-- kuṭhāru कुठारु 'monkey' रत्नी ratnī 'female monkey dressed as woman' Indus Script hieroglyphs rebus kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer' carry ratna 'gifts'; hence, shown as tributes to Shalamaneser by Meluhha artisans and merchants रत्निन् mfn. possessing or receiving gifts RV. (Monier-Williams) -- Demonstrating that monkey is an Indus Script hieroglyph and hypertext signifyig armourer, from 3rd millennium BCE This monograph demonstrates from selected Indus Script inscriptions that the Meluhha armourers shown carrying tributes to Shalamaneser as inscribed on the Black Obelisk had worked with a variety of metalwork, smelting, smithy, forge resources to produce the lapidary products, armour and weapons offered as tribute to Shalamaneser. Side C: There are female elephants, female monkeys (and) apes. Photo © Osama S. M. Amin. The anthropomorph monkey who looks back signifies krammara 'turn back' rebus: kamar 'blacksmith'. Thus, a blacmsith armourer. This semantics is reinforced by the person who holds the anthromorph on leash; he holds a monkey on his shoulder.kuṭhāru कुठारु 'monkey' rebus:kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer'. Thus she is a kamar kuṭhāru कुठारु 'blacksmith armourer'. The two anthropomorph monkeys follow the elephant which signifies: karibha, ibha 'iron' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'. Thus the blackismith armourers are ironworkers who produce iron weapons and armour. Side D: There are more monkeys with their keepers. This is an addendum to: Shalamaneser black obelisk monkey Indus Script hypertexts signify wealth of कुठारु armourer, lapidaries, ratnī gem-jewel connoiseurs https://tinyurl.com/y6x8awlc Hieroglyph: रत्नी ratnī f (रत्न) In monkey-sports. A term given to the female monkey habited as a woman. Hieroglyph: रत्न n. ( √1. रा) a gift , present , goods , wealth , riches RV. AV. S3Br.; a jewel , gem , treasure , precious stone (the nine jewel are pearl , ruby , topaz , diamond , emerald , lapis lazuli , coral , sapphire , गोमेद ; hence रत्न is a N. for the number 9 ; but accord. to some 14) Mn. MBh. &c (Monier-Williams) राति rāti राति a. Ved. 1 Liberal, favourable, generous. -2 Ready. -तिः A friend (opp. to अरातिः). -f. 1 Giving, bestowing, presentation. -2 Wealth; विज्ञानमानन्दं ब्रह्म रातिर्दातुः परायणम् Bṛi. Up.3.9.28; Bhāg.5.5.3. -3 A favour. -4 A gift, present. -Comp. -साच् a. (-षाच्) bestowing gifts, liberal, bountiful.(Apte) Rebus: रत्निन् m. pl. N. of certain persons in whose dwelling the रत्न-हविस् (q.v.) is offered by a king (viz. the ब्राह्मण , राजन्य , महिषी , परिवृक्ती , सेना-नी , सूत , ग्राम-णी , क्षत्तृ , संग्रहीतृ , भाग-दुघ , and अक्षावाप) TBr. S3Br. ( °नि-त्व n. तैत्तिरीय-ब्राह्मण ) రత్నము ratnamu. [Skt.] n. A jewel, precious stone, gem. మణి. A masterpiece of fine thing, the best of its kind of species స్వజాతి శ్రేష్ఠము, నవరత్నములు the nine precious stones, viz., మౌక్తికము a pearl, పద్మరాగము an emerald, వజ్రము a diamond. ప్రవాళము a coral, మరకతము. an emerald నీలము a sapphire, గోమేధికము an agate. పుష్యరాగము a ruby, వైడూర్యము a cat's eye. అశ్వరత్నము a jewel of a horse, i.e., a noble stead. స్త్రీరత్నము an unrivalled woman. గగనరత్నము the sun, as the gem of heaven. అప్సరోరత్నములు the most lovely of nymphs. రత్నకంబళము ratna-kamba-lamu. n. A carpet. తివాసీ. రత్నగర్భ .ratna-garbha n. The earth; as producing gems. భూమి. "వైశ్యకన్యకల్ గీరనగింజలాడుతరి క్రిందనునిచిన దివ్యరత్నముల్ పౌరులు ద్రొక్కుచున్ జనగపాతుకొనంధరణీ పురంధ్రికిన్వారకరత్నగర్భయను నామము బెట్టిరి సత్కవీశ్వరుల్." T. ii. 20. రత్నగర్భుడు ratna-garbhuḍu. n. Kubēra, the god of wealth, కుబేరుడు. The god of the sea, సముద్రుడు. రత్నసానువు ratna-sānuvu. n. An epithet of Mount Meru as having " gems in its slopes." మేరుపర్వతము, హేమాద్రి. రత్నాకరము ratn-ākaramu. n. The abode of gems, that is, the ocean. సముద్రము. రత్నావళి ratnā-vaḷi. n. A necklace of gems.रत्नम् ratnam रत्नम् [रमते$त्र रम्-न तान्तादेशः Uṇ.3.14] 1 A gem, jewel, a precious stone; किं रत्नमच्छा मतिः Bv.1.86; न रत्नमन्विष्यति मृग्यते हि तत् Ku.5.45. (The ratnas are said to be either five, nine or fourteen; see the words पञ्चरत्न, नवरत्न, and चतुर्दशरत्न respectively.) -2 Anything valuable or precious, any dear treasure. -3 Anything best or excellent of its kind; (mostly at the end of comp.); जातौ जातौ यदुत्कृष्टं तद् रत्नमभिधीयते Malli; कन्यारत्नमयोनिजन्म भवतामास्ते वयं चार्थिनः Mv.1.3; अग्रेसरीभवतु काञ्चनचक्ररत्नम् Nāg.5.37; so पुत्र˚, स्त्री˚ V.4.25; अपत्य˚ &c. -4 A magnet. -5 Water. -Comp. -अङ्कः N. of Viṣṇu's car. -अङ्गः coral. -अचलः, -रोहणः legendary mountain located in Ceylon and supposed to produce jewels at the rumbling of clouds for the benefit of all comers; श्रेणीवर्जनदुर्यशोनिबिडितव्रीडस्तु रत्नाचलः N.12.67. -अधिपतिः a superintendent of precious stones. -अतुविद्ध a. set or studded with jewels. -आकरः 1 a mine of jewels. -2 the ocean; रत्नेषु लुप्तेषु बहुष्वमर्त्यैरद्यापि रत्नाकर एव सिन्धुः Vikr. 1.12; रत्नाकरं वीक्ष्य R.13.1. -आभरणम् an ornament of jewels. -आलोकः the lustre of a gem. -आवली 1 a necklace of jewels. -2 N. of a Nāṭikā attributed to Śrīharṣa. -कन्दलः coral. -करः N. of Kubera. -कर्णिका an ear-ring with jewels. -कुम्भः a jar set with jewels. -कूटः N. of a mountain. -खचित a. set or studded with gems. -गर्भः 1 Kubera. -2 the sea. (-र्भा) the earth. -च्छाया splendour of jewels. -त्रयम् 1(with Buddhists) बुद्ध, धर्म and संघ. -2 (with Jainas) सम्यग् दर्शन, सम्यग् ज्ञान and सम्यक् चारित्र. -दर्पणः a mirror studded with jewels. -दीपः, -प्रदीपः 1 a jewel-lamp. -2 a gem serving as a lamp; अर्चिस्तुङ्गानभिमुखमपि प्राप्य रत्नप्रदीपान् Me.7. -धेनुः a cow symbolically represented by jewels. -नखः a poniard with its hilt set with jewels; कटितटनिविष्टरत्ननखः Dk.2.1. -नाभः N. of Viṣṇu. -नायकः a ruby. -निधिः 1 the ocean. -2 N. of Viṣṇu. -3 of Meru. -4 a wag-tail. -पञ्चकम् the 5 jewels (viz. gold, silver, pearls, the राजावर्त diamond and coral). -पारायणम् the sheet-anchor of all jewels; रत्नपारायणं नाम्ना लङ्केति मम मैथिलि Bk.5.89. -प्रभा the earth. -माला a jewel-necklace. -मुख्यम् a diamond. -राज् m. a ruby. -राशिः 1 a heap of gems. -2 the ocean. -वरम् gold. -वर्षुकम् the Puṣpaka car. -षष्ठी a vow or fast to be observed on the 6th day of a particular fortnight; it is a ग्रीष्मव्रत; अहं खलु रत्नषष्ठीमुपोवितासम् Mk.3. -सानुः N. of the mountain Meru. -स् a. producing jewels; न मामवति सद्वीपा रत्नसूरपि मेदिनी R.1.65. -सूः, -सूतिः f. the earth. Decipherment of Triple Monkey Figurine kuṭhāru कुठारु m. a tree L.; a monkey Rebus: kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus; kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, armourer's forge. Triple monkey figurine amulet with hole in center. This miniature carved faience bead or pin ornament shows three monkeys in tight embrace with amused expressions on their faces. Possibly placed on a stick or cord. Possibly molded and carved. Material: yellow-brown glazed faience Dimensions: 1.6 cm height, 1.4 cm dia. Mohenjo-daro, HR 1053 National Museum, Karachi, NMP 50.870 Marshall 1931: pl. CLVIII, 5 Seated faience monkey figurine or amulet from Mohenjo-daro. Its broken feet suggest that it was once attached to another object, possibly a second monkey as in the Triple Monkey Figurine. Molded and carved. Courtesy: https://www.harappa.com/category/blog-subject/art?page=5 Of all the objects in the National Museum of Pakistan's Indus Gallery in Karachi, none quite so grabs your attention with its innate character as this tiny faience monkey from Mohenjo-daro. Just over 3 cm in height, made of blue-green faience, probably in a wooden mold according to Mark Kenoyer (Ancient Cities, p. 230), it arrests you with the richness of its persona through the glass casing. It seems to have its character pushed from the inside out, so regal is it in the surrounding space. Broken feet suggest it might have once been part of a triple monkey figurine. John Marshall wrote "The monkey is now extinct in Sind, but that it existed there in ancient times is suggested by the fact that models of it are found in Mohenjo-daro made in faience, pottery, and steatite. It is always represented in a squatting position with a hand on each knee." (Marshall 1931: 349, 351, pl. XCVI, 13). Courtesy: https://www.harappa.com/blog/indus-monkey-figurine https://www.harappa.com/content/looking-dilmun Courtesy: http://www.sindhishaan.com/gallery/images/animal/indusmonkey.jpg Courtesy: https://www.harappa.com/indus/64.html

This is an addendum to: Decipherment of Shalamaneser Black Obelisk list of exotic wares (imports from Musri) brought into Akkad by Meluhhans https://tinyurl.com/y4xfhasf I suggest that the female monkey anthropomorph signifies: रत्नी ratnī f (रत्न) In monkey-sports. A term given to the female monkey habited as a woman. (Marathi). The paws signify: panja 'claws' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' Thus,the person holding a female anthopomorph monkey on a leash is a lapidary working with ratna, 'jewels and gems'. Thus,the tribute offered to Shalamaneser III are jewels and gems produced by Meluhha lapidaries. A Meluhha technical term describes the competence of Meluhha lapidaries working with gold, metals and gems/jewels:Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725) kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'. I suggest that the male monkey anthropomorph signifies मर्कट markaṭa 'monkey' rebus: marakata n. ʻ emerald ʼ R.Pk. maraada -- , maragaya -- m.n.; Si. marā ʻ emerald ʼ, adj. ʻ green ʼ. Two monkeys, one male and the other female displayed together with elephant signify: कुठारु a tree, a monkey, an armourer (Monier-Williams) I suggest that the ivory statuette of a young man found at Nimrud -- a tribute bearer-- signifies his profession by the hieroglyph of the monkey on his shoulder, leopard skin on his shoulder and the onyx he leads by his left hand. The tribute is NOT a monkey or leopard skin or an onyx but Meluhha rebus renderings of wealth-accounting ledgers signified by these hieroglyphs. The young man is an armourer working withhard alloys and iron. SYRO-PHOENICIAN | Nubian Tribute Bearer with Oryx; Monkey; & Leopard Skin. | c. 799 BCE-700 BCE | Levantine | Phoenician | Ivory | Calah (Nimrud). Iraq https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c5/8a/a5/c58aa51802dd1e58eadb91389afeb6c9.jpg karaḍa ‘panther’; karaḍa tiger (Pkt); खरडा [ kharaḍā ] A leopard. खरड्या [ kharaḍyā ] m or खरड्यावाघ m A leopard (Marathi). Kol. keḍiak tiger. Nk. khaṛeyak panther. Go. (A.) khaṛyal tiger; (Haig) kariyāl panther Kui kṛāḍi, krānḍi tiger, leopard, hyena. Kuwi (F.) kṛani tiger; (S.) klā’ni tiger, leopard; (Su. P. Isr.) kṛaˀni (pl. -ŋa) tiger. / Cf. Pkt. (DNM) karaḍa- id. (DEDR 1132).Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy–iron, silver &c. (Marathi) kharādī ‘ turner, a person who fashions or shapes objects on a lathe’ (Gujarati) कुठारु a tree, a monkey, an armourer (Monier-Williams) Hieroglyph: miṇḍāl ‘markhor’ (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ Statuette of a man with an oryx, a monkey, and a leopard skin Period: Neo-Assyrian Date: ca. 8th century B.C. Geography: Mesopotamia, Nimrud (ancient Kalhu) Culture: Assyrian Medium: Ivory Dimensions: H. 5 5/16 x W. 3in. (13.5 x 7.6cm) Classification: Ivory/Bone-Sculpture. MetMuseum Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1960 Accession Number: 60.145.11 "This statuette group, carved in the round, was found with five other statuettes with similar imagery. The six statuettes were excavated in and just below two arched niches built into the wall of a room at Fort Shalmaneser, a royal building at Nimrud that was probably used to store booty and tribute collected by the Assyrians while on military campaign. Those found just below the niches could have fallen when the palaces were destroyed during the the final defeat of Assyria at the end of the seventh century B.C. Originally, these objects were attached to long ivory plinths and exhibited in the arched niches, perhaps arranged in a procession of foreigners bringing different animals and animal skins as tribute to the Assyrian king. A frontally facing male, striding to the right with his lower body in profile, grasps the horns of an oryx (a species of desert-dwelling antelope) that strides behind him. The male figure’s eyes, necklace, and armlet were carved to receive colored glass or semiprecious stone inlays. He wears a short kilt belted with a long sash, embroidered with decoration including two uraei (mythical, fire-spitting serpents), zig-zags, wavy lines, small squares, rosettes, diamonds, and circles. A monkey, whose fur is rendered with short incisions, sits erect on his left shoulder and grasps his short curly hair which bears traces of orange-red paint. Although his right arm does not survive, it was probably extended to support the elaborately patterned leopard skin draped over his right shoulder. The monkey, leopard skin, and oryx suggest that this piece represents a Nubian bringing luxury goods in the form of live animals and animal skin as tribute to the Assyrian king." https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/60.145.11/ Shalamaneser III Black obelisk displays the following sculptural friezes of anthropomorphic monkeys, apes and langur: Side C: There are female elephants, female monkeys (and) apes. Photo © Osama S. M. Amin. Side D: There are more monkeys with their keepers. रत्न ratna n (S) A gem, a jewel, a precious stone. 2 A common term for the fourteen precious things produced by the ocean when it was churned by the gods and giants. See चौदा रत्नें. 3 fig. A term of praise for an excellent thing in general, a jewel. 4 A cant name for a bug. रत्नखचित ratnakhacita a (S) रत्नजडीत a Set or studded with gems. रत्नदीप ratnadīpa m (S) A gem serving as a luminary; a radiant or light-yielding gem. Such gems are fabled to be in Pátál. रत्नपारखी ratnapārakhī c A judge or connoisseur of jewels and gems. रत्नवाटी ratnavāṭī f (Poetry.) A saucer-form dish with diamonds (or other jewels) attached. रत्नाकर ratnākara m (S) A jewel-mine. 2 A descriptive term for the ocean (as the great repository of jewels). र0 आळविणें (To soothe the sea.) To fall to blubbering or weeping, and give up weakly (a work commanded or undertaken). Ex. हा रडतोंड्या खरा जेथें कामास पाठवावा तेथून रत्नाकर आळवीत येतो. रत्नी ratnī f (रत्न) In monkey-sports. A term given to the female monkey habited as a woman. (Marathi) वानर vānara m n (S) The black-faced and long-tailed monkey, Semnipethicus Entellus. थेर thēra m A caste or an individual of it. They are merry andrews, strolling players, monkey-exhibiters &c. 2 A boy that dances and sports in the guise of a female. 3 n m f Mimicry, mockery, taking off. v कर, आण, माज, नाचव g. of o. 4 n Applied as a term for a queer, odd, vitiously eccentric, disreputable fellow. 5 n m Dissolute practices: also childish pranks. (These two senses arise from the quality of the business and the character of the subjects of the थेर caste). वानरथेर vānarathēra n Monkey-tricks. (Marathi) Sapphire, monkey: नीळ nīḷa f (नील S) Indigo plant. 2 Indigo. 3 m A species of monkey. 4 A sapphire. 5 f The green matter of stagnant water. नीळ नासली or रांपली or निळीचा रंगनासला Phrases founded upon a popular story, and used in rejecting any report or statement as utterly fabulous and incredible. నీలుడు nīluḍu. n. The name of a monkey. ఒకవానరుడు. Indigo: नीळ nīḷa a (नील S) Dark blue, indigo blue.నీలము nīlamu. [Skt.] adj. Blue, purple, deep blue, bright black. నల్లని. n. A blue or black stone. పచ్చరాయి, నల్లరాయి. The sapphire. Blue colour, blackness. The Indigo plant, నీలిచెట్టు ताम्रमुख tāmramukha n S A redmuzzled monkey. mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (Santali) முசு1 mucu, n. [K. musu, M. mocca, Tu. mujju.] Langur, Semnopithecus priamus கருங்குரங்குவகை. கருமை மெழுகியவை போன்றி னியவல்லா முகத்த முசுவுங் குரங்கு மிரிய (சீவக. 1414). Ta. mucu langur, Semnopithecus priamus. Ma. mocca a light-coloured monkey (or with 4626 Ka. maṅga). Ka. musu, musuku, musuva a large and black kind of ape; (Hav.) muju black monkey; (Gowda, Dr. Ling., p. 98) mucca black-faced monkey. Koḍ. muccë langur. Tu. mujji, mujju a black monkey. Te. koṇḍa-muccu large black-faced monkey, baboon. Kol. muy black-faced monkey; (Haig) muī langur. Nk. muy blackfaced monkey. Pa. muy id. Ga. (P.) muy id. Go. (Tr.) mūnj (pl. mūsk) langur monkey (female); (W.) mūnjāl ape; (M.) munj monkey; (D. Mu.) mūnjal, (Ma.) mūnji, (S.) mūnju, (Ko.) mūnjblack-faced monkey (Voc. 2937). Kui mūsu (pl. mūska) sp. monkey or ape. Kuwi (F.) mūhū (pl. mūska) monkey (hanuman); (S.) mūhu monkey; (Su.) muhu (pl. muska), (Isr.) mūhu (pl. mūska) black-faced monkey. Malt. muge baboon.(DEDR 4910) Ma. moṅṅa monkey; mocca a lightcoloured monkey (or with 4910 Ta. mucu). Ka. maṅga monkey. Tu. maṅge monkey, ape. Kor. (M.) maṅgimonkey.(DEDR 4626) Ta. maṅkai woman, girl between twelve and thirteen years. Ma. maṅka, maṅkacci (pl. maṅkayar) a young, playful woman, a coquette. Ka. (Hav.) maṅgu female cat. Tu. maṅgaṇè, maṅganè affectation, coquetry; maṅgu female cat, silly female.(DEDR 4625) மந்தி1 manti, n. 1. Female monkey; பெண்குரங்கு. (தொல். பொ. 622, உரை.) 2. Monkey in general; குரங்கு. (பிங்.) Ruby: māˊṇikya n. ʻ ruby ʼ Kathās. [maṇí -- 1?]S. māṇiku m. ʻ ruby ʼ, māṇikī f. ʻ dark part of pupil of eye ʼ; L. māṇik m. ʻ gem ʼ; P. mānak m. ʻ bead, gem ʼ; Ku. ʻ jewel ʼ; A. mānik ʻ ruby ʼ; B. mānik ʻ ruby, jewel ʼ; Or. māṇika ʻ ruby ʼ, Mth. mānik; Bhoj. mānik ʻ jewel ʼ; OAw. mānika m. ʻ ruby, gem ʼ, H. mānik m.; G. māṇek n. ʻ ruby ʼ, M. māṇīkn., māṇkī f. ʻ small ruby ʼ; Si. mäṇika ʻ jewel ʼ; -- Kal. ãdotdot; ʻ bead necklace ʼ (or maṇi -- 1). *māṇiya ʻ collection of jewels ʼ. [maṇí -- 1] Pa. māniya -- Saddanīti 621, 8; Sh. (Lor.) māni m. ʻ necklace, round bead (?) ʼ; Si. mäṇa ʻ jewel ʼ H. Smith JA 1950, 209.(CDIAL 9997, 9998)

-- रत्नी ratnī + śã̄gaḍ 'female monkey + chain' rebus ratna sangar 'gems trade' saṅgaha 'collection' proclamation of Indus Script hypertext display on Shalamaneser Obelisk -- रत्नी ratnī 'female monkey' dressed as woman' rebus ratnin 'possessing gifts' -- rátna n. ʻ gift ʼ RV., ʻ treasure, jewel ʼ Mn. [√raṇ1]Pa. ratana -- n. ʻ jewel ʼ, Pk. rayaṇa -- , ladaṇa -- m.n., Si. ruvan -- a. ratnākara m. ʻ jewel -- mine, ocean ʼ Kāv. [rátna -- , ākara -- ]Pa. ratanākara -- m. ʻ mine of jewels or precious metals ʼ, Pk. rayanāara -- m.; -- Si. ruvanāra ʻ ocean ʼ (EGS 148) prob. ← Pa.(CDIAL 10600, 10601) This is an addendum to: 1.Decipherment of Shalamaneser Black Obelisk list of exotic wares (imports from Musri) brought into Akkad by Meluhhans https://tinyurl.com/y4xfhasf 2.Wolfgang Heimpel explains why animals are depicted as tribute on Shalamaneser Black Obelisk https://tinyurl.com/y5nrbgof 3. Nimrud (Kalhu), black obelisk with Indus Script hieroglyphs, materialities of Assyrian knowledge production https://tinyurl.com/y4mhg8br 4. Rosetta Stone for Indus Script has been found. It is Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk of Nimrud 825 BCE https://tinyurl.com/yxarbsve śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् Ficus infectoria (i.e. a semantic determinative) rebus: śr̥ngī 'gold used for onaments' 'Unicorn' on m0286 dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Santali) [Thus, the paired glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)] PLUS śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ rebus: sanghāta 'vajra, metallic adamantine glue'. Thus, the metallurgist has achieved and documented the alloy of copper, as adamantine glue. The cbain hieroglyph component is a semantic determinant of the stylized 'standard device'. Hieroglyph: śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah.) Rebus: sã̄gaḍa, 'lathe, portable brazier' used for making, say, crucible steel. Hence the circle with dots or blobs/globules signifying ingots, gems, jewels. sangar 'trade' Hypertext: खोंड khōṇḍa 'A young bull' rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'. Composite hypertext, cyphertext: khōṇḍa khara singi kolom 'young bull, onager, one-horn (horned) rebus plain text: kōṇḍa kunda khār singi kolimi 'कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste, kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace', fine-gold smith gold for ornaments smithy/forge' PLUS singi 'horned' Rebus: kunda singi 'fine gold, gold for ornaments of village headman'. Unicorn on Shalamaneser Obelisk After Fig 6.2 Unicorn seal, detail of head, H95-2491, scanning electron miscroscope photo ( Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Iconography of the Indus Unicorn: Origins and Legacy, in: Shinu Anna Abraham, Praveena Gullapalli, Teresa P. Raczek, Uzma Z. Rizvi, (Eds.), 2013,Connections and Complexity, New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California, pp. 107-126) Hieroglyph III (three linear strokes): kolom 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS singi 'horned' rebus: singi 'village headman' singi 'gold for ornaments'; koḍiyum 'neck ring' rebus:koḍ 'workshop'; khara 'onager (face)' rebus: khār'blacksmith'; खोंड khōṇḍa 'A young bull' rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold'. Composite hypertext, cyphertext: khōṇḍa khara singi kolom 'young bull, onager, one-horn (horned) rebus plain text: kōṇḍa kunda khār singi kolimi 'कोंड [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste, kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace', fine-gold smith gold for ornaments smithy/forge'. The reading of khara 'onager' ligatured to a young bovine is reinforced by: کر ś̱ẖʿkar or ḵ́ẖʿkar, 'horn' (Pashto) PLUS खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf (Marathi). کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto) P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Singin (adj.) [Vedic śṛngin] having a horn Vin ii.300; J iv.173 (=cow); clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; A ii.26; It 112; cp. J.P.T.S. 1885, 53. Rebus: Singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] 1. gold Vin i.38; S ii.234; J i.84. -- nada gold Vv 6428; VvA 284. -- loṇa ( -- kappa) license as to ginger & salt Vin ii.300, 306. -- vaṇṇa gold-coloured D ii.133. -- suvaṇṇa gold VvA 167.