Aman Iman One thousand Berber and Hassaniya words and their variants concerning traditional water resources, irrigation systems, crops and cultivation © Simon Fitzwilliam-Hall (2012) Introduction Water Rivers and Streams Lakes, Ponds and Natural Pools Springs Wells Drawing Water The Shadoof The Draw-well Ropes and Buckets Hydraulic Wheels The Qanat Barrages and Diversion Dams Irrigation Canals and Channels Cisterns, Tanks and Pools Water Mills Irrigation Turns, Shares and Measuring Water Water Masters and Well-Diggers Cultivated and Irrigated Lands Cultivation and Crops Discussion References Appendix 1: Dialects, Tribes, Peoples and Places Mentioned in the Lexicon 1 I have compiled this lexicon of Berber and Hassaniya words on traditional water resources, irrigation systems, cultivation and crops with three aims in mind: 1. To investigate, from a linguistic perspective, the traditional knowledge and skills of the Berber-speaking peoples in water husbandry and irrigation agriculture across the dry lands of Northern Africa. 2. To present in English, for the first time, a comprehensive collection of terms in the Berber dialects relating to a broad semantic field so that their commonalities, differences, origins and influences can be more readily seen and assessed. 3. To record also the Hassaniya Arabic terms in this field in order to identify words adopted from Berber, and so that Hassaniya terms may be compared with classical Arabic and Maghrebi loans into Berber. Due to the great variety of transcription systems used by the authors consulted no attempt has been made to standardize the orthography. Berber words are shown as they are found in the sources, with occasional simplification of complex vowelling systems. In general the French circumflex indicating a long vowel has been flattened to conform to Anglophone practice. For the benefit of the non-linguist, symbols and abbreviations have been kept to a minimum. Ar. = Arabic; class. = classical; an asterisk * before an entry indicates a hypothetical reconstructed proto-word; cf. is an abbreviation of Latin confer, and should be read as compare to the following). A descriptive list of peoples, tribes, dialects and places mentioned in the lexicon is appended after the references. I use the term Maghreb here to refer to North-West Africa – the area corresponding to present-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Tripolitania (western Libya). Maghrebi Arabic is the Arabic dialect spoken in this region. __________________________________________________ Introduction Berber is spoken today in some twenty-five distinct but closely related languages or dialects by an estimated 20+ million people (Chaker, 2004) in various widely-separated mountain regions, desert oases, Saharan massifs and borderlands, scattered across eleven North African and Sahelian countries. These refugia are islands in an ocean of Arabic and although there has been a recent revival in Berber identity and cultural cohesion, the language is in retreat. Very few non-Berbers know anything about it and fewer still speak it. The term Berber , as applied to both the language and people, is an exonym – a name, often pejorative, given by one group of people to another. It seems to have first been used generically for the peoples of North Africa by the Romans, in the sense of those who speak bar-bar or gibberish , i.e. barbarians, as indeed they called all foreigners who did not speak Latin or Greek. Berber-speakers themselves do not have a collective name for their group of languages. Each 2 language or dialect has its own name, such as Taqbaylit, the language of the Kabyles in northern Algeria, or Tachelhit, the language of the Chleuh people of Morocco s Atlas mountains. (owever both the Berbers of central Morocco and those of the Rif Mountains in the north of the country call their speech Tamazight, and this word, along with the corresponding ethnonym Amazigh, plural )mazighen, said to mean The Noble or The Free , occurs in similar senses in other Berber dialects such as Touareg. Greek and Roman writers referred more specifically to various North African tribes as Maxyes, Mazyes, Mazaces, Mazikes, etc., forms which are clearly compatible with Imazighen (Chaker, 1995). Whether all Berbers originally identified themselves as Imazighen and their language as Tamazight is not known, but the latter is increasingly used today to refer to a modern standardized Berber and even for the language as a whole. Here, however, I will retain the old name Berber for both the people and the language group, since it is so entrenched in the literature and it avoids confusion with the Moroccan dialects that are already called Tamazight. Linguists are undecided whether Berber is a single language comprising many dialects or a group of separate but closely-related languages in their own right. However, whether we call them languages or dialects, the varieties of spoken Berber today are remarkably homogenous even if they are not now all mutually-intelligible. They have unmistakable phonological, syntactic and morphological features in common and, as the accompanying lexicon reveals, certain core words are shared across the whole range of