016) A new approach in compatibilization of the poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch (PLA_TPS) blends. Carbohydr Polym 144:254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.035
Al-Naamani L, Dobretsov S, Dutta J (2016) Chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticle composite coating for active food packaging applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 38:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2016.10.010
Aliotta L, Cinelli P, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A (2019) Rigid filler toughening in PLA-calcium carbonate composites: effect of particle surface treatment and matrix plasticization. Eur Polym J 113:78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.042
Anugwom I, Lahtela V, Kallioinen M, Kärki T (2019) Lignin as a functional additive in a biocomposite: influence on mechanical properties of polylactic acid composites. Ind Crops Prod 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111704
Arrieta MP, Fortunati E, Dominici F et al (2014) PLA-PHB/cellulose based films: mechanical, barrier and disintegration properties. Polym Degrad Stab 107:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.010
Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A (2010) Reinforced polypropylene composites: effects of chemical compositions and particle size. Bioresour Technol 101:2515–2519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.022
Azwa ZN, Yousif BF, Manalo ACAC, Karunasena W (2013) A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Mater Des 47:424–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.025
Basu A, Kundu S, Sana S et al (2017) Edible nano-bio-composite film cargo device for food packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 11:98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.01.011
Bekas DG, Hou Y, Liu Y, Panesar A (2019) 3D printing to enable multifunctionality in polymer-based composites: a review. Compos Part B Eng 179:107540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107540
Bergel BF, da Luz LM, Santana RMC (2017) Comparative study of the influence of chitosan as coating of thermoplastic starch foam from potato, cassava and corn starch. Prog Org Coatings 106:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.02.010
Bergel BF, da Luz LM, Santana RMC (2018a) Effect of poly(lactic acid) coating on mechanical and physical properties of thermoplastic starch foams from potato starch. Prog Org Coatings 118:91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.01.029
Bergel BF, Dias Osorio S, da Luz LM, Santana RMC (2018b) Effects of hydrophobized starches on thermoplastic starch foams made from potato starch. Carbohydr Polym 200:106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.047
Bocz K, Tábi T, Vadas D et al (2016) Characterisation of natural fibre reinforced PLA foams prepared by supercritical CO2 assisted extrusion. Express Polym Lett 10:771–779. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.71
Bodirlau R, Teaca CA, Spiridon I (2013) Influence of natural fillers on the properties of starch-based biocomposite films. Compos Part B Eng 44:575–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.02.039
Bohlmann GM (2004) Biodegradable packaging life-cycle assessment. Environ Prog 23:342–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10053
Borchani KE, Carrot C, Jaziri M (2019) Rheological behavior of short Alfa fibers reinforced Mater-Bi® biocomposites. Polym Test 77:105895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.05.011
Broeren MLM, Kuling L, Worrell E, Shen L (2017) Environmental impact assessment of six starch plastics focusing on wastewater-derived starch and additives. Resour Conserv Recycl 127:246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.001
Bumbudsanpharoke N, Ko S (2018) The green fabrication, characterization and evaluation of catalytic antioxidation of gold nanoparticle-lignocellulose composite papers for active packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 107:1782–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.046
Burzic I, Pretschuh C, Kaineder D et al (2019) Impact modification of PLA using biobased biodegradable PHA biopolymers. Eur Polym J 114:32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.060
Castillo LA, Barbosa SE, Capiati NJ (2013) Influence of talc morphology on the mechanical properties of talc filled polypropylene. J Polym Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-013-0152-2
Castillo LA, López OV, Ghilardi J et al (2015) Thermoplastic starch/talc bionanocomposites. Influence of particle morphology on final properties. Food Hydrocoll 51:432–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.030
Castillo LA, López O V, Ninago MD, et al (2017) Composites and nanocomposites based on starches. effect of mineral and organic fillers on processing, structure, and final properties of starch. In: Starch-based materials in food packaging: processing, characterization and applications. pp 125–151
Cazan C, Cosnita M, Isac L (2019) The influence of temperature on the performance of rubber—PET-HDPE waste -based composites with different inorganic fillers. J Clean Prod 208:1030–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.045