(Pali) śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻchainʼ (WPah.) śr̥ṅkhala m.n. ʻ chain ʼ MārkP., °lā -- f. VarBr̥S., śr̥ṅkhalaka -- m. ʻ chain ʼ MW., ʻ chained camel ʼ Pāṇ. [Similar ending in mḗkhalā -- ]Pa. saṅkhalā -- , °likā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ; Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., °lā -- , °lī -- , °liā -- , saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh°, siṁkalā -- f. ʻ chain ʼ, siṁkhala -- n. ʻ anklet ʼ; Sh. šăṅāli̯ f., (Lor.)š*lṅāli, šiṅ° ʻ chain ʼ (lw .with š -- < śr̥ -- ), K. hö̃kal f.; S. saṅgharu m. ʻ bell round animal's neck ʼ, °ra f. ʻ chain, necklace ʼ, saṅghāra f. ʻ chain, string of beads ʼ,saṅghirī f. ʻ necklace with double row of beads ʼ; L. saṅglī f. ʻ flock of bustard ʼ, awāṇ. saṅgul ʻ chain ʼ; P. saṅgal m. ʻ chain ʼ, ludh. suṅgal m.; WPah.bhal. śaṅgul m. ʻ chain with which a soothsayer strikes himself ʼ, śaṅgli f. ʻ chain ʼ, śiṅkhal f. ʻ railing round a cow -- stall ʼ, (Joshi) śã̄gaḷ ʻ door -- chain ʼ, jaun. śã̄gal, śã̄gaḍ ʻ chain ʼ; Ku. sã̄glo ʻ doorchain ʼ, gng. śāṅaw ʻ chain ʼ; N. sāṅlo ʻ chain ʼ, °li ʻ small do. ʼ, A. xikali, OB. siṅkala, B. sikal, sikli, chikal, chikli, (Chittagong) hĩol ODBL 454, Or.sāṅk(h)uḷā, °ḷi, sāṅkoḷi, sikaḷā̆, °ḷi, sikuḷā, °ḷi; Bi. sīkaṛ ʻ chains for pulling harrow ʼ, Mth. sī˜kaṛ; Bhoj. sī˜kar, sĩkarī ʻ chain ʼ, OH. sāṁkaḍa, sīkaḍa m., H. sã̄kal, sã̄kar,°krī, saṅkal, °klī, sikal, sīkar, °krī f.; OG. sāṁkalu n., G. sã̄kaḷ, °kḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, sã̄kḷũ n. ʻ wristlet ʼ; M. sã̄k(h)aḷ, sāk(h)aḷ, sã̄k(h)ḷī f. ʻ chain ʼ, Ko. sāṁkaḷ; Si. säkilla, hä°, ä° (st. °ili -- ) ʻ elephant chain ʼ.śr̥ṅkhalayati.Addenda: śr̥ṅkhala -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) śáṅgəḷ f. (obl. -- i) ʻ chain ʼ, J. śã̄gaḷ f., Garh. sã̄gaḷ.śr̥ṅkhalayati ʻ enchains ʼ Daś. [śr̥ṅkhala -- ] Ku.gng. śāṅaī ʻ intertwining of legs in wrestling ʼ (< śr̥ṅkhalita -- ); Or. sāṅkuḷibā ʻ to enchain ʼ.(CDIAL 12580, 12581)சங்கிலி¹ caṅkili, n. < šṛṅkhalaā. [M. caṅ- kala.] 1. Chain, link; தொடர். சங்கிலிபோ லீர்ப்புண்டு (சேதுபு. அகத். 12). 2. Land-measuring chain, Gunter's chain 22 yards long; அளவுச் சங்கிலி. (C. G.) 3. A superficial measure of dry land=3.64 acres; ஓர் நிலவளவு. (G. Tn. D. I, 239). 4. A chain-ornament of gold, inset with diamonds; வயிரச்சங்கிலி என்னும் அணி. சங்கிலி நுண்டொடர் (சிலப். 6, 99). 5. Hand-cuffs, fetters; விலங்கு. Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together': Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati) Seal m0296 Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves. Text 1387 Hieroglyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) [Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata,the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali.lex.) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' dhAv 'string/strand' rebus: dhAv, dhAtu 'element, ore'. Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves. खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.गोट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing. v घाल, दे. 3 An encampment or camp: also a division of a camp. 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment).गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 3 fig. A grain of rice in the ear. Ex. पावसानें भाताचे गोटे झडले. An overripe and rattling cocoanut: also such dry kernel detached from the shell. 5 A narrow fillet of brocade.गोटाळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (गोटा) Abounding in pebbles--ground.गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length under उचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. Hieroglyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) [Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata,the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Epigraph: 1387 kana, kanac =corner (Santali); Rebus: kan~cu= bronze (Te.) The reaiding of hypertext of Sign 286 is: kaṇḍa āra eraka kancu mũh khāṇḍā 'fire-altar (for) brass, moltencast copper, bell-metal ingot, implements.' Ligatured glyph. ṯs̱arḵẖ 'potter'swheel' (Pashto) rebus arka 'copper,gold' eraka 'moltencast, metal infusion'

Starfish+ unicorn protome, is the field symbol logographs narrative on copper plate h1018 and Seal m297 (which also has a text message of six hieroglyphs/ hypertexts) Starfish + unicorn protome is an Indus Script hypertext which signifies a man in charge of treasure and stores of a temple mint of goldsmiths working with fine gold, ornament gold .Unicorn (one-horned young bull) Potome of spiny-horned young bull: kunda singi 'horned young bull' is read rebus as kunda singi 'fine gold, ornament gold' PLUS mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, ingots of fine gold, ornament gold. Starfish veṛhā 'octopus or starfish' read rebus 1: bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ; rebus 2 veṛhā, vehṛā, beṛhī 'building with a courtyard, warehouse'; rebus 3: vēḍa ʻboatʼ. Left 1. Harappa h1018a copper plate with young bull + a four-pointed star-fish (Gangetic octopus?); Right 2. Mohenjo-daro seal m297a with young bull + a five-pointed star-fish (Gangetic octopus?)+ hypertext of inscription. Text 2641 of inscription on m297 Decipherment: Cargo (bill of lading) ofa goldsmith producing ingots of fine gold, ornament gold, '(metal) equipment (from) smithy furnace, smelter; warehouse, alloy metal mint, khaṇḍa karNaka 'equipment account'PLUS meḍ कर्णक 'iron supercargo, helmsman'. Thus, it is a professional calling card of a supercargo, helmsman, with the metal cargo from mint. Line 1: Top line: kolom 'three' rebus:kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool).rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'. Together, Line 1 of the hypertext reads: '(metal) equipment (from) smithy furnace, smelter' Line 2: Bottom line: koṭṭha 'warehouse' Alternatives 1.koḍa 'sluice'; Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop 2. kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge'. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (R̥gveda) PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. aya kammaṭa 'alloy metals mint' Hypertext decipherment: khaṇḍa karNaka 'equipment account'PLUS meḍ कर्णक 'iron supercargo, helmsman'. Hieroglyph: Rim of jar:Kaṇḍa kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar’(Skt.) Rebus: karṇaka ‘scribe, accountant’ (Te.); gaṇaka id. (Skt.) (Santali) copper fire-altar scribe (account)(Skt.) Rebus 1: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali); Rebus 2: Thus, the ‘rim of jar’ ligatured glyph is read rebus: fire-altar (furnace) scribe (account) karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo'; karNaka 'account'; Kaṇḍa 'jar' rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment'..Thus, the rim of jar signifies the plan text: khaṇḍa karNaka 'equipment account' Standing person with spread legs and wearing a scarf: datu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' PLUS कर्णक 'helmsman' PLUS Thus the body hieroglyph signifies mē̃d dhatu कर्णक karṇi 'an iron mineral helmsman seafaring, supercargo merchant.' Alternative: mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS bhaṭa 'warrior' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Thus, 'furnace supercargo'. kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe', supercargo -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' kanka, karṇika 'rim of jar'rebus: karṇī 'supercargo, scribe, helmsman kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c. karaṇī, कारणी or कारणीक kāraṇī or kāraṇīka a (कारण S) That causes, conducts, carries on, manages. Applied to the prime minister of a state, the supercargo of a ship &c. 'supercargo -- a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' (Marathi) karṇīka 'scribe' Rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman (Monier-Williams) కరణము karaṇamu karaṇamu. [Skt.] n. A village clerk, a writer, an accountant. వాడు కూత కరణముగాని వ్రాతకరణముకాడు he has talents for speaking but not for writing. స్థలకరణము the registrar of a district. கரணன் karaṇaṉ , n. < karaṇa. Accountant; கணக்கன். கரணர்கள் வந்தனர் கழல் வணங்கினார் (கந்தபு. மார்க்கண். 210).கரணிகம் karaṇikam , n. < karaṇa. (Te.) karaṇikamu village accountant. கருணீகம் karuṇīkam, n. < karaṇa. [T. karaṇikamu.] Office of village accountant or karṇam; கிராமக்கணக்குவேலை. கருணீகன் karuṇīkaṉ, n. < id. 1. Village accountant; கிராமக்கணக்கன். கடுகை யொருமலை யாகக் . . . காட்டுவோன் கருணீகனாம் (அறப். சத. 86). 2. A South Indian caste of accountants; கணக்குவேலைபார்க்கும் ஒருசாதி. Hieroglyph: कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 Rebus: कर्णक 'helmsman' Semantic determinant: body of person:mē̃d, mēd 'body' rebus: mē̃d, mēd 'iron', med 'copper' (Slavic)mẽṛhẽt, मृदु mṛdu 'iron' (Santali.Skt.) मेटींव [ mēṭīṃva ] p of मेटणें A verb not in use. Roughly hewn or chiseled--a stone. (Marathi) meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerk; (Gujarati) मेढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.); m. an elephant-keeper Gal. (cf. मेठ). Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership, excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant. Te. mēṭari, mēṭi chief, head, leader, lord; (prob. mēṭi < *mēl-ti [cf. 5086]; Ka. Ta. < Te.; Burrow 1969, p. 277) (DEDR 5091).