dialects. The Berber word for water, amān, for example, is the same everywhere. The logical conclusion is that the Berber dialects spoken today must have sprung from a single, original proto-Berber mother tongue sometime in the distant past. Exactly where and when proto-Berber was spoken, and when and why it subsequently dispersed and differentiated are unresolved questions in historical linguistics. A possible answer to the last of these questions is offered later in this Introduction. Despite these uncertainties, however, Berber can rightly claim to be the indigenous language of North Africa west of the Nile Valley, for there is good evidence that prior to the Arab invasion and settlement from the late 7th CE century, it was for several millennia the dominant language of about one third of the African continent, spoken from the Western Desert of Egypt in the east to the Canary Islands in the west, and from the shores of the Mediterranean in the north to the rivers Senegal and Niger in the south. Today Berber is still spoken, in one dialect form or another, in discontinuous clusters right across this vast area (see map). Proceeding from east to west: In Egypt the language survives only at the oasis of Siwa in the Western Desert. In Libya it is found in the Djebel Nafusa (Nafusi), around Zuwara on the west coast, in a few oases such as Awjilah, Ghadamès and Sawknah, and in the south-west of the country around Ghat (Tahaggart Touareg). In Tunisia, Berber is spoken on the island of Djerba (Shelha), and around Matmata in the south, having recently died out at Sened in the centre of the country. In northern Algeria there are three major populations of Berber-speakers: the Kabyles (Taqbaylit) of the Tell Atlas, the Shawiya (Tachawit) of the Aurès mountains, and the Chenoua around Jebel Chenoua west of Algiers. In central Algeria pockets of Berber- 3 speakers exist in the Mzab, Ouargla and Touat oases, and in the south it is spoken by the Touaregs of the Ahaggar mountains (Tahaggart). In Morocco there are three large groupings of Berber-speakers: in the Rif mountains of the north (Tamazight or Tarifit), in the Middle Atlas of central Morocco (Tamazight), and in the High Atlas, Anti-Atlas and Sous valley to the south, where Tachelhit is spoken by the Shilha or Chleuh Berbers. Further west, Guanche, a now extinct Berber language, was spoken in the Canary Islands up until the 16th or 17th century, and in the extreme south of Mauritania is a small enclave of some 200 speakers of Zenāga, a Berber tongue once spoken throughout most of Mauritania (Ethnologue) Moving eastwards again, Berber is still spoken across a vast area of the Sahara and central Sahel by the Touareg of Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, southern Algeria and south-west Libya. Their dialects – Tamasheq, Tamahaq, and Tamajaq – are so close that they are generally regarded as one tongue. The wide and fragmented distribution of contemporary Berber peoples in what could be described as marginal habitats – rugged mountains, desert oases, isolated massifs and plateaux in the southern Sahara, and the Sahel borderlands – is striking. It suggests a diaspora or a withdrawal to more defensible or more remote or more advantageous refuges in response to any number of historical factors – invasion and encroachment from outside (especially, according to the standard narrative, the Arab influx from the 7th century onwards, culminating in the so-called (ilalian invasion of the th century), internal migrations resulting from tribal, political or religious upheavals, competition for grazing and water resources, or even opportunities to exploit new ecological zones. No doubt these and others have all been contributing factors at one time or another, operating at various temporal and spatial scales, but given the antiquity of the Berber peoples clues to the present may lie in the more distant past. There is convincing linguistic evidence that the original Berbers, the speakers of proto-Berber, were nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists herding goats, sheep, and probably cattle (the camel was not introduced into North Africa until much later during the first millennium BCE), since names for these animals are similar across all dialects and can be confidently reconstructed for proto-Berber (Blench, 2001). Proto-Berber is thought to have separated from one or other of closely related Afroasiatic languages such as Ancient Egyptian, Chadic or the Semitic group (Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, etc.) sometime between c. 8000–6000 BCE (Pintado, 2000: 96; Louali et al., 2003; Blench, 1999: 44, citing Behrens 1985), and c. 5000– 4500 BCE (Blench, 2001; 2012), possibly in the region of Western Sudan, the Nile Valley, or Nile Delta. Egyptian records show Libyan tribes, who are probably Berber, mentioned as livestock keepers in the Western Desert c. 3200 BCE (Blench, 2001). During these millennia the climate of North Africa changed dramatically: in the Holocene Wet Phase or African Humid Period from c. 8500–c. 5300 BCE a wetter climate prevailed over much of the Sahara, supporting perennial savannah and steppe grassland interspersed with large permanent