Ceran ÖB, Şimşek B, Şara ON (2020) Preparation and characterization novel dioctyl terephthalate blended polyvinyl alcohol-composite films incorporated with the graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles. Polym Test 106315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106315
Chaitanya S, Singh I, Il Song J (2019) Recyclability analysis of PLA/Sisal fiber biocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 173:106895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.106
Chen C, Liu L, Huang T et al (2013) Bubble template fabrication of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) sponges for wound dressing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 62:188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.042
Chi H, Song S, Luo M et al (2019) Effect of PLA nanocomposite films containing bergamot essential oil, TiO2 nanoparticles, and Ag nanoparticles on shelf life of mangoes. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 249:192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.059
Chiarathanakrit C, Riyajan SA, Kaewtatip K (2018) Transforming fish scale waste into an efficient filler for starch foam. Carbohydr Polym 188:48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.101
Chiarathanakrit C, Mayakun J, Prathep A, Kaewtatip K (2019) Comparison of the effects of calcified green macroalga (Halimeda macroloba Decaisne) and commercial CaCO3 on the properties of composite starch foam trays. Int J Biol Macromol 121:71–76
Chiralt A, Atar L (2016) Essential oils as additives in biodegradable films and coatings for active food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 48:51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.12.001
Cruz-Tirado JP, Siche R, Cabanillas A, et al (2017) Properties of baked foams from oca (Oxalis tuberosa) starch reinforced with sugarcane bagasse ans aparagus peel fiber. In: Procedia engineering. pp 175–185
Cruz-Tirado JP, Vejarano R, Tapia-Blácido DR et al (2019) Biodegradable foam tray based on starches isolated from different Peruvian species. Int J Biol Macromol 125:800–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.111
Dai L, Cheng T, Duan C et al (2019) 3D printing using plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr Polym 203:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.027
Dauda M, Yoshiba M, Miura K, Takahashi S (2007) Processing and mechanical property evaluation of maize fiber reinforced green composites. Adv Compos Mater Off J Japan Soc Compos Mater 16:335–347. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855107782325168
Davis G, Song JH (2006) Biodegradable packaging based on raw materials from crops and their impact on waste management. Ind Crops Prod 23:147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.05.004
Allied Analytics LLP (2018) Bioplastics market by type and application: global opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2018–2024. Pune, India
De Oliveira DM, Hilário Cioffi MO, De Carvalho Benini KCC, Cornelis Voorwald HJ (2017) Effects of plasma treatment on the sorption properties of coconut fibers. Procedia Eng 200:357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.050
De Oliveira SA, Nunes de Macedo JR, dos Rosa D S (2019) Eco-efficiency of poly (lactic acid)-Starch-Cotton composite with high natural cotton fiber content: environmental and functional value. J Clean Prod 217:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.198
Dey P, Ray S (2018) An overview of the recent trends in manufacturing of green composites—considerations and challenges. Mater Today Proc 5:19783–19789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.341
Dittenber DB, GangaRao HVS (2012) Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 43:1419–1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.019
Dixit S, Yadav VL (2019) Optimization of polyethylene/polypropylene/alkali modified wheat straw composites for packaging application using RSM. J Clean Prod 240:118228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118228
Djafari Petroudy SR (2017) Physical and mechanical properties of natural fibers. In: Advanced high strength natural fibre composites in construction. Elsevier Ltd, pp 59–83
Domínguez-Robles J, Martin NK, Fong ML et al (2019) Antioxidant pla composites containing lignin for 3D printing applications: a potential material for healthcare applications. Pharmaceutics 11:5–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040165
Ejaz M, Arfat YA, Mulla M, Ahmed J (2018) Zinc oxide nanorods/clove essential oil incorporated type B gelatin composite films and its applicability for shrimp packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 15:113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.12.004
Emblem HJ (2012) Packaging and environmental sustainability. Packag Technol 65–86. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095701.1.65
Famá L, Gerschenson L, Goyanes S (2009) Starch-vegetable fibre composites to protect food products. Carbohydr Polym 75:230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2008.06.018
Fang Z, Hou G, Chen C, Hu L (2019) Nanocellulose-based films and their emerging applications. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 23:100764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.07.003
Farmer N (2013) Present status and trends in innovations in packaging for food, beverages and other fast-moving consumer goods. In: Trends in packaging of food, beverages and other fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp 1–21