மேட்டி mēṭṭi, n. Assistant house-servant; waiting-boy. மேட்டி +. Headman of the Toṭṭiya caste; தொட்டியர் தலைவன். (E. T. vii, 185.) మేటి [ mēṭi ] mēti. n. Lit: a helper. A servant, a cook, a menial who cleans plates, dishes, lamps and shoes, &c. (Eng. ‘mate’) మేటి [ mēṭi ] or మేటరి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord, శ్రేష్ఠుడు, అధిపుడు. adj. Chief, excellent, noble. శ్రేష్ఠమైన. మేటిదొర a noble man, lord. Bilh. ii. 50. మెరయుచు నుండెడి మేటీరంబులు మేటీరంబులు, అనగా మేటి, గొప్పలైన, ఈరంబులు, పొదలు large bushes. "తేటైనపన్నీట తీర్థంబులాడి, మేటికస్తూరిమేనెల్లబూసి." Misc. iii. 22. మేటిగా = మెండుగా. మేటిల్లు mētillu. v. n. To excel. అతిశయించు. Medinī (f.) [Vedic medin an associate or companion fr. mid in meaning to be friendly.] Thus, the standing person signifies meḍ कर्णक 'iron supercargo, helmsman'. The following paragraphs discuss possible readings of the hieroglyphs on h1018 copper plate and m297 seal providing Meluhha (Indian sprachbund) expressions which match with logographs to provide cipher texts and corresponding homonyms which may provide plain texts.. Young bull: kondh 'young bull' rebus: kũdār 'turner, brass-worker, engraver (writer)' kundana 'fine gold'. Face: mũh 'a face' Rebus: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' (Santali) Rings on neck: kodiyum 'rings on neck' kod `horn' (Kuwi); rebus: kod `artisan's workshop' (Gujarati). Throat: Ma. vēḷa throat. Koḍ. bo·ḷe neck. Go. (Tr.) warēṛ, (G.) veṛeṛ, vereṛ, vereḍi, (Mu.) vaṛer, (Ma.) veṛer̥ neck; (Y.) verer, (S.) veḍeṛu (pl. veḍahku), (L.) veḍāgā throat; (W.) warer id., neck (DEDR 5547) Octopus: veṛhā 'octopus, said to be found in the Indus' (Jaṭki lexicon of A. Jukes, 1900) Rebus: Ta. vēḷ petty ruler, chief, Cāḷukya king, illustrious or great man, hero; ? title given by ancient Tamil kings to Vēḷāḷas; vēḷir a class of ancient chiefs in the Tamil country, the Cāḷukyas, petty chiefs; ? vēḷāḷaṉ a person of Vēḷāḷa caste. Kur. bēlas king, zemindar, god; belxā kingdom; belō, (Hahn) bēlō queen of white-ants. Cf. 5507 Ta. veḷḷāḷaṉ (DEDR 5545) Ta. veḷḷāḷaṉ, vēḷāḷaṉ, veḷḷār̤aṉ man of the Vēḷāḷa caste; fem. veḷḷāḷacci, veḷḷār̤acci; veḷḷāṇmai, veḷḷāmai cultivation; vēḷāṇmai agriculture, husbandry. Ma. veḷḷāḷar Tamil Śūdras; veḷḷāyma agriculture; Veḷḷāḷas. Te. velama name of a caste, man of this caste; (DCV) agriculture; (Inscr.) vēlāṇḍu a cultivator; affix to the names of cultivator caste in Tamilnad. (DEDR 5507) Rebus: bəḍhàri ʻman in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ (WPah.); veṛhā, vehṛā, beṛhī 'building with a courtyard, warehouse' (Lahnda.WPah.) Alternative: vēḍa ʻboatʼ(Prakritam) Octopus veṛhā, unicorn (young aurochs kondh), Indus Script hypertexts (m297, h1080), are dhamma samjñā, 'professional calling cards' of jangaḍiyo bəḍhàri ʻmilitary guards in charge of treasure and stores of a templeʼ. The temple is kole.l. This is kole.l 'smithy, forge'. It has been demonstrated that Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) are descended from Indian aurochs (stylized as unicorns) https://tinyurl.com/yc4dj5gz The hypertexts of inscriptions on m297 (seal inscription) and h1018 (copper plate inscription) are explained as fortified enclosures of mleccha smithy guild workshops. On both these inscriptions, the cipher uses a unique hypertext orthography resulting in a semantic cluster or category: 1. composition with body parts 2. head/face of young bull (aurochs) 3. horn 4. octopus.

3rd millennium BCE Bhāratīya & Ancient Near East (ANE) iconography of 'master of animals' is proclamation of metalwork wealth 3rd millennium BCE Bhāratīya & Ancient Near East (ANE) iconography of 'master of animals' is proclamation of metalwork wealth; focus on iconography of contest between ahriman hypertext as ari, 'lion' and khōṇḍa hypertext as young bull, bos aurochs indicus. Vivid, recurring imageries of zebu, hawk, serpents, cobrahood, scorpion and other hieroglyphs are all related to wealth-creating metalwork activities as detailed in the Meluhha rebus readings of Bhāratīya sprachbund lexus entries. पोळ pōḷa 'bos indicus, zebu, bull dedicated to the divinities, allowed to roam free' Rebus:. पोळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)'. śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼ RV. Pa. sēna -- , °aka -- m. ʻ hawk ʼ, Pk. sēṇa -- m.; WPah.bhad. śeṇ ʻ kite ʼ; A. xen ʻ falcon, hawk ʼ, Or. seṇā, H. sen, sẽ m., M. śen m., śenī f. (< MIA. *senna -- ); Si. sen ʻ falcon, eagle, kite ʼ.(CDIAL 12674) Rebus: sena 'thunderbolt' (Sinhala) అరడా araḍā. [Tel.] n. The brass or gold mouth of a scabbard. A particular kind of neck jewel. Also, the lion's heads at the ends of the pole of Hindu marriage palankeen. కర్నాటకపల్లకీ బొంగుకొనుకువేసే సింహలలాటములు. (Telugu) ஆளரி āḷ-ari , n. < id. +. 1. Lion; ஆண் சிங்கம். (பிங்.) 2. Viṣṇu in his incarnation man-lion; நரசிங்கமூர்த்தி. (திருக்கோ. 225, உரை.)அரி ari Lion; சிங்கம். (பிங்.) 21. Leo of the Zodiac; சிங்க ராசி. (சூடா.) அரிமுகவம்பி ari-muka-v-ampi , n. < hari +. Canoe with a lion figure-head; சிங்கமுக வோடம். அரிமுக வம்பியும்... இயக்கும்பெருந் துறை (சிலப். 13, 177).அரியணை ari-y-aṇaiஅரியமான் ariyamāṉ , n. < Aryaman. Chief of the manes; பிதிரர்தலைவன். தென்புலத் தோரி னிச்சையுறு மரியமான் (கூர்மபு. விபூதி. 10). அரியல் ariyal , n. < hari *அரியேறு ari-y-ēṟu n. < id. +. Male lion; ஆண்சிங்கம். அரியே றேந்து மாசனம் (பாரத. கிருட். 76). Some hieroglyphs which recur on Ancient Near seals and their Meluhha rebus readings are: bull-man, bull ḍangar 'bull' read rebus ḍhangar 'blacksmith'; ṭagara 'ram' Rebus: damgar 'merchant' (Akkadian) ṭhakkura, ‘idol’, ṭhākur ʻ blacksmith ʼ, ṭhākur m. ʻmaster’.ḍhangar ‘blacksmith’. tiger kol 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' youngbull:खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda) Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’(Bengali) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) koḍ ‘artisan’s workshop’ (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (G.) ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tu.) कोंडण [kōṇḍaṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) B. kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’; Or.kū̆nda ‘lathe’, kũdibā, kū̃d ‘to turn’ (→ Drav. Kur. Kū̃d ’ lathe’) (CDIAL 3295) Rebus: kundaṇa pure gold (Tulu.Kannada) kunda 'nidhi of Kubera'. lion arye 'lion' āra 'brass' aquatic bird karaḍa ‘aquatic bird, duck’ Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' eagle eraka 'eagle' Rebus: erako 'moltencast copper water buffalo bull rāngo (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 10559) Rebus: rango ‘pewter’. ranga, rang pewter is an alloy of tin, lead, and antimony (anjana) (Santali). raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ. (CDIAL 10562) *raṅgapattra ʻ tinfoil ʼ. [raṅga -- 3, páttra -- ] B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) six hair-curls āra 'six curls' Rebus: āra 'brass' face mũh ‘face’ Rebus: mũh ‘ingot’. tāmarasa 'lotus' (Pkt) Rebus: tāmra 'copper' (Skt.) ताम्र mf(आ)n. ( √ तम् Un2. ) of a coppery red colour VS. xvi ( Naigh. iii , 7) MBh. &c (ताम्रा त्वच् , the 4th of the 7 membranes with which an embryo is covered Sus3r. iii , 4 , 2)n. copper Kaus3. Mn. &cn. a coppery receptacle MBh. ii , 61 , 29 stag karuman 'stag' karmara 'artisan' antelope melh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' calf khoṇḍ 'young bull-calf' Rebus khuṇḍ '(metal) turner'. scorpion bica ‘scorpion’ (Assamese) Rebus: bica ‘stone ore’ stalk daṭhi, daṭi 'stalks of certain plants' Rebus: dhatu ‘mineral.kāṇḍa काण्डः m. the stalk or stem of a reed. Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’. twig kūdī ‘twig’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ fish ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayo, ayas 'metal'. overflowing pot lo ‘pot to overflow’ kāṇḍa ‘water’. Rebus: लोखंड lokhaṇḍ Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general. spear మేడెము [ mēḍemu ] or మేడియము mēḍemu. [Tel.] n. A spear or dagger. Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’. ring, bracelet kaḍum a bracelet, a ring (G.) Rebus: kaḍiyo [Hem. Des. kaḍaio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayer; a mason; star मेढ [ mēḍha ] The polar star (Marathi). [cf.The eight-pointed star Rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) safflower karaḍa -- m. ʻsafflowerʼ Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) twig kūdī ‘twig’ Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ frond (of palm), palm tamar, ‘palm tree, date palm’ Rebus: tam(b)ra, ‘copper’ (Prakrit) tree kuṭhāru 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker) ram, ibex, markhor 1. ram मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] m (मेष S through H) A male sheep, a ram or tup.(Marathi) meḍ 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) goat melh 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper' knot (twist) meḍ, ‘knot, Rebus: 'iron’ reed, scarf dhaṭu m. (also dhaṭhu) m. ‘scarf’ (WPah.) (CDIAL 6707) Rebus: dhatu ‘minerals’ (Santali); dhātu ‘mineral’ (Pali) kāṇḍa काण्डः m. stem of a reed. Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans and metal-ware’ mountain डोंगर [ ḍōṅgara ] m A hill. डोंगरकणगर or डोंगरकंगर [ ḍōṅgarakaṇagara or ḍōṅgarakaṅgara ] m (डोंगर & कणगर form of redup.) Hill and mountain; hills comprehensively or indefinitely. डोंगरकोळी [ ḍōṅgarakōḷī ] m A caste of hill people or an individual of it. (Marathi) ḍāngā = hill, dry upland (B.); ḍã̄g mountain-ridge (H.)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) dhokra 'cire perdue metallurgist' wing eraka 'wing' eṟaka, ṟekka, rekka, neṟaka, neṟi ‘wing’ (Telugu)(DEDR 2591). Rebus: erako 'moltencast copper'. snake nāga 'snake' nāga 'lead' frame of building sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ (M.)(CDIAL 12859) Rebus: sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage (Kashmiri) jangaḍ 'entrustment note' (Gujarati) monkey kuṭhāru = a monkey (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker), also an inscriber or writer. kick kolsa 'to kick' Rebus: kol working in iron, blacksmith foot . khuṭo ʻ leg, foot ʼ Rebus: khũṭ ‘community, guild’ (Santali) copulation (mating) kamḍa, khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kampaṭṭa ‘mint, coiner’ adultery ṛanku, ranku = fornication, adultery (Telugu) ranku 'tin'. Zebu figurine. Binjor. ca. 2500 BCE (A seal with Indus Script inscription was also found). Binjor. Seal. ca.2500 BCE Rolled out photograph of a cylindrical chlorite vessel with heroes and animals. Cat. no. 227 Metmuseum. Ht. 11.4 cm. Dia. 17.8 cm. Mesopotamia. Mid 3rd millennium BCE. Scorpions with striated bodies,zebus with patterned (or inlaid) humps and frontal horns, swooping vulture with herringbone and hatched designs that indicate feathers, palm tree below the attacking lion, cobra-hoods, water spouting out of jars, lotus, (safflower?) Plate 1. Cups; boxes.Plate I. Cups: a-b (h 14.5 cm ; diam 11.5 cm); c (h 17.5 cm; diam 12.2 cm); d (h 14.7 cm; diam 10.7 cm); e (h 16 cm; diam 12.3 cm). Cylindrical boxes: f (h 6.5 cm); g (h 10.5 cm; diam 16.5 cm); h (h 7.4 cm; diam 11 cm). Plate 2. High tronconical vessels; “handbags” Plate II. High tronconical vessels: a (h 14.6 cm); b (h 16 cm); c (h 27.8 cm); d (h 17.5 cm); e (h 19.7 cm). “Handbags”: f-g (w 24 cm, thks 4.8 cm); h (w 19.5 cm; h 19.4 cm, thks 4 cm); j (w 28 cm ; h 25 cm, thks 3 cm); k (w 18.5, h 18.3 cm, thks 3.2). Plate 3. "Gameboards.” Plate III. "Gameboards”: a : eagle (l 41 cm); b: eagle (l 35 cm); c: scorpion (l 28 cm); d: table on legs (l 35 cm); e: scorpion-man (27 cm). Plate 4. Various objects.Plate IV. Various: miniature vessels a-b: tronconical vessels, single-horned zebu (h 8.2 cm); c : buckles (h 9.3 cm); d: scorpions (h 7 cm); e: bricks and chevrons (h 5.7 cm); f: cylindrical boxes, zebus (h 5.2 cm); g: small gobular jar (h 9.4 cm); h: globular jar with buckles (h 9.4 cm); j: small globular jar with serpents (h 6.9 cm); k: globular jar with rosettes (h 7.5 cm); l: round boxes, buckles (h 6 cm); m: with mat (h 8 cm); n: small cylindrical vessel with scorpion (h 7.5 cm).