lakes; thereafter the climate turned drier, with alternating wet and dry phases, until c. 2200 BCE desert conditions set in, stabilizing around 1000 BCE in the arid and semi-arid conditions of today (Kuper et al, 2006; Vernet, 2002). Thus the dominating factor in the lives of ancestral Berber pastoralists would 4 have been the fluctuating but inexorable creep of long-term climate change across the region from humid to arid conditions. If the above dates are more or less correct it is reasonable to conclude that the proto-Berbers were highly mobile nomadic pastoralists who spread westwards and ranged across a greener Sahara for several thousand years, speaking a common language, absorbing and Berberizing other Saharan peoples, until a drying climate forced them to fraction and disperse as grasslands disappeared and water sources dried up. Consequently some groups adopted a more sedentary life, cultivating crops around permanent water-points in the Sahara and along watercourses and oueds in the foothills and mountains of the north. Over time, sedentarization and geographical separation caused the language to differentiate into a number of distinct dialects. Various historical factors mentioned above further isolated Berber tribes from each other and pushed them into their present enclaves. The crucial impact of climate change on the history of the Berber peoples will be examined in some detail in the discussion that follows the lexicon. Thus it is that the Berbers now almost exclusively inhabit dry lands with hyper-arid, arid or semi-arid climates whose defining characteristic is lack of water – very meagre and unreliable precipitation with great variations from year to year and place to place, high evaporation rates, few perennial rivers and streams – lands where irrigation is essential in order to grow crops. Although Berber peoples have historically adopted all possible strategies for living in this environment – nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralism, transhumance or seasonal pastoralism, agro-pastoralism (combining livestock rearing with agriculture), irrigation agriculture, even rain-fed farming in the coastal tell with its Mediterranean climate, as well as fishing, hunting and the gathering of wild foods – today, or until recently, the majority of Berbers are either sedentary farmers engaged in irrigation agriculture or transhumant pastoralists, who are also cultivators to a greater or lesser extent and therefore irrigators too: the transhumant tribes of the High Atlas in Morocco, for example, grow crops in their valley villages during the winter and drive their flocks up to mountain pastures for the summer, while the Shawiya of the Aurès in Algeria cultivate terraced crops in the mountains and move their flocks down to warmer lowland valleys in the winter. Even the Touareg, the last of the truly nomadic Berbers, maintain irrigated gardens, or at least depend on their more settled client tribes and lower caste clans to work them on their behalf. Irrigation is of such importance to many Berber communities today, as in the past, that they can rightly be called hydraulic communities , ones where the getting, management and distribution of irrigation water is the central organizing principle around which their physical, social, economic and political structures and relationships are formed. The array of traditional techniques and systems employed is impressive. Rainfall and surface run-off is captured and conserved through the terracing of hillsides and the building of earthen or stone retention walls and bunds across slopes and valleys, or harvested over wide catchment areas and directed onto fields; canals lead water off perennial rivers and streams to irrigate lands downstream, and floodwaters from seasonal watercourses or oueds are diverted by means of temporary barrages; groundwater is collected by means of gravity-fed subterranean infiltration galleries called foggāra in Algeria and khettāra in Morocco; springs are tapped and wells dug to reach groundwater that is lifted by various devices and machines operated by human or animal power. Most of these systems incorporate a ramifying network of irrigation channels, storage pools, water gates, deflectors and divisors and are usually managed collectively or at 5 community level by the irrigators themselves. Small-scale traditional irrigation systems are, on the whole, environmentally benign and theoretically sustainable, unlike the large state-operated dams and irrigation schemes on the one hand, and the proliferating private diesel pumps and tube-wells on the other, that are all but destroying them. Traditional systems are still to be found throughout Berber lands and are still vital to those who depend on them but they are in dire straits. The history of Berber agriculture, and irrigation agriculture in particular, is the theme of this work. When, why and how was the transition made from nomadic pastoralism to settled farming? Was agricultural knowledge, the assemblage of agricultural techniques, skills and crops, introduced into North Africa by the Phoenicians perhaps, or the Romans, as some maintain (arguing that only pastoralism existed before