Fazeli M, Florez JP, Simão RA (2019) Improvement in adhesion of cellulose fibers to the thermoplastic starch matrix by plasma treatment modification. Compos Part B Eng 163:207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.048
Fortunati E, Luzi F, Puglia D et al (2015) Processing of PLA nanocomposites with cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Posidonia oceanica waste: innovative reuse of coastal plant. Ind Crops Prod 67:439–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.075
Georges A, Lacoste C, Damien E (2018) Effect of formulation and process on the extrudability of starch-based foam cushions. Ind Crops Prod 115:306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.001
Georgios K, Silva A, Furtado S (2016) Applications of green composite materials. Biodegrad Green Compos 312–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118911068.ch10
Ghazaie M, Ghiaci M, Soleimanian-Zad S, Behzadi-teshnizi S (2019) Preparing natural biocomposites of N-quaternary chitosan with antibacterial activity to reduce consumption of antibacterial drugs. J Hazard Mater 371:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.003
Ghosh T, Bhasney SM, Katiyar V (2019) Blown films fabrication of poly lactic acid based biocomposites: thermomechanical and migration studies. Mater Today Commun 100737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100737
Guan J, Hanna MA (2004) Functional properties of extruded foam composites of starch acetate and corn cob fiber. Ind Crops Prod 19:255–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.10.007
Guan J, Eskridge KM, Hanna MA (2005) Acetylated starch-polylactic acid loose-fill packaging materials. Ind Crop Prod 22:109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.06.004
Gurunathan T, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2015) A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Compos Part A 77:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007
Han C, Zhao A, Varughese E, Sahle-Demessie E (2018) Evaluating weathering of food packaging polyethylene-nano-clay composites: release of nanoparticles and their impacts. NanoImpact 9:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2017.10.005
Han H, Hsu (Jane) LT, Lee JS (2009) Empirical investigation of the roles of attitudes toward green behaviors, overall image, gender, and age in hotel customers’ eco-friendly decision-making process. Int J Hosp Manag 28:519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.02.004
Hanken RBL, Arimatéia RR, Farias GMG, et al (2019) Effect of natural and expanded vermiculite clays on the properties of eco-friendly biopolyethylene-vermiculite clay biocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107184
Hassan MM, Tucker N, Le Guen MJ (2019) Thermal, mechanical and viscoelastic properties of citric acid-crosslinked starch/cellulose composite foams. Carbohydr Polym 115675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115675
Hatakeyema H, Tanamachi N, Matsumura H et al (2005) Bio-based polyurethane composite foams with inorganic fillers studied by thermogravimetry. Thermochim Acta 431:155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.01.065
Hidalgo-Salazar MA, Salinas E (2019) Mechanical, thermal, viscoelastic performance and product application of PP-rice husk Colombian biocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 176:107135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107135
Huang D, De HuZ, Ding Y et al (2019) Seawater degradable PVA/PCL blends with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol as degradation accelerator. Polym Degrad Stab 163:195–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.011
Ibrahim N, Ab Wahab MK (2017) Acidolysis effect on starch in polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blend. Solid State Phenom 264, SSP:156–159. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.264.156
Iyer KA, Flores AM, Torkelson JM (2015) Comparison of polyolefin biocomposites prepared with waste cardboard, microcrystalline cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals via solid-state shear pulverization. Polymer (Guildf) 75:78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.029
Jayakumar A, K.V. H, T.S. S et al (2019) Starch-PVA composite films with zinc-oxide nanoparticles and phytochemicals as intelligent pH sensing wraps for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 136:395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.018
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Sudheesh Kumar PT et al (2011) Biomaterials based on chitin and chitosan in wound dressing applications. Biotechnol Adv 29:322–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.01.005
John MJ, Thomas S (2008) Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 71:343–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.040
Joshi SV, Drzal LT, Mohanty AK, Arora S (2004) Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 35:371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.016
Jumaidin R, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M et al (2016) Characteristics of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar blend: Thermal, tensile, and physical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 89:575–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.028