Eagle is an abiding metaphor in a mint or smithy evidenced by hieroglyphs on early coins and on Indus scrip writing system. The hieroglyph of 'eagle' is also associated with other hieroglyphs such as: nāga 'serpent' rebus: 'lead'; ḍã̄g mountain-ridge; dhangar ‘blacksmith’ and kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' -- all signifiers related to metalwork. Dominant orthography signifies eraka 'wing' rebus: eraka, arka 'copper'. Signifier glosses of eagle, falcon, kite are: garuḍa गरुड श्येन [p= 1095,2] m. a hawk , falcon , eagle , any bird of prey (esp. the eagle that brings down सोम to man) RV. &c; the signified semantics of rebus glosses are: garuḍa 'gold'; श्येन firewood laid in the shape of an eagle S3ulbas.; sena, heṇa ʻ thunderbolt ʼ (Sinhalese) eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) pajhar ‘eagle’ (pazuzu -- Akkadian); rebus: pasra ‘smithy’. Rebus: सुपर्ण suparṇa Emerald. Relating to सुपर्ण bird or Garuḍa; सौपर्णमस्त्रं प्रतिसंजहार R.16.8. (Apte. Samskritam) Gold (Samskritam. Monier-Williams) Hieroglyph: सुपर्ण [p=1227,3] mf (/ई)n. having beautiful wings RV.m. any large bird of prey (as a vulture , eagle ; also applicable to the sun or moon as " having beautiful rays " , and to सोम and clouds ; du. " sun and moon ") ib.m. any mythical or supernatural bird (often identified with गरुड , and sometimes personified as a ऋषि , a देव-गन्धर्व , and an असुर) RV. TS. Ka1t2h. MBh.m. a ray Naigh. m. N. of one of the seven tongues of fire Gr2ihya1s. अलज [p= 94,1] m. a kind of bird VS. xxiv , 34. Identity to be investigated further. Hieroglyph: karaṇḍa duck (CDIAL 2787). కారండవము [kāraṇḍavamu] [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. Rebus: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) Hieroglyph: Safflower: करडी [ karaḍī ] f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. Rebus: करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c (Marathi) karaḍa -- m. ʻsafflowerʼ, °ḍā -- f. ʻ a tree like the karañja ʼ (Prakrit); M. karḍī, °ḍaī f. ʻ safflower, carthamus tinctorius and its seed ʼ. (CDIAL 2788). Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) kharādī ' turner, a person who fashions or shapes objects on a lathe' (Gujarati) All signifiers associated with metalwork are sacred and get displayed in sacred settings of temples. This is consistent with the semantics of kole.l 'smithy, temple' (Kota), a smithy IS a temple, a sacred space. The hieroglyph 'eagle' in association with vajra 'forked' is rendered in rebus-metonymy layered cipher: vajra 'adamantine, glue'. gāruḍa गारुड 'gold' (Samskritam) śyenaciti 'falcon altar' or kankaciti 'heron altar' are variant bird-shaped sacred spaces and structures described in the Śulbasūtras related to Vedic Yajnas. Such structures are also attested in archaeometallurgy. Many sites with such altars are also associated with coin-mints and metalwork [as for example, in Sanghol and sites such as Purola (Uttarakashi) linked with Kunindas in northern Bharatam]. Hieroglyphs of kanka 'heron' on Dong Son bronze drums. https://www.behance.net/gallery/13022597/Lac-Bird Nam TrangDang's blog Bird, boat hieroglyphs on Dong Son drums http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/hieroglyphs-on-dong-son-drums-relate-to.html Candi Sukuh in Indonesia presents the sculpture of an eagle in association with an elephant: ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron'. eraka 'wing' Rebus: eraka 'moltencast' garuDa 'eagle' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'; garuDa 'gold' (Samskritam) In the Ancient Near East, the metaphor of 'eagle' is expanded into a narrrative of Anzu bird which steals tablets of destiny. The gloss anzu is relatable to ancu 'iron' (Tocharian) and amzu 'Soma filament' (Rigveda) In Nahal Mishmar (Israel) cire perdue artifacts of copper alloys (arsenical copper?), two birds are shown on a crown which compare with the two aquatic birds shown on a boat together with ox-hide ingots on a Mohenjo-daro prism tablet. Harappa seal h166A, h166B. Vats, 1940, Excavations in Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta: Pl. XCI. 255 ḍangar 'bull', ḍã̄g mountain-ridge (H.)(CDIAL 5476). Rebus: dhangar ‘blacksmith’ (Maithili) Thunderbolt pattern with an eagle on a coin from Olympia, Greece, 432-c.421 BCE. Hieroglyph: eruvai 'eagle'; synonym: गरुड 'eagle' eraka 'wing'. Rebus: eruvai 'copper' + करडा [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. eraka 'moltencast' Hieroglyph: vajra 'forked' Rebus: vajra 'adamantine, glue'. gāruḍa गारुड 'gold' (Samskritam) वेदि [p= 1017,2] f. (later also वेदी ; for 1. 2. » col.2) an elevated (or according to some excavated) piece of ground serving for a sacrificial altar (generally strewed with कुश grass , and having receptacles for the sacrificial fire ; it is more or less raised and of various shapes , but usually narrow in the middle , on which account the female waist is often compared to it) RV. &cthe space between the supposed spokes of a wheel-shaped altar , S3ulbas.a stand , basis , pedestal , bench MBh. Ka1v. &c Hieroglyph/Rebus: kaṇḍ 'fire-altar' (Santali) kāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans and metal-ware' (Marathi) वेदि f. knowledge , science (» अ-व्°) नाग nāga [p= 532,3] m. (prob. neither fr. न-ग nor fr. नग्न) a snake , (esp.) Coluber Naga S3Br. MBh. &c नाग nāga n. (m. L. ) tin , lead Bhpr. n. a kind of coitus L. गरुड [p= 348,3] m. ( √2. गॄ Un2. iv , 155 , " devourer " , because गरुड was perhaps originally identified with the all-consuming fire of the sun's rays) , N. of a mythical bird (chief of the feathered race , enemy of the serpent-race [cf. RTL. p.321] , vehicle ofविष्णु [cf. RTL. pp. 65 ; 104 ; 288] , son of कश्यप and विनता ; shortly after his birth he frightened the gods by his brilliant lustre ; they supposed him to be अग्नि , and requested his protection ; when they discovered that he was गरुड , they praised him as the highest being , and called him fire and sun MBh. i , 1239 ff. ; अरुण , the charioteer of the sun or the personified dawn , is said to be the elder [or younger cf. RTL. p.104] brother of गरुड ; स्वाहा , the wife of अग्नि , takes the shape of a female गरुडी = सुपर्णी MBh. iii , 14307 and 14343) Suparn2. TA1r. x , 1 , 6 MBh. &ca building shaped like गरुड R. VarBr2S. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/suparna-syena-patanga-garuda-takes-to.html gāruḍa गारुड a. (-डी f.) [गरुडस्येदं अण्] 1 Shaped like Ga- ruḍa. -2 Coming from or relating to Garuḍa. -डः, -डम् 1 An emerald; राशिर्मणीनामिव गारुडानां सपद्मरागः फलितो विभाति R.13.53. -2 A charm against (snake) poison; संगृहीतगारुडेन K.51 (where it has sense 1 also). -3 A missile presided over by Garuḍa. -4 A military array (व्यूह) of the shape of Garuḍa. -5 Gold. Ta. eruvai a kind of kite whose head is white and whose body is brown; eagle. Ma. eruva eagle, kite.(DEDR 818). Rebus: eruvai ‘copper’ (Tamil). eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’. Hieroglyph: वज्र[p= 913,1] mfn. shaped like a kind of cross (cf. above ) , forked , zigzag ib. [cf. Zd. vazra , " a club. "] Rebus: वज्र[p= 913,1] mn. n. a kind of hard iron or steel L. mfn. adamantine , hard , impenetrable W." the hard or mighty one " , a thunderbolt (esp. that of इन्द्र , said to have been formed out of the bones of the ऋषिदधीच or दधीचि [q.v.] , and shaped like a circular discus , or in later times regarded as having the form of two transverse bolts crossing each other thus x ; sometimes also applied to similar weapons used by various gods or superhuman beings , or to any mythical weapon destructive of spells or charms , also to मन्यु , " wrath " RV. or [with अपाम्] to a jet of water AV. &c ; also applied to a thunderbolt in general or to the lightning evolved from the centrifugal energy of the circular thunderbolt of इन्द्र when launched at a foe ; in Northern Buddhist countries it is shaped like a dumb-bell and called Dorje ; » MWB. 201 ; 322 &c ) RV. &ca diamond (thought to be as hard as the thunderbolt or of the same substance with it) , Shad2vBr. Mn. MBh. &cm. a form of military array , Mn. MBh. &c (cf. -व्यूह)a kind of hard mortar or cement (कल्क) VarBr2S. (cf. -लेप) m0451A,B Text 3235 m1390Bt Text 2868 Pict-74: Bird in flight. Elamite bird (eagle?) with spread wings on an axe-head from Tepe Yahya (Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. and D.T. Potts. 2001. Excavations at Tepe Yahya, Iran, 1967-1975: The Third Millennium. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, p.216). Gulf seal with bucranium (top center), anthropomorph (left), grid, and scorpion (right), as well as bird (Kjaerum, Poul. 1983. Failaka / Dilmun, the Second Millennium Settlements, Vol. 1:1, The Stamp and Cylinder Seals. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications XVII:1. Moesgard, Aarhus: Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, p.37).