them)? Was it significantly changed or intensified by the later introduction of more sophisticated irrigation systems and technologies brought by the Arabs, known for their expertise in this field? Or was it an indigenous invention , the natural outcome of trial and experimentation by Berbers themselves adapting to changing climate conditions across their ancestral homeland? These questions refer ultimately to the origin of desert farming itself. My approach here is primarily linguistic – does language throw any light on this matter, and if so, how does it compare with the archaeological record? An obvious line of enquiry is to identify and examine two particular sets of words: common or pan-Berber words, and loanwords from other languages. Common words, or words that occur unchanged or as variants across all or most Berber dialects, presumably existed before Berber speakers diverged, in which case the word would have existed in proto-Berber, ab origine, and the item concerned should be relatively ancient even if we don t know exactly how old. However, this may not always be the case. It is possible that a word, not having existed in protoBerber, may have subsequently entered the language and been passed from one dialect to another over time, thereby becoming common , although, given the widely scattered and discontinuous distribution of Berber dialects over a vast area, this is less likely. The occurrence of a word in some dialects but not in others also sheds light on its history and possible origin. Loanwords are foreign words adopted into a language because, often, no native word exists for some newly-introduced item or concept, especially in the scientific, technical, trade and religious spheres, e.g. a newly introduced technology or crop. However this is far from true in all cases. It may be that a foreign term replaces an already existing native term for a number of reasons: the dominating influence of a conquering, colonizing, or sizable immigrant group; a perception of higher status attached to a foreign word; or for ease of communication between different language speakers in a heterogenous community, e.g. in trade languages, lingua francas, etc., with subsequent integration into the native language. Such substitution loanwords are difficult to tell from introduction loanwords, and are a pitfall for the unwary. Loanwords are an outcome of cultural contact and Berber has had direct contact with a number of languages during its long history. All are potential sources of loanwords. Arabic has had the most impact on Berber, not only because it has had the longest contact, nearly fourteen hundred years since the end of the 7th century until today, but because it has penetrated and dominated all northern Africa and all Berber-speaking areas. Additionally, it brought a new religion, with new ideas, concepts and terms. Not surprisingly, we find a large number of Arabic loans in Berber. Some loans occur across all dialects, others in only a few, and some dialects have more 6 Arabic loanwords than others. Working from a diagnostic list of 200 elementary lexical items Salem Chaker found that 38% were Arabic loanwords in Kabyle (northern Algeria), 25% in Chleuh (Moroccan Atlas) and 5% in the most southerly of Berber dialects, Touareg (Chaker, 1995, p. 118). We can deduce that Touareg has had less contact with Arabic than Kabyle and Chleuh, probably due to its greater geographical distance from the Mediterranean littoral where Arabic influence and civilization was concentrated. In this is a good example of substitute loanwords: no linguist would hold the view that all the Arabic loans that constitute 38% of basic Kabyle vocabulary represented newly-introduced things or ideas for which there was no prior word in Kabyle; most are simply substitutes or replacements. Before being exposed to Arabic, Berber had direct but limited contact with Byzantine Greek (from 533–698 CE), Germanic (as spoken in the Vandal kingdom in what is now eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya from 429 CE–534 CE), Latin (as part of the Roman Republic and Empire, 146 BCE–5th century CE), classical Greek (mainly in Cyrenaica, the eastern part of present Libya, c. 631 BCE–c. 96 BCE), and Phoenician/Punic (from c. 900 BCE–5th century CE). All of these languages, except Latin, were more or less confined to the Maghrebi Mediterranean coast and its immediate hinterland, and less than half the Maghreb was under Roman rule anyway, although this did include several areas which Berbers inhabit today. It seems probable that at some time Berber also had contact with Chadic, Nilo-Saharan, and Niger-Congo languages in the south-east and south, and that proto-Berbers had contact with Ancient Egyptian in the east. From all these pre-Arabic contact languages, only Phoenician/Punic and Latin loanwords have been identified in any number in Berber, and those relevant to our field of enquiry will be examined in the discussion that follows the lexicon. It is significant that Berber and three of these contact languages – Ancient Egyptian, Phoenician/Punic and Arabic – belong to the same Afroasiatic macro-family of languages. They all descend from the same common mother