Kabir MM, Wang H, Lau KT, Cardona F (2012) Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: an overview. Compos Part B 43:2883–2892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.053
Kaewtatip K, Chiarathanakrit C, Riyajan SA (2018) The effects of egg shell and shrimp shell on the properties of baked starch foam. Powder Technol 335:354–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.05.030
Kaisangsri N, Kerdchoechuen O, Laohakunjit N (2012) Biodegradable foam tray from cassava starch blended with natural fiber and chitosan. Ind Crops Prod 37:542–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.034
Kaisangsri N, Kerdchoechuen O, Laohakunjit N (2014) Characterization of cassava starch based foam blended with plant proteins, kraft fiber and palm oil. Carbohydr Polym 110:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.067
Kalia S, Kaith BS, Kaur I (2009) Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites-a review. Polym Eng Sci 49:1253–1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21328
Kalpana S, Priyadarshini SR, Maria Leena M et al (2019) Intelligent packaging: trends and applications in food systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 93:145–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.008
Kamdem DP, Shen Z, Nabinejad O (2019) Development of biodegradable composite chitosan-based films incorporated with xylan and carvacrol for food packaging application. Food Packag Shelf Life 21:100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100344
Komal UK, Lila MK, Singh I (2020) PLA/banana fiber based sustainable biocomposites: a manufacturing perspective. Compos Part B Eng 180:107535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107535
La Mantia FP, Morreale M (2011) Green composites: a brief review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 42:579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.01.017
Le Duigou A, Barbé A, Guillou E, Castro M (2019) 3D printing of continuous flax fibre reinforced biocomposites for structural applications. Mater Des 180:107884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107884
Lee JY, An J, Chua CK (2017) Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials. Appl Mater Today 7:120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.02.004
Lee SH, Wang S (2006) Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with bio-based coupling agent. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 37:80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.04.015
Li M, Tian X, Jin R, Li D (2018) Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite films containing starch and cellulose nano fibers. Ind Crop Prod 123:654–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.043
Liang J, Wang J, Li S et al (2019) The size-controllable preparation of chitosan/silver nanoparticle composite microsphere and its antimicrobial performance. Carbohydr Polym 220:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.048
Liu H, Huang Y, Yuan L et al (2010) Isothermal crystallization kinetics of modified bamboo cellulose/PCL composites. Carbohydr Polym 79:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.037
Liu J, Sun L, Xu W et al (2019) Current advances and future perspectives of 3D printing natural-derived biopolymers. Carbohydr Polym 207:297–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.077
Lopez O, Garcia MA, Villar MA et al (2014) Thermo-compression of biodegradable thermoplastic corn starch films containing chitin and chitosan. LWT—Food Sci Technol 57:106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.01.024
López OV, García MA, Zaritzky NE (2008) Film forming capacity of chemically modified corn starches. Carbohydr Polym 73:573–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.12.023
López OV, Versino F, Villar MA, García MA (2015) Agro-industrial residue from starch extraction of Pachyrhizus ahipa as filler of thermoplastic corn starch films. Carbohydr Polym 134:324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.081
Ludueña L, Vázquez A, Alvarez V (2012) Effect of lignocellulosic filler type and content on the behavior of polycaprolactone based eco-composites for packaging applications. Carbohydr Polym 87:411–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.064
Machado CM, Benelli P, Tessaro IC (2017) Sesame cake incorporation on cassava starch foams for packaging use. Ind Crops Prod 102:115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2017.03.007
Madhavan Nampoothiri K, Nair NR, John RP (2010) An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresour Technol 101:8493–8501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.092
Majid I, Nayik A, Dar M, Nanda V (2018) Novel food packaging technologies: Innovations and future prospective. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 17:454–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.11.003
Matsuda DKM, Verceheze AES, Carvalho GM et al (2013) Baked foams of cassava starch and organically modified nanoclays. Ind Crops Prod 44:705–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.032
Mello LRPF, Mali S (2014) Use of malt bagasse to produce biodegradable baked foams made from cassava starch. Ind Crops Prod 55:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2014.02.015
Mendes JF, Paschoalin RT, Carmona VB et al (2016) Biodegradable polymer blends based on corn starch and thermoplastic chitosan processed by extrusion. Carbohydr Polym 137:452–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.093