Ibni-Sharrum cylinder seal of ca. 2350-2170 BCE is a wealth-accounting, metalwork catalogue in Meluhha, Indus Script. The Indus Script hieroglyphs of the gaur, ox, gaur or wild buffalo and water-buffalo are signifiers of R̥gveda gomr̥ga rendered rebus in vernacular Indian sprachbund Meluhha dialects as raṅga 'tin, pewter, tin foil'. *mēṇḍhī ʻ lock of hair, curl ʼ. [Cf. *mēṇḍha -- 1 s.v. *miḍḍa -- ] S. mī˜ḍhī f., ˚ḍho m. ʻ braid in a woman's hair ʼ, L. mē̃ḍhī f.; G. mĩḍlɔ, miḍ˚ m. ʻ braid of hair on a girl's forehead ʼ; M. meḍhā m. ʻ curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread ʼ.(CDIAL 10312) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.Santali) The adorant with six curls on hair: bhaṭa ‘six' (Gujarati) rebus: bhaṭa ‘warrior’; meḍhā 'curl' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ bhāḍ 'iron furnace'. Thus, the message of the adorant with six curls of hair signifies: meḍ bhāḍ 'iron furnace'. The overflowing pots held by the adorants signify: lokhãḍ 'metal implements, pots and pans, metalware'. bhaṭa ‘six' (Gujarati) rebus: bhaṭa ‘warrior’ rebus: baṭa ‘iron’ (Gujarati) bhāḍ 'furnace' (Marathi) 9656 bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj] Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., ˚ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v. bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- . Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ. 9657 *bhraṣṭrapūra ʻ gridiron -- cake ʼ. [Cf. bhrāṣṭraja -- ʻ pro- duced on a gridiron ʼ lex. -- bhráṣṭra -- , pūra -- 2] P. bhaṭhūhar, ˚hrā, bhaṭhūrā, ˚ṭhorū m. ʻ cake of leavened bread ʼ; -- or < *bhr̥ṣṭapūra -- . 9658 *bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ] P. bhaṭhiār, ˚ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ. 9684 bhrāṣṭra m. ʻ gridiron ʼ Nir., adj. ʻ cooked on a grid- iron ʼ Pāṇ., ˚ka -- m. (n.?) ʻ frying pan ʼ Pañcat. [NIA. forms all < eastern MIA. *bhāṭha -- , but like Pk. none show medial aspirate except G. with -- ḍ -- poss. < -- ḍh -- . -- bhráṣṭra -- , √bhrajj]Pk. bhāḍa -- n. ʻ oven for parching grain ʼ; Phal. bhaṛ<-> ʻ to roast, fry ʼ (NOPhal 31 < bhr̥kta -- with ?); L. bhāṛ ʻ oven ʼ; Ku. bhāṛ ʻ iron oven, fire, furnace ʼ; Bi. bhār ʻ grain -- parcher's fireplace ʼ, (N of Ganges) bhaṛ -- bhū̃jā ʻ grain -- parcher ʼ; OAw. bhārū, pl. ˚rā m. ʻ oven, furnace ʼ; H. bhāṛ m. ʻ oven, grain -- parcher's fireplace, fire ʼ; G. bhāḍi f. ʻ oven ʼ, M. bhāḍ n.*bhrāṣṭraśālikā -- . 9685 *bhrāṣṭraśālikā ʻ furnace house ʼ. [bhrāṣṭra -- , śāˊlā -- ]H. bharsārī f. ʻ furnace, oven ʼ. This is an addendum to: https://tinyurl.com/qdr3vcy Farmana Indus Script seal deciphered, water-buffalo with rings on neck 'pewter workshop',koDiyum, torc (neck-ring) of Cernunnos on Gundestrup cauldron, Pillar of Boatmen khaṇṭi ‘buffalo bull’ (Tamil) Rebus: khãḍ '(metal) tools, pots and pans' (Gujarati) Hypertext: overflowing pot: lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ Rebus: ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ (Gujarati) The overflowing pot is a signifier of production of metal implements. See: https://tinyurl.com/y8kq53kl (embedded) When this is demonstrated on seals in front of a bull or buffalo, the the bovine is a signifier of metal alloys. The 'star' hieroglyph shown on one seal reads: मेढ mēḍha The polar star. मेढंगमत, मेढजोशी, मेढदाई, मेढमत mēḍhaṅgamata, mēḍhajōśī, mēḍhadāī, mēḍhamata See मेढेमत, मेढेजोशी, मेढेदाई &c. मेढेजोशी mēḍhējōśī m A stake-जोशी; a जोशी who keeps account of the तिथि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मेढेमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जोशी of a village. मेढेमत mēḍhēmata n (मेढ Polar star, मत Dogma or sect.) A persuasion or an order or a set of tenets and notions amongst the Shúdra-people. Founded upon certain astrological calculations proceeding upon the North star. Hence मेढेजोशी or डौरीजोशी. Rebus: मेध mēdha m Yajna; In comp. as अश्वमेध, नरमेध.मेध a sacrificial animal , victim VS. Br. S3rS.; an animal-sacrifice , offering , oblation , any sacrifice (esp. ifc.) ib. MBh. &c मेधा f. mental vigour or power , intelligence , prudence , wisdom (pl. products of intelligence , thoughts , opinions) RV. &cIntelligence personified (esp. as the wife of धर्म and daughter of दक्ष) MBh. R. Hariv. Pur.a form of सरस्वती; = धन नैघण्टुक , commented on by यास्क ii , 10. kneeling adorant బత్తుడు battuḍu. n. A worshipper.பத்தர்³ pattar, n. < bhakta. 1. Devotees, votaries Rebus: பத்தர்² pattar, n. < T. battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths; தட்டார் பட்டப்பெயருள் ஒன்று. பத்தர்&sup5; pattar, n. perh. vartaka. Merchants; வியாபாரிகள். http://www.antiquesatoz.com/golf/Images/sum13-4.jpg Cylinder seal of Ibni Sharrum (Louvre Museum) https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum "This chlorite cylinder seal belonged to Ibni-sharrum, scribe of King Sharkalisharri, king of Akkad (present-day Iraq), son and successor of Naram-sin (3rd millennium BC), as indicated by the cuneiform inscription between two animals. It depicts two heroes watering buffaloes with gushing vases, probably two acolytes of the great Sumero-Chaldean god ENKI (Ea)." http://www.roxanephoto.com/france/paris/louvre/photos/cylindre-buffles.php Courtesy, The Louvre, Paris, respectively copyright RMN/Franck Raux and RMN/Thierry Ollivier. More at http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-carved-elongated-bu... http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum "Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum, described as "one of the most striking examples of the perfection attained by carvers in the Agade period [2350–2170 BCE]. . . . The decoration, which is characteristic of the Agade period, shows two buffaloes that have just slaked their thirst in the stream of water spurting from two vases held by two naked kneeling heroes." It belonged to Ibni-Sharrum, the scribe of King Sharkali-Sharri, who succeeded his father Naram-Sin. The caption cotinues: "The two naked, curly-headed heroes are arranged symmetrically, half-kneeling. They are both holding vases from which water is gushing as a symbol of fertility and abundance; it is also the attribute of the god of the river, Enki-Ea, of whom these spirits of running water are indeed the acolytes. Two arni, or water buffaloes, have just drunk from them. Below the scene, a river winds between the mountains represented conventionally by a pattern of two lines of scales. The central cartouche bearing an inscription is held between the buffaloes' horns." The buffalo was known to have come from ancient Indus lands by the Akkadians." https://www.harappa.com/blog/indus-cylinder-seals-louvre • Héros acolytes d'Ea abreuvant des buffles " A masterpiece of glyptic art This seal, which belonged to Ibni-Sharrum, the scribe of King Sharkali-Sharri, who succeeded his father Naram-Sin, is one of the most striking examples of the perfection attained by carvers in the Agade period. The two naked, curly-headed heroes are arranged symmetrically, half-kneeling. They are both holding vases from which water is gushing as a symbol of fertility and abundance; it is also the attribute of the god of the river, Enki-Ea, of whom these spirits of running water are indeed the acolytes. Two arni, or water buffaloes, have just drunk from them. Below the scene, a river winds between the mountains represented conventionally by a pattern of two lines of scales. The central cartouche bearing an inscription is held between the buffaloes' horns. A scene testifying to relations with distant lands Buffaloes are emblematic animals in glyptic art in the Agade period. They first appear in the reign of Sargon, indicating sustained relations between the Akkadian Empire and the distant country of Meluhha, that is, the present Indus Valley, where these animals come from. These exotic creatures were probably kept in zoos and do not seem to have been acclimatized in Iraq at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Indeed, it was not until the Sassanid Empire that they reappeared. The engraver has carefully accentuated the animals' powerful muscles and spectacular horns, which are shown as if seen from above, as they appear on the seals of the Indus. The production of a royal workshop The calm balance of the composition, based on horizontal and vertical lines, gives this tiny low relief a classical monumental character, typical of the style of the late Akkadian period. Seals of this quality were the preserve of the entourage of the royal family or high dignitaries and were probably made in a workshop whose production was reserved for this elite."

Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads: symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community)' https://tinyurl.com/y85lflto The pictrographs of young bull, ram's horns, spread legs, boar signify: goldsmith, iron metalworker, merchant, steersman. [Details: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver' (one-horned young bull hieroglyph); kundana 'fine gold' (Kannada) singi 'horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold' PLUS barāh, baḍhi 'boar' vāḍhī, bari, barea 'merchant' bārakaśa 'seafaring vessel'.bāṛaï 'carpenter' bari barea 'merchant' (boar hieroglyph) PLUS karṇaka कर्णक steersman ('spread legs'); meḍho 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron'] meḍ 'body', meḍho 'ram' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (ram hieroglyph, (human) body hieroglyph) कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 rebus: कर्णिक having a helm; a steersman (Monier-Williams) ayas 'alloy metal' (fish hieroglyph) कोंद kōnda ‘engraver' (one-horned young bull hieroglyph); kundana 'fine gold' (Kannada). bāṛaï 'carpenter' (boar hieroglyph) bari barea 'merchant' (boar hieroglyph) Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads (on the assumption that Line 3 is an inscription with Indus Script hypertexts): śam ña ga kī ma jhi tha mū̃h baṭa baran khāṇḍā samjñā 'symbol, sign' kī ma jhi tha 'of Majhitha' Sha (?) Da Ya शद sad-a 'produce (of a country)'.-shad-ya, m. one who takes part in an assembly, spectator Meaning: Line 1 (Brāhmī syllables): samjñā 'symbol, sign' (of) Line 2 (Brāhmī syllables): kī ma jhi tha 'of Majhitha locality or mã̄jhī boatpeople community or workers in textile dyeing: majīṭh 'madder'. The reference may also be to mañjāḍi (Kannada) 'Adenanthera seed weighing two kuṉṟi-mani, used by goldsmiths as a weight'. Line 3 (Indus Script hieroglyphs): baṭa 'iron' bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) mū̃h'ingots' khāṇḍā 'equipments'. Alternative reading of Line 3 (if read as Brāhmī syllables): Sha (?) Da Ya शद sad-a signifies: 'produce (of a country' or -shad-ya, m. one who takes part in an assembly, spectator. Thus,an alternative reading is that the threelines may signify symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'assembly participant' or member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community). Thus, this is a proclamation, a hoarding which signifies the Majitha locality (working in) iron, mixed alloys (bharat) ingots and equipments. Alternative reding is: symbol (of) produce of Majhitha locality or community Alternatives: A cognate word signifies boatman: *majjhika ʻ boatman ʼ. [Cf. maṅga -- ?] N. mājhi, mã̄jhi ʻ boatman ʼ; A. māzi ʻ steersman ʼ, B. māji; Or. mājhi ʻ steersman ʼ, majhiā ʻ boatman ʼ, Bi. Mth. H. mã̄jhī m.(CDIAL 9714).மஞ்சி2 mañci, n. 1. cf. mañca. [M. mañji.] Cargo boat with a raised platform; படகு. Thus, a majhitha artisan is also a boatman. A cognate word is: mañjiṣṭhā f. ʻ the Indian madder (Rubia cordifolia and its dye) ʼ Kauś. [mañjiṣṭha -- ] Pa. mañjeṭṭhī -- f. ʻ madder ʼ, Pk. maṁjiṭṭhā -- f.; K. mazēṭh, dat. ˚ṭhi f. ʻ madder plant and dye (R. cordifolia or its substitute Geranium nepalense) ʼ; S. mañuṭha, maĩṭha f. ʻ madder ʼ; P. majīṭ(h), mãj˚ f. ʻ root of R. cordifolia ʼ; N. majiṭho ʻ R. cordifolia ʼ, A. mezāṭhi, maz˚, OAw. maṁjīṭha f.; H. mãjīṭ(h), maj˚ f. ʻ madder ʼ, G. majīṭh f., Ko. mañjūṭi; -- Si. madaṭa ʻ a small red berry ʼ, madaṭiya ʻ the tree with red wood Adenanthera pavonina (Leguminosae) ʼ; Md. madoři ʻ a weight ʼ.māñjiṣṭha -- .Addenda: mañjiṣṭhā -- [Cf. Drav. Kan. mañcaṭige, mañjāḍi, mañjeṭṭi S. M. Katre]: S.kcch. majīṭh f. ʻ madder ʼ.(CDIAL 9718) மஞ்சிட்டி mañciṭṭi, n. < mañjiṣṭhā. 1. Munjeet, Indian madder, Rubia cordifolia; நீர்ப்பூடுவகை. (I. P.) 2. Arnotto. See சாப்பிரா. (L.) 3. Chayroot for dyeing; சாயவேர். (L.) மஞ்சாடி mañcāṭi, n. [T. manḍzādi, K. mañjāḍi.] 1. Red-wood, m. tr., Adenanthera paronina; மரவகை. 2. Adenanthera seed weighing two kuṉṟi-mani, used by goldsmiths as a weight; இரண்டு குன்றிமணிகளின் எடை கொண்ட மஞ்சாடிவித்து. (S. I. I. i, 114, 116.) The wor manjhitha may be derived from the root: मञ्ज् mañj मञ्ज् 1 U. (मञ्जयति-ते) 1 To clean, purify, wipe off. Thus, the reference is to a locality of artisans engaged in purifying metals and alloys. Such purifiers or assayers of metal are also referred to as पोतदार pōtadāra m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith. (Marathi)

Coins current during the 7th and the 6th century BCE onwards, unstamped and stamped (āhata) All the symbols used on early coins of Ancient Near East and Ancient India are Indus Script hieroglyphs/hypertexts which signify wealth accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues. कर्ष is expanded semantically with the expression कार्षापणः kārṣāpaṇḥ when the nugget of gold/silver of a specified weight is used in trade transactions, i.e.after the monetary system replaces the barter systems of trade. Indications are that the use of 'money' कार्षापणः kārṣāpaṇḥ started ca. 6th century BCE with the introduction of the Lydia electrum coin. The nuggets pour out of the mouth of the lion which faces a one-horned young bull on Lydia electrum coin. The hypertext readings in Indus Script are: arya 'lion' rebus: ara 'brass' गोटी [ gōṭī ] 'round pebbles, stones' rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] 'A lump of silver' panja 'claw of feline' rebus: panja 'kiln' konda 'young bull' rebus: kō̃da -कोँद ।'kiln'; kundana 'fine gold' khoṇḍ, kõda 'young bull-calf' Rebus 1: kũdār 'turner'.PLUS koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Hieroglyph: कर्ष m. ( √कृष्) , the act of drawing , dragging Pa1n2.; (with and without हलस्य) ploughing , agriculture A1p. Ya1jn5. ii , 217; mn. a weight of gold or silver (= 16 माषs = 80 Rettis = 1÷4 पल = 1÷400 of a तुला = about 176 grains troy ; in common use 8 Rettis are given to the माष , and the कर्ष is then about 280 grains troy) Sus3r. VarBr2S. &c; mn. a boat L. माष a partic. weight of gold (= 5 कृष्णलs = 1÷10 सुवर्ण ; the weight in common use is said to be about 17 grains troy) Mn. Ya1jn5.; N. of a ऋषि-गण (the children of सु-रभि , to whom RV. ix , 86 , 1-10 is ascribed) RAnukr. R. Hariv.(Monier-Williams) अक्षः akṣḥ weight equal to 16 māṣas and called कर्ष.कार्षापणः kārṣāpaṇḥ णम् ṇam कार्षापणः णम् (or पणकः) A coin or weight of different values; पुराकल्प एतदासीत् षोडश माषाः कार्षापणं Mbh. on P.I.2.64. कार्षापणं तु विज्ञेयस्ताम्रिकः कार्षिकः पणः Ms.9.136,336;9.282. (= कर्ष). न हि काकिन्यां नष्टायां तदन्वेषणं कार्षापणेन क्रियते ŚB. on MS.4.3.39. -णम् Money, gold and silver (Apte). पणm. (ifc. f(आ).) play , gaming , playing for a stake , a bet or a wager (with gen. ; loc. or ifc. ; पणं- √कृ , to make a bet ; पणे नि- √अस् , to stake at play) Ya1jn5. MBh. R. &c; a weight of copper used as a coin (= 20 माषs = 4 काकिनीs) Mn. Ya1jn5.; a partic. measure Pa1n2. 3-3 , 66 (" a handful " Sch.); a commodity for sale L.; price; wealth , property L.;business पणि m. a bargainer , miser , niggard (esp. one who is sparing of sacrificial oblations) RV. AV.; N. of a class of envious demons watching over treasures RV. (esp. x , 108) AV. S3Br.; market (Monier-Williams) Kārshāpaṇa कार्षापण, śatamāna शत--मान are a development of the narrative of कर्ष 'money, gold and silver' relatable to a period 2 millennia later, i.e. to the 6th century BCE when gold, silver, copper coins of particular weight were brought into vogue in janapada-s to leap into a monetary system to replace barter trade transactions (which are referredto as पण ,'wealth,business'; cf. the derivative: paṇi, 'merchant,market'). I suggest that the rebus reading of कर्ष 'act of drawing, dragging' signifies कर्ष with the semantics 'gold'. Thus, the Kalibangan terracotta cake signifies smelting processes (cf.kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working with iron' kolhe 'wmelter') to produce gold. There are no indications that the word कर्ष was used ca. 2500 BCE to signify 'gold or silver coin of a particular weight'. The earliest imagery of 'drawing, dragging in Sarasvati Civilization occurs on the terracotta cake of Kalibangan with an Indus Script hypertext (possibly discovered in a fire-altar). The terracotta cakesignifies a horned hunter and a tigerbeing dragged, drawn by a chord. Pl. XXII B. Terracotta cake with incised figures on obverse and reverse, Harappan. On one side is a human figure wearing a head-dress having two horns and a plant in the centre; on the other side is an animal-headed human figure with another animal figure, the latter being dragged by the former. If the act of 'drawing, dragging' is so vividly signified on the Kalibangan terracottacake, was it the intention of the artisan who made the orthographs to signify, कर्ष m. ( √कृष्) , the act of drawing , dragging to be interpreted rebus: कर्ष 'weight of metal object (coin); weight of gold or silver (= 16 माषs = 80 Rettis = 1÷4 पल = 1÷400 of a तुला = about 176 grains troy'? Does the pictorial narrative signify a goldsmith working to produce gold objects of the desired weight of karṣa? These hypertexts signify: A terracotta type found in Kalibangan has the hieroglyph of a warrior: bhaTa 'warrior' Rebus: bhaTa 'furnace', thus reinforcing the smelting process in the fire-altars. Smelters might have used bhaThi 'bellows'. bhástrā f. ʻ leathern bag ʼ ŚBr., ʻ bellows ʼ Kāv., bhastrikā -- f. ʻ little bag ʼ Daś. [Despite EWA ii 489, not from a √bhas ʻ blow ʼ (existence of which is very doubtful). -- Basic meaning is ʻ skin bag ʼ (cf. bakura<-> ʻ bellows ʼ ~ bākurá -- dŕ̊ti -- ʻ goat's skin ʼ), der. from bastá -- m. ʻ goat ʼ RV. (cf.bastājina -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ MaitrS. = bāstaṁ carma Mn.); with bh -- (and unexpl. -- st -- ) in Pa. bhasta -- m. ʻ goat ʼ, bhastacamma -- n. ʻ goat's skin ʼ. Phonet. Pa. and all NIA. (except S. with a) may be < *bhāsta -- , cf. bāsta -- above (J. C. W.)]With unexpl. retention of -- st -- : Pa. bhastā -- f. ʻ bellows ʼ (cf. vāta -- puṇṇa -- bhasta -- camma -- n. ʻ goat's skin full ofwind ʼ), biḷāra -- bhastā -- f. ʻ catskin bag ʼ, bhasta -- n. ʻ leather sack (for flour) ʼ; K. khāra -- basta f. ʻ blacksmith's skin bellows ʼ; -- S. bathī f. ʻ quiver ʼ (< *bhathī); A. Or. bhāti ʻ bellows ʼ, Bi. bhāthī, (S of Ganges) bhã̄thī; OAw. bhāthā̆ ʻ quiver ʼ; H. bhāthā m. ʻ quiver ʼ, bhāthī f. ʻ bellows ʼ; G. bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ); M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver ʼ; <-> (X bhráṣṭra -- ?) N. bhã̄ṭi ʻ bellows ʼ, H. bhāṭhī f. *khallabhastrā -- .Addenda: bhástrā -- : OA. bhāthi ʻ bellows ʼ .(CDIAL 9424) bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj] Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭhm., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) ʼ.*bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ]P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ.(CDIAL 9656, 9658) Decipherment of hieroglyphs on the Kalibangan terracotta cake: bhaTa 'warrior' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop' kola 'tiger' rebus: kolle 'blacksmith', kolhe 'smelter' kol 'working in iron' The tiger is being pulled to be tied to a post, pillar. Hieroglyph: Ka. kunda a pillar of bricks, etc. Tu. kunda pillar, post. Te. kunda id. Malt. kunda block, log. ? Cf. Ta. kantu pillar, post. (DEDR 1723) Rebus: (agni)kuNDA 'fire-altar, vedi'. Hieriglyph: meṛh rope tying to post, pillar: mēthí m. ʻ pillar in threshing floor to which oxen are fastened, prop for supporting carriage shafts ʼ AV., °thī -- f. KātyŚr.com., mēdhī -- f. Divyāv. 2. mēṭhī -- f. PañcavBr.com., mēḍhī -- , mēṭī -- f. BhP.1. Pa. mēdhi -- f. ʻ post to tie cattle to, pillar, part of a stūpa ʼ; Pk. mēhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, N. meh(e), miho, miyo, B. mei, Or. maï -- dāṇḍi, Bi. mẽh, mẽhā ʻ the post ʼ, (SMunger) mehā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. meh, mehā ʻ the post ʼ, (SBhagalpur)mīhã̄ ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, (SETirhut) mẽhi bāṭi ʻ vessel with a projecting base ʼ.2. Pk. mēḍhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, mēḍhaka<-> ʻ small stick ʼ; K. mīr, mīrü f. ʻ larger hole in ground which serves as a mark in pitching walnuts ʼ (for semantic relation of ʻ post -- hole ʼ see kūpa -- 2); L. meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ; P. mehṛ f., mehaṛ m. ʻ oxen on threshing floor, crowd ʼ; OA meṛha, mehra ʻ a circular construction, mound ʼ; Or. meṛhī,meri ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ; Bi. mẽṛ ʻ raised bank between irrigated beds ʼ, (Camparam) mẽṛhā ʻ bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. (SETirhut) mẽṛhā ʻ id. ʼ; M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.mēthika -- ; mēthiṣṭhá -- . mēthika m. ʻ 17th or lowest cubit from top of sacrificial post ʼ lex. [mēthí -- ]Bi. mẽhiyā ʻ the bullock next the post on threshing floor ʼ.mēthiṣṭhá ʻ standing at the post ʼ TS. [mēthí -- , stha -- ] Bi. (Patna) mĕhṭhā ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, (Gaya) mehṭā, mẽhṭā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ.(CDIAL 10317 to, 10319) Rebus: meD 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) Weight (coin): कार्षा* पण mn. (g. अर्धर्चा*दि ; cf. कर्ष्) " weighing a कर्ष " , a coin or weight of different values (if of gold , = 16 माषs » कर्ष ; if of silver , = 16 पणs or 1280 Kowries , commonly termed a Kahan ; if of copper , = 80 रक्तिकाs or about 176 grains ; but accord. to some = only 1 पण of Kowries or 80 Kowries)Mn. viii , 136 ; 336 ; ix , 282(ifc.) worth so many कार्षापणs Pa1n2. 5-1 , 29; n. money , gold and silver L. ; m. pl. N. of a warrior-tribe g. पर्श्व्-ादि; m. the chief of this tribe ib. and 4-1 , 177 Va1rtt. 2. (Monier-Williams)

n by khār 'blacksmith' + khōṇḍa 'bull calf' کار کند kār-kund 'Adroit, clever, experienced; A director, a manager' کار کنده kār-kunda shown on Harappa h179 tablet. His head-dress is kūdī 'bunch of twigs' (Sanskrit) which signifies Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter furnace' (Santali) कूदी f. a bunch of twigs , bunch (v.l. कूट्/ई) AV. v , 19 , 12 Kaus3.accord. to Kaus3., Sch. = बदरी, "Christ's thorn".(Monier-Williams)The bunch of twigs = ku_di_, ku_t.i_ (Skt.lex.) ku_di_ (also written as ku_t.i_ in manuscripts) occurs in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.19.12) and Kaus’ika Su_tra (Bloomsfield’s ed.n, xliv. cf. Bloomsfield, American Journal of Philology, 11, 355; 12,416; Roth, Festgruss an Bohtlingk,98) denotes it as a twig. This is identified as that of Badari_, the jujube tied to the body of the dead to efface their traces. (See Vedic Index, I, p. 177).[Note the twig adoring the head-dress of a horned, standing person]. This monograph demonstrates that the 'unicorn' or 'one-horned young bull' is also a pun on the word śṛṅgin 'horned' rebus: śr̥ngī 'gold used for onaments'. Thus, کار کند kār-kund 'Adroit, clever, experienced; A director, a manager' signified by the 'unicorn' uses special type of gold for ornaments. śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् Ficus infectoria rebus: śr̥ngī 'gold used for onaments' PLUS کار کند kār-kund 'Adroit, clever, experienced; A director, a manager' PLUS dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ores' PLUS bāhula बाहुल 'Pleiades' rebus: bāhuḷa ʻarmour for the arms'; बगला bagalā m An Arab boat of a particular description (Marathi). I submit that the one-horned young bull or 'unicorn' signifies the plain text: Director, manager (who is also) a lapidary, blacksmith, scribe and who) uses gold for ornaments. The pragmatics of the use of gold for ornaments is reinforced by the one crumpled, curiously S-curved, twisted horn of the young bull; this horn signifies śṛṅgin 'horned' rebus: śr̥ngī 'gold used for onaments'. Thus the artisan is an adroit blacksmith, goldsmith and lapidary who works with kunda 'lathe' rebus: kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'. 1. Most frequent Indus Script expression signifies, 'wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith,scribe'; 2. most frequent hypertext 'unicorn' signifies the blacksmith's professional title: کار کنده kār-kunda, 'manager scribe'. Ficus infectoria Singa2 the young of an animal, calf J v.92; cp. Deśīnāma- mālā viii.31.(Pali) The horn of the one-horned young bull is signified by the word: ښکر ś̱ẖʿkar or ḵ́ẖʿkar, s.m. (5th) The horn of an animal, an antler, a powder horn. Pl. ښکر ś̱ẖʿkœr or ḵ́ẖʿkœr. ښکرور ś̱ẖʿkœrawar or ḵ́ẖʿkœrawar, adj. Horned, having horns, as a goat, cow, etcښکرḵ́ẖʿkœrawaraʿh.په ښکر وهل pah ś̱ẖʿkœr or pah ḵ́ẖʿkœr wahal, verb trans. To strike with the horns, to gore. (Pashto). The 'unicorn' is a composite animal of 'horn' PLUS 'young bull'. Thus, the words which combine to form the hypertext expression are: کر ś̱ẖʿkar or ḵ́ẖʿkar, 'horn' PLUS खोंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. The rebus readings to yield the plain text expression in Meluhha are: ḵ́ẖʿkar 'horn' PLUS khōṇḍa 'young bull' Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS कोंद kōnda. 'engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems'; kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace for smelting'; kunda 'a treasure of Kubera'; Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold.Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. The semantic expansion in Pashto elaborates the semantics and pragmatics of the expession کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. (Pashto) P کار kār, s.m. (2nd) Business, action, affair, work, labor, profession, operation. Pl. کارونه kārūnah. (E.) کار آرموده .چار kār āzmūdah. adj. Experienced, practised, veteran. کار و بار kār-o-bār, s.m. (2nd) Business, affair. Pl. کار و بارونه kār-o-bārūnah. کار خانه kār- ḵẖānaʿh, s.f. (3rd) A manufactory, a dock- yard, an arsenal, a workshop. Pl. يْ ey. کاردیده kār-dīdah, adj. Experienced, tried, veteran. کار روائي kār-rawā-ī, s.f. (3rd) Carrying on a business, management, performance. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار زار kār-zār, s.m. (2nd) Battle, conflict. Pl. کار زارونه kār-zārūnah. کار ساز kār-sāz, adj. Adroit, clever; (Fem.) کار سازه kār-sāzaʿh. کار ساري kār-sāzī, s.f. (3rd) Cleverness, adroitness. Pl. ئِي aʿī. کار کند kār-kund (corrup. of P کار کن) adj. Adroit, clever, experienced. 2. A director, a manager; (Fem.) کار کنده kār-kundaʿh. کار کول kār kawul, verb trans. To work, to labor, to trade. په کار راتلل pah kār rā-tʿlal or راغلل rāg̠ẖ-lal, verb intrans. To be fit, to come into use, to be of use, to be proper or useful. په کار راوړل pah kār rā-wʿṟṟal, verb trans. To bring to use, to make use of, to expend. په کار دي pah kār daey, It is useful. په کار نه دي pah kār nah daey, It is useless. P کارستان kār-istān, s.m. (2nd) A place of work, a manufactory, an arsenal. Pl. کارستانونه kār-istānūnah.(Pashto) کار کنده kār-kunda 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) This Pashto expression finds mention on two distinct categories of Indus Script Corpora: 2.The most frequent expression of Indus Script Corpora is a text composed of three signs: This expression occurs on h1997A tablet. From r. to l.: 1. Hieroglyph: khāra 2 खार 'backbone, spine' rebus: khār खार् । 'blacksmith' 2. Hieroglyph: karṇīka, kanka 'rim of jar' rebus: kaṇḍa kanka 'smelting furnace account (scribe), karṇī, supercargo' 3. khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) Thus, together, the message reads: khār karṇī karaḍā 'blacksmith, scribe, daybook' or 'wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith,scribe'. 1. On the hypertext signified by the 'one-horned young bull'. It has been noted that the 'unicorn' is an Indus Script hypertext signifying kunda-kara karaṇī. This has to be modified to signify کار کنده kār-kunda karaṇī'manager goldsmith,smelter blacksmith,lapidary, supercargo,scribe (cf. the monograph at https://tinyurl.com/y5wneaqr) shrang श्रंग् । शृङ्गम्, प्रधानभूतः m. a horn; the top, peak, summit of a mountain; the head man or leading person in a village or the like.(Kashmiri) शृङ्गकः कम् śṛṅgakḥ kam शृङ्गकः कम् 1 A horn. -2 A horn of the moon. -3 Any pointed thing. -4 A syringe; Ratn.1. (Apte) sing सिंग् । वाद्यविशेषः m. a horn; a horn (the musical instrument).(Kashmiri) शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin शृङ्गिन् a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] 1 Horned. -2 Crested, peaked. -m. 1 A mountain. -2 An elephant. -3 A ram. -4 A tree. -5 N. of Śiva. -6 N. of one of Śiva's attendants; शृङ्गी भृङ्गी रिटिस्तुण्डी Ak. -7 A bull; शङ्ग्यग्निदंष्ट्र्यसिजलद्विजकण्टकेभ्यः Bhāg.1.8.25. (Apte) śr̥ṅgín ʻ horned ʼ RV. [śŕ̊ṅga -- ]Pa. siṅgin -- , siṅgika -- ʻ horned ʼ, Pk. siṁgi -- , N. siṅe, G. sĩgī; -- ext. -- l -- : Pa. siṅgila -- m. ʻ a kind of horned bird ʼ; S. siṅiru ʻ horned ʼ.Addenda: śr̥ṅgín -- : OMarw. (Vīsaḷa) sīṁgī f.adj. ʻ horned (of cow) ʼ. (CDIAL 12595) Singa1 (nt.) [Vedic śṛnga, cp. Gr. ka/rnon, kraggw/n; Lat. cornu=E. horn] a horn J i.57, 149, 194; iv.173 (of a cow); Vism 106; VvhA 476.-- dhanu horn -- bow DhA i.216. -- dhamaka blowing a horn Miln 31.Singika (adj.) [fr. singa1] having horns J vi.354 (āvelita -- ˚ having twisted horns). Singin (adj.) [Vedic śṛngin] having a horn Vin ii.300; J iv.173 (=cow); clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; A ii.26; It 112; cp. J.P.T.S. 1885, 53. (Pali) śŕ̊ṅga n. ʻ horn ʼ RV. [See *śrū -- , *śruṅka -- ]Pa. siṅga -- n., Pk. siṁga -- , saṁga -- n.; Gy. eur. šing m. (hung. f.), ʻ horn ʼ, pal. šíngi ʻ locust -- tree ʼ (so -- called from the shape of its pods: with š -- < ṣ -- < śr -- ); Ash. Kt. ṣĭ̄ṅ ʻ horn ʼ, Wg. ṣīṅ, ṣŕiṅ, Dm. ṣiṅ, Paš.lauṛ. ṣāṅg (or < śārṅga -- ), kuṛ. dar. ṣīṅ, nir. ṣēṅ, Shum. ṣīṅ, Woṭ. šiṅ m., Gaw. Kal.rumb. ṣiṅ, Bshk. ṣīṅ, Phal. ṣiṅ, pl. ṣíṅga; Sh.gil. ṣĭṅ m. ʻ horn ʼ, jij. ṣiṅ, pales. c̣riṅga ʻ temples ʼ (← Kaf. AO xviii 229); K. hĕng m. ʻ horn ʼ, S. siṅu m., L. siṅg m., awāṇ. sìṅg, P. siṅg m., WPah.bhad.bhal.khaś. śiṅg n., (Joshi) śī˜g m., Ku. sīṅ, N. siṅ, A. xiṅ, B. siṅ, Or. siṅga, Bhoj. sī˜gi, Aw.lakh. H. sī˜g m., G. sĩg n., M. śī˜g n., Ko. śī˜ṅga, Si. han̆ga, an̆ga, pl. aṅ (sin̆gu ← Pa.).śārṅga -- , śr̥ṅgín -- , śr̥ṅgī -- ; *śr̥ṅgadrōṇa -- , *śr̥ṅgapaṭṭa -- , *śr̥ṅgamāta -- , *śr̥ṅgayukta -- , *śr̥ṅgāsana -- ; *ut -- śr̥ṅga -- ; karkaṭaśr̥ṅgī -- , cátuḥśr̥ṅga -- , mēḍhraśr̥ṅgī -- ; -- śr̥ṅgāra -- ?Addenda: śr̥ṅga -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) śīˊṅg m. ʻ horn ʼ, J. śīṅg m., Garh. 'siṅg.(CDIAL 12583)