tongue, called proto-Afroasiatic, and thus share various traits including a great number of lexical roots. It is theoretically possible then that what appears to be an Arabic or Phoenician loan into Berber might not be a loan but a word shared through Afroasiatic inheritance. In the lexicon that follows, therefore, a few words presumed to derive from Arabic or Phoenician may in fact be genuine Berber. (assānīya, a Bedouin Arabic dialect or language of Mauritania, the Western Sahara and neighbouring parts of Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Niger and Senegal, is included in this lexicon because it has adopted a large number of Berber loanwords, mostly from Zenāga, a Berber dialect of southern Mauritania which was once spoken over much of the western part of the Sahara before being displaced by Hassaniya. Hassaniya is sometimes called Moorish (Mauré) by an older school of French linguists, although the term Moor has referred to various peoples at different times including the mixed Arab and Berber population of medieval Islamic Spain and Portugal, al-Andalus. The inclusion of Hassaniya Arabic also offers a useful link with the classical and Maghrebi Arabic loans into Berber. 7 References Blench, R. . The westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists , in L homme et l animal dans le bassin du Lac Tchad, Orleans, 15-17th October, 1997. Montpellier: IRD Editions. Blench, R. . Types of language spread and their archaeological correlates: the example of Berber , Origini XXIII. Blench, R. . Linguistic and archaeological evidence for Berber prehistory . Draft for Circulation. [0nline], Accessed 04/03/2013 http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/Africa/Berber%20prehistory%202012.pdf Chaker, S. (2004). Langue et littérature berbères, [online]. Clio 2013. Accessed 04/03/2013 http://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/langue_et_litterature_berberes.asp Chaker, S. (1995). Linguistique berbère. Études de syntaxe et de diachronie. Louvain : Peeters. Ethnologue (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Zenaga. Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Accessed 04/03/2013 Kuper, R. and Kröpelin, S. . Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa s Evolution , Science 313, pp. 803 -807. Louali, N. and Philippson, G. . Les Protoméditerranéens Capsiens sont-ils des protoberbères ? )nterrogations de linguiste , GALF (Groupement des Anthropologues de Langue Française), Marrakech, 22-25 Septembre, 2003. Malášková, Z. and Blažek, V. . Phoenician/Punic loans in Berber languages and their role in chronology of Berber , in Rethinking Africa s transcontinental continuities in pre- and protohistory, African Studies Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands, 12-12 April, 2012. Pintado, J. Enrubio . The Prehistory of North African Berbers , in Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology and Linguistics, ed. Arnaiz-Villena, A. New York: Plenum Publishers/Kluwer Academic. Vernet, R. . Climate Change during the Late (olocene in the Sahara and the Sahel: Evolution and Consequences on (uman Settlement , in Droughts, Food and Culture, ed. Fekri Hassan, Springer, pp. 47-63. 8 Water There are said to be two words for water in the Berber language: amān, common across all dialects and in current use, and ilel, which seems to be more ancient, is mostly preserved in toponyms, and may actually have had a more restricted sense as flowing water . In Hassaniya, water is mā, a variant of common Arabic mā . Both Berber amān (a-mā-n) and Arabic mā are traced back to a hypothetical proto-Afroasiatic word for water, *ma -, *may-, *maw-, common to all Afroasiatic (Hamito-Semitic) languages: thus Ancient Egyptian mw, Akkadian m”, Ugaritic my, Phoenician mym, Hebrew may, pl. mayīm, Syriac mayyō, Sabaic mwy, Maltese ilma, Ge ez māy, Harari mīy, South Cushitic ma a, etc.; in a large number of Chadic languages the word for water goes back to *amma, prob. plural of *ma . See my Words for Water in the Semitic and Afroasiatic Languages. ________________________________________ amān (pan-Berber, in current use and common to all dialects;): collective pl. without sing., water, waters; it is usually pronounced with a long second vowel as amān, except among the eastern speakers such as the Touareg and those of Ghadamès who say āman; amān is not a loan-word, neither from Arabic nor any more ancient Semitic language; as in all the Mediterranean civilizations, water is invested with a great number of symbolic values by the Berbers, above all, as a symbol of life itself; thus the Touareg expression āman imān, water is life , literally water is the soul or spirit , i.e. what it is to be alive (EB, IV, A179); āman, pl. without sing. (Touareg, Tamahaq): water (Motylinski); āman, pl. (Touareg, Niger); water, waters (Ghubayd); āman (Touareg, Ahaggar): water; waters (Foucauld); amān Zenāga, Mauritania): water (Basset); amen Zenāga, Senegal : water (Faidherbe); amán (Siwan Berber): water (Stanley); amen (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): water (Motylinski3); amān (Zenati, Mzab, Ouargla): water (Basset2); amān Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis, A