Merci A, Marim RG, Urbano A, Mali S (2019) Films based on cassava starch reinforced with soybean hulls or microcrystalline cellulose from soybean hulls. Food Packag Shelf Life 20:100321. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FPSL.2019.100321
Min T, Zhu Z, Sun X et al (2020) Highly efficient antifogging and antibacterial food packaging film fabricated by novel quaternary ammonium chitosan composite. Food Chem 308:125682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125682
Mitrus M, Moscicki L (2014) Extrusion-cooking of starch protective loose-fill foams. Chem Eng Res Des 92:778–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHERD.2013.10.027
Moeini A, Mallardo S, Cimmino A, et al (2019) Thermoplastic starch and bioactive chitosan sub-microparticle biocomposites: antifungal and chemico-physical properties of the films. Carbohydr Polym 115627. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2019.115627
Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromol Mater Eng 276(277):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1439-2054(20000301)276:1%3c1:AID-MAME1%3e3.0.CO;2-W
Morreale M, Scaffaro R, Maio A, La Mantia FP (2008) Mechanical behaviour of mater-bi®/wood flour composites: a statistical approach. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 39:1537–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.05.015
Mukherjee T, Kao N (2011) PLA based biopolymer reinforced with natural fibre: a review. J Polym Environ 19:714–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0320-6
Müller P, Bere J, Fekete E et al (2016) Interactions, structure and properties in PLA/plasticized starch blends. Polymer (Guildf). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.031
Murphy CA, Collins MN (2018) Microcrystalline cellulose reinforced polylactic acid biocomposite filaments for 3D printing. Polym Compos 39:1311–1320. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24069
Muthuraj R, Misra M, Defersha F, Mohanty AK (2016) Influence of processing parameters on the impact strength of biocomposites: a statistical approach. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 83:120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.09.003
Nayak S, Khuntia SK (2019) Development and study of properties of Moringa oleifera fruit fibers/ polyethylene terephthalate composites for packaging applications. Compos Commun 15:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2019.07.008
Netravali AN, Chabba S (2003) Composites get greener. Mater Today 6:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(03)00427-9
Niu X, Liu Y, Song Y et al (2018) Rosin modified cellulose nanofiber as a reinforcing and co-antimicrobial agents in polylactic acid/chitosan composite film for food packaging. Carbohydr Polym 183:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.079
Ortega F, Giannuzzi L, Arce VB, García MA (2017) Active composite starch films containing green synthetized silver nanoparticles. Food Hydrocoll 70:152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.03.036
Orue A, Eceiza A, Arbelaiz A (2019) The use of alkali treated walnut shells as filler in plasticized poly(lactic acid) matrix composites. Ind Crops Prod 111993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111993
Passaretti MG, Ninago MD, Di Anibal C et al (2019) Composite films with UV barrier capacity to minimize flavored waters degradation. Food Packag Shelf Life 21:100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100334
Pereira da Silva JS, Farias da Silva JM, Soares BG, Livi S (2017) Fully biodegradable composites based on poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/peach palm trees fiber. Compos Part B Eng 129:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.088
Petit O, Lunardo R, Rickard B (2019) Small is beautiful: the role of anticipated food waste in consumers’ avoidance of large packages. J Bus Res 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.003
Piekarska K, Piorkowska E, Bojda J (2017) The influence of matrix crystallinity, filler grain size and modification on properties of PLA/calcium carbonate composites. Polym Test 62:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.06.025
Pornsuksomboon K, Holló BB, Szécsényi KM, Kaewtatip K (2016) Properties of baked foams from citric acid modified cassava starch and native cassava starch blends. Carbohydr Polym 136:107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.019
Putra AEE, Renreng I, Arsyad H, Bakri B (2020) Investigating the effects of liquid-plasma treatment on tensile strength of coir fibers and interfacial fiber-matrix adhesion of composites. Compos Part B Eng 183:107722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107722
Ramamoorthy SK, Åkesson D, Rajan R, et al (2019) Mechanical performance of biofibers and their corresponding composites. In: Mechanical and physical testing of biocomposites, fibre-reinforced composites and hybrid composites. Elsevier Ltd, pp 259–292
Razza F, Degli Innocenti F, Dobon A et al (2015) Environmental profile of a bio-based and biodegradable foamed packaging prototype in comparison with the current benchmark. J Clean Prod 102:493–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.04.033