chacha, Beni Menacer, and Haraoua, N.W. Algeria): water (Basset3); amān (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): water (Huyghe); amān (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): water (Bellil); amān (Rif dialects): waters; amān izizáu n: the blue waters, the sea (Biarnay2); amān (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): water; thus amān igluglen: stagnant water; amān irekzen: cloudy, turbid, muddy water; amān sfanin, amān isfan: pure, clear water; amān irkan, amān rkanin: salty or brackish water (Mercier); in the forms aemon, ahemon and amen the word occurs in the vocabulary of the Guanches of the Canaries; among the Saharans, particularly those of Timgissin, āman is applied to a mirage, which in the desert presents an illusion of the sea, a lake, or a stretch of water (Laoust7); in Kabyle, amān also has the meaning of sea (Pellegrin) In Rifian Berber: amān dimiçiden: sweet water amān dimercuga: bitter water amān dimellaḥen: salty or brackish water amān diesfan: clear, limpid water amān dijarweden: turbid, muddy water amān taççeren: running water amān ŷemeden: frozen water amān ibudden or ieŷemāan: stagnant water 9 amān iorsuden or iejsaren: fetid, stinking water amān ušriqen: brackish or briny water amān dismaden: cold water amān rubedden: tepid water amān wençar: rainwater amān entara: spring water (Ibañez) Toponyms: In the 11th C. El-Bekri mentions Aman Tissen, a place of brackish water, prob. aman n tissent, the salty water , on the route from Derā to Sijilmassa; also Aman )ssidan, water of the ostriches , on the same route (Chaker, p. 142); in the High Atlas of Morocco, amān is relatively rare in toponymy, considering its importance and universal usage: Aman Ulili, The Waters of the Oleander , the name of two villages in the Aït Semmeg; Dār Waman, Near the Water , the name of two azībs or summer-camps, one of the Gundafa, the other of the Aït Semmeg; Aman )issān, an azīb of the Urika; Talat Waman, Ravine of the Water , of the Gegaya; Ugg Waman, Above the Water , a village of the Gundafa; Maġfaman, that is to say iġf, head , and aman, (ead of the Water , equivalent to Arabic rās el-ma, a village of the Gundafa (Laoust3); in Tunisia: e.g. Chabet-el-Aman, Tell-Aman; in Algeria: Mina, Oued-Ouaman, Tizi Bou-Aman (Pellegrin) amān seems to be part of the compound word agelman, pl. igulman, also agelmin, tagelmint, pl. igulminen, a cistern, reservoir ; e.g. in Algerian place-names: )ghil )goulmimen, Ridge of Cisterns , Taguelmint, Tizi-Ouguelmin, Agoulmane, Haouch Agoulman, Ikhf-en-Tigelman, and the aguelman of the Saharan plateaus (Pellegrin); see agelmam/agelman Other compounds include mafaman, water diviner, dowser ; tawala n-waman, a turn of water in the irrigation cycle, tiremt n-waman, a part or division of water, the time during which one has use of the water; a unit of time used to determine parts of water (Laoust7, p.413) ilel, from root ll (Lybico-Berber): water; Provotelle, in one of his numerous publications, was the first to draw attention to the hydronymic meaning of the Lybico-Berber root ll to which he referred the name Lala, a locality to the south of Gafsa in Tunisia; Stéphane Gsell has cited also the old Lybian word lilu applied to running water by (esychius; E. Laoust, in his Mots et Choses Berbères , writes, The word is very curious for although it has disappeared, in this sense, from the language of the indigenous people today, it is found in some interesting derivatives: in the Djebel Nefusa, Djerba and Djerib, ilel designates the sea , whereas eilel in Touareg is a mirage ; il in Zenāga is a river , and slil almost everywhere means to rinse clothes or laundry ; among the )zayan of the Middle Atlas aslili is the flat stone on which one washes and rinses clothes ; also alili, the rose-laurel or oleander , the shrub par excellance of African wadis; in toponymy, ilel, ilil and tillit are frequent in the names of springs and rivers (Laoust7); ilel (Berber): water, an ancient Berber term, found mostly now in placenames; e.g. in Tunisia, Oued-Ellil, Lala, and encampments such as Telil, Tellala, Telaïl, Hr. Tlil; in Algeria, L (illil, Telilat, Aïn-Loulou, Oued-Lili, Illiten; Oued-el-Lil, the name of many wadis in North Africa, absurdly translated by some as Oued of the Night , in reality derives from the very ancient Berber ilel, running water (Pellegrin); ilel / ilil Tamazir t or Zenati Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): the sea (Provotelle); ilel, pl. ililen (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): sea 10 (Motylinski3); il / el / elli, pl. elloun Zenāga, Mauritania : sea; a river (Basset); lela (Berber): a spring, source; il (Zenāga, from supposed Libyco-Berber root ll): a large river (Pellegrin); but cf. ill, pl. illen (Touareg, Tamahaq): a rich pasturage, green and abundant (Motylinski); ill, pl. allioun (Tashelhit, Sous): a plot or parcel of land; a large bed set out to receive irrigation water (Laoust4) It is possible that this word survives in several dialects as *ilel or awel, pl. allen, wallen, a spring , which see under Springs eulma (Kabyle Berber): water, esp. running water (Pellegrin); possibly a composite from Berber il + Arabic