Rodriguez S, Margem FM, Monteiro SN, Calado V (2012) Thermogravimetric behavior of natural fibers reinforced polymer composites—an overview. Mater Sci Eng, A 557:17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.109
Roy S, Rhim J (2019) Preparation of antimicrobial and antioxidant gelatin/curcumin composite films for active food packaging application. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 188:110761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110761
Sahrubudinh N, Lee TC, Ramlan R (2019) An overview on 3D printing technology: technological, materials, and applications. Procedia Manuf 35:1286–1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.089
Salaberria AM, Diaz RH, Labidi J, Fernandes SCM (2015) Preparing valuable renewable nanocomposite films based exclusively on oceanic biomass: Chitin nanofillers and chitosan. React Funct Polym 89:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.03.003
Sánchez ML, Patiño W, Cárdenas J (2020) Physical-mechanical properties of bamboo fibers-reinforced biocomposites: Influence of surface treatment of fibers. J Build Eng 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101058
Sapuan SM, Tamrin KF, Nukman Y et al (2016) Natural fiber-reinforced composites: types, development, manufacturing process, and measurement. Compr Mater Finish 1–3:203–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09183-9
Saral Sarojini K, Indumathi MP, Rajarajeswari GR (2019) Mahua oil-based polyurethane/chitosan/nano ZnO composite films for biodegradable food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 124:163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.195
Scaffaro R, Lopresti F, Botta L (2018) PLA based biocomposites reinforced with Posidonia oceanica leaves. Compos Part B Eng 139:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.048
Shalwan A, Yousif BF (2013) In state of art: mechanical and tribological behaviour of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Mater Des 48:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.014
Shanmugam K, Doosthosseini H, Varanasi S, et al (2019) Nanocellulose films as air and water vapour barriers: A recyclable and biodegradable alternative to polyolefin packaging. Sustain Mater Technol 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00115
Shekar HSS, Ramachandra M (2018) Green composites: a review. Mater Today Proc 5:2518–2526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.034
Shirai MA, Grossmann MVE, Mali S et al (2013) Development of biodegradable flexible films of starch and poly(lactic acid) plasticized with adipate or citrate esters. Carbohydr Polym 92:19–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.038
Silva CG, Campini PAL, Rocha DB, Rosa DS (2019) The influence of treated eucalyptus microfibers on the properties of PLA biocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 179:54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.04.010
Singh AA, Afrin S, Karim Z (2017) Green composites: versatile material for future. In: Jawaid M, Sapuan SM, Alothman OY (eds), Green biocomposites: design and applications, 1st edn. Springer International Publishing, pp 29–44
Singh AA, Sharma S, Srivastava M, Majumdar A (2019) Modulating the properties of polylactic acid for packaging applications using biobased plasticizers and naturally obtained fillers. Int J Biol Macromol In Press: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.246
Soares FC, Yamashita F, Müller CMO, Pires ATN (2013) Thermoplastic starch/poly(lactic acid) sheets coated with cross-linked chitosan. Polym Test 32:94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.09.005
Song JH, Murphy RJ, Narayan R, Davies GBH (2009) Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:2127–2139. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0289
Soykeabkaew N, Thanomsilp C, Suwantong O (2015) A review: Starch-based composite foams. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 78:246–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.014
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002) Photosynthesis: the light reactions. Plant Physiology, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press Inc, Oxford, UK, pp 111–145
Tan W, Zhang J, Zhao X et al (2020) Preparation and physicochemical properties of antioxidant chitosan ascorbate/methylcellulose composite films. Int J Biol Macromol 146:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.044
Tan YM, Lim SH, Tay BY et al (2015) Functional chitosan-based grapefruit seed extract composite films for applications in food packaging technology. Mater Res Bull 69:142–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.11.041
Tanaka K, Katsura T, Kinoshita Y et al (2008) Mechanical properties of jute fabric reinforced thermoplastic moulded by high-speed processing using electromagnetic induction. WIT Trans Built Environ 97:211–219. https://doi.org/10.2495/HPSM080231
Tănase EE, Popa ME, Râpă M, Popa O (2015) Biological evaluation of some PVA/starch composites as sustainable food packaging candidates. J Biotechnol 208:S58–S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.174
Tang XZ, Kumar P, Alavi S, Sandeep KP (2012) Recent advances in biopolymers and biopolymer-based nanocomposites for food packaging materials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52:426–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.500508
Tencati A, Pogutz S, Moda B et al (2016) Prevention policies addressing packaging and packaging waste: some emerging trends. Waste Manag 56:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.025
Trakoolwannachai V, Kheolamai P, Ummartyotin S (2019) Characterization of hydroxyapatite from eggshell waste and polycaprolactone (PCL) composite for scaffold material. Compos Part B Eng 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106974
Väisänen T, Haapala A, Lappalainen R, Tomppo L (2016) Utilization of agricultural and forest industry waste and residues in natural fiber-polymer composites: a review. Waste Manag 54:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.037
Vallejos ME, Curvelo AAS, Teixeira EM et al (2011) Composite materials of thermoplastic starch and fibers from the ethanol–water fractionation of bagasse. Ind Crops Prod 33:739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.01.014
Ventura H, Claramunt J, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Ardanuy M (2017) Effects of hydrothermal aging on the water uptake and tensile properties of PHB/flax fabric biocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 142:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.003
Vercelheze AES, Fakhouri FM, Dall’Antônia LH et al (2012) Properties of baked foams based on cassava starch, sugarcane bagasse fibers and montmorillonite. Carbohydr Polym 87:1302–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.016
Versino F, García MA (2014) Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch films reinforced with natural fibrous filler. Ind Crops Prod 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.040
Versino F, López OV, García MA (2015) Sustainable use of cassava (Manihot esculenta) roots as raw material for biocomposites development. Ind Crops Prod 65:79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.11.054
Versino F, Lopez OV, Garcia MA, Zaritzky NE (2016) Starch-based films and food coatings: an overview. Starch/Staerke 68:1026–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201600095
Versino F, López OV, García MA (2019) Exploitation of by-products from cassava and ahipa starch extraction as filler of thermoplastic corn starch. Compos Part B Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107653
Wang K, Lim PN, Tong SY, Thian ES (2019) Development of grapefruit seed extract-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan films for antimicrobial food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 22:100396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100396
Wang Y, Xu C, Wu D et al (2018) Rheology of the cellulose nanocrystals filled poly(ε-caprolactone) biocomposites. Polymer (Guildf) 140:167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.050
Wu L, Huang S, Zheng J et al (2019) Synthesis and characterization of biomass lignin-based PVA super-absorbent hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 140:538–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.142
Xiao X, Chevali VS, Song P et al (2019) Polylactide/hemp hurd biocomposites as sustainable 3D printing feedstock. Compos Sci Technol 184:107887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107887
Xiong F, Wu Y, Li G et al (2018) Transparent nanocomposite films of lignin nanospheres and poly(vinyl alcohol) for UV-absorbing. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04108
Yang X, Finne-Wistrand A, Hakkarainen M (2013) Improved dispersion of grafted starch granules leads to lower water resistance for starch-g-PLA/PLA composites. Compos Sci Technol 86:149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.07.013
Youssef AM, El-Sayed SM (2018) Bionanocomposites materials for food packaging applications: concepts and future outlook. Carbohydr Polym 193:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.088
Yu Z, Wang W, Kong F et al (2019) Cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle composite as an active food packaging system and its toxicity to human colon cells. Int J Biol Macromol 129:887–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.084
Yusoff RB, Takagi H, Nakagaito AN (2016) Tensile and flexural properties of polylactic acid-based hybrid green composites reinforced by kenaf, bamboo and coir fibers. Ind Crops Prod 94:562–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.017
Zabaniotou A, Kassidi E (2003) Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper. J Clean Prod 11:549–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00076-8
Zhang X, Xiao G, Wang Y et al (2017) Preparation of chitosan-TiO2 composite film with efficient antimicrobial activities under visible light for food packaging applications. Carbohydr Polym 169:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.073
Zhang Y, Jiang M, Zhang Y et al (2019) Novel lignin–chitosan–PVA composite hydrogel for wound dressing. Mater Sci Eng, C 104:110002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Versino, F., López, O.V., García, M.A. (2021). Green Biocomposites for Packaging Applications. In: Hameed Sultan, M.T., Majid, M.S.A., Jamir, M.R.M., Azmi, A.I., Saba, N. (eds) Biocomposite Materials. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4091-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4091-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-33-4090-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-33-4091-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)