mā , or simply from Ar. al-mā , the water mā, pl. emyāh (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. water; 2. by extension, a well; mwèha: a little water; meyyah: adj., with abundant water, of a spring or well, opp. to nāger; mā bāred: sweet water, cold ; mā hāmé: salt or brackish water, hot ; mā ekhal: very clear or pure water, black ; mā azreg: limpid, clear water, blue ; mā khedkhād: foul water, not drinkable; mā rāged: still water; mā jāri: running water; mā le-qdīr: water of recent rain; Beaussier has, rainwater collected in a pool, low ground or a hole ; ma fe-rgûga: a pool of water in ragg terrain; mā métrūh: literally, water placed or put, by God; water on the surface, in a pool; water coming from rain; in summer it is thought to be unhealthy for animals; in contrast to mā Nōh, water of Noah , or mā l- ogol: water from wells; called water of Noah because amongst the Moors the groundwaters are a relic from the time of the Great Flood; in a word, water that must be taken by the work of man rather than that which comes from the rain (Leriche); mā, dim. mouèha (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): water (Poussibet); variant of common Arabic mā lmœ (Hassaniya): water, in general; mméyyah: of a place, abounding in underground water; mmwēihe: a little water (Monteil); Hassaniya lmœ = Arabic al-mā In the Hassaniya tongue of the Timbuctu region water is qualified by a great number of terms: mā el ḥayy: living water of permanent wells, fed by groundwater, in contrast to: mā es shāb: water from storms which collect in temporary ogol mā el mèlḥ: salty or briny water mā sāken or rāged: stagnant water, used in particular of the argāb [sing. ragba, a permanent arm of the Niger ] where the water is permanent or semi-permanent mā founti or amkhabbath: dirty water, of bad quality mā azreg: clear, limpid water mā gersān: frozen water mā mourr: bitter water mā amazir or meïzir: reddish water, after a storm or strong wind; stagnant water in a well which has not been drawn for a long time mā mahmèj: water not exactly salty but brackish or suffused with natron or magnesium salts mā jdīd: new water, that has only recently been put into gerbas mā legdīm: old water which has been stored in gerbas for a long time 11 mā hāmed: water which has lain for several days in an old water-skin and become bitter mā moukhnez: putrid water, with a bad smell mā çāfī: limpid water mā çehīh: wholesome water mā thigīl: water which slakes one s thirst mā tīn or amtāyen: muddy water mā kīf lbhār: abundant water mā lbāred: cool, sweet water mā ḥāmī: hot, warm or brackish water mā lakhāl: very pure water mā jārī or seīl or sīèl or médafa : running water mā leqdīr: water of recent rain mā métrōh: surface water, in a pool or from rain mā mkhaouèdh: turbid, cloudy or muddy water mā mebloul: potable water mā nōh: lit. water of Noah , water from great storms which erodes the ijāren [sing. ajār, rill, gully ] on the slopes and causes weak livestock to die el mā aménen or toufāne: water of the deluge , the location of water in the ancient fossil oueds el mā chéïn: bad or dangerous water el mā amgargat: water saturated with salt; from which the name Agorgot is given to the salt-works of Taoudanni el mā akhèdkhād: water which has been stored for some time in gerbas and which has become almost undrinkable el mā maçgoul: clear, limpid water el mā amāsin: water which causes the sickness of the same name among cows and donkeys which drink it el mā makhdoud: muddy water 12 Rivers, Streams, Torrents and Spates Rivers and streams are traditionally exploited for irrigation by constructing upstream diversion barrages which deflect water into canals or directly onto cultivated lands. Irrigation using floodwaters from seasonal torrents and spates in this same way is known in Arabic as sayl irrigation. In addition, water for irrigation may be lifted from rivers and streams by a number of devices and machines, including large waterwheels driven by the river flow itself. Large perennial rivers are known as aghahar or egaraw in Touareg, ilel in Zenāga, and bḥar in Hassaniya and a few Berber dialects (from Arabic baḥr, sea, large body of water , referring to major rivers such as the Niger, the Senegal, and perhaps the Moulouya, Bou Regreg, Sebou and Oum Er-Rbia in Morocco, the Chelif, Seybouse and Summan in Algeria, and Medjerda in Algeria/Tunisia. The pan-Berber asif, river, stream, watercourse , corresponds more closely to Maghrebi Arabic oued, classical Arabic wādi, while Berber ighzer/ir zer is a seasonal torrent. ___________________________________________ adhar Zenāga, Senegal : a river, stream (Faidherbe); edha r Zenāga , leg : a stream or little tiyert, valley (Nicolas) aġçar (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect), iġçar (Guelaia dialect), pl. iġeçran or iġçaren: a river, stream (Ibañez) aghahar or ar ahar, pl. ighaharan or ir aharan (Touareg, Tamahaq): a watercourse, oued, valley, large or small, with or without water (Motylinski); aghahar (Touareg): a valley with a stream; a river (Newman); aghahar, ar ahar, pl. irghaharan, ir aharan (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a river valley; aghahar or ar ahar maqqeren: a large river (Masqueray); éghahar, pl. ighehrân (Touareg, Ahaggar): a valley (Foucauld); eghazar (Touareg, Niger): a pool, pond; a valley (DRB, I, 21) related to: egaraw, pl. igarawan (Touareg, Niger): a large river; the Niger; agarew, pl. igerwan: the sea, ocean; a great lake; a vast extent of water (Ghubayd); egerew (Touareg, Niger): the sea; a lake; a river (Bernus); ég ériou, pl. ig éréouan (Touareg, Tamahaq): a very large river such as the Niger or the Nile; the sea; Arabic bah ar (Motylinski); éğerew (Berber, NS1): a vast extent of water, a river, sea; the river Niger (DRB, III.895); éġéreou, or éğérew, pl. iġéreouen (Touareg, Ahaggar): the sea; by ext., a lake; a very big river, like the Niger or the Nile; also the Niger river itself; aril n aġéreou: the bank of the Niger; by ext., south (Foucauld); edjeriou (Touareg, Taïtoq): the sea (Masqueray); eǵerew, pl. iǵerwan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a river (Sudlow); igirîr or agerîr, pl. agouârîr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region; used mainly by the Kounta): a very long valley or oued, often with flowing water, even when the rains have fallen in the furthest parts of its catchment (Poussibet); Touareg aghahar/egaraw might be related to Northern Berber ighzer/ir zer, torrent , which see below aginchi (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region), adjenchi (Kel Antacar): the river Niger; by ext. that part of a river, or even an abundant well, in which one is out of one s depth [?] (Poussibet) 13 amrûkh (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): flowing water; a current of water; a synonym of mésyel (Leriche) ang i (Touareg, Tamahaq): flowing water; a volume of water in a watercourse; equivalent to Arabic sayl; by extension, a flood, a torrent; a watercourse having flowing water (Motylinski); anġi, pl. inġiaouen (Touareg, Ahaggar): running water from recent rainfall; tasenġit, pl. tisenġai: the bed of a valley, torrent, ravine or any watercourse, with or without water (Foucauld); andjî, pl. indjîaouen (Touareg, Taïtoq): current or flow of a river; a river, torrent, watercourse (Masqueray); anǵi, pl. inǵitan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a flood; a flow (Sudlow); anghi (Berber, Touareg): a torrent, rivulet (Knox); angey, pl. engeytan, ingitan (Touareg, Niger): flowing water; a torrent (Ghubayd); angi, pl. ingian (Tashelhit, Sous): a flood, spate; floodwaters (Laoust4); angay, pl. ingayn (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a flood, river in flood, spate (Mercier); see Berber root ng/nj and tasenġit asif, assif (Berber, Tamazight): a river or torrent bed (Houston); asif, pl. isaffen (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a river, stream (Justinard); assif, pl. issafen (Tashelhit, Sous): a river, stream (Laoust4); asif, pl. isaffen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a river, stream; a oued, valley (Mercier); assif (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a river, stream (Boulifa); sif (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a watercourse (Destaing3); asif, pl. isâfen (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a stream, river (Laoust5); asif, pl. isaffen (dialect of sedentary Berbers of Ghât and Djânet): a valley; not used in the Ahaggar (Foucauld); asīf (Djebel Nefousa): a river (Basset2); asif, pl. isaffen (Kabyle): a river, stream; tasift: a brook, small stream (Picard); asiff amoqran (Kabyle): a river, large river (Olivier); asif, asuf, suf, pl. isaffen (Berber): a water-course, stream, river; it also signifies, like oued or wadi in Arabic, a valley or thalweg (Pellegrin); isaffen, pl. of asif (Berber, Tunisia): streams (NITunisia) variant: souf, pl. iseffen Tamazir t or Zenatia Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): 1. a river, stream; in Bougie, asif, isaffen; in Nefousa, ousef (Provotelle); souf (Zenati, Mzab): 2. a marsh, marshland (Basset2); ousef, pl. iseffen (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a river, stream (Motylinski3); suf, pl. isafen and isaffen (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), asif (Kabyle): a stream, river (Huyghe); suf, asuf, asif, pl. isaffen (Berber): a water-course, stream, river; it also signifies, like oued or wadi in Arabic, a valley or thalweg (Pellegrin) asif (pan-Berber): a river, stream, watercourse, corresponding to Arabic wād and by ext. a valley, esp. in the pre-Atlas regions where the qs”r and the palm-gardens extend along the river bottoms; the form asuf means valley in Touareg, but the word, fallen into disuse, is only found in place-names; it remains in use, however, under the form s”f among Zenati speakers; e.g. an affluent of the Moulouya is called Wād S”f Eššerg, the eastern river valley ; a form with vowel a is found only in the plural, isäffen, but one can suppose the existence of a sing. sāf, which by metathesis explains the etymology of Fās, Fès, thus Wād Fās for Wād Sāf, an etymology which is more satisfying than all the others which have been proposed; indeed the author of the Qirtās reports a legend that gives Sāf as the name of the site of the ruined town on which Idris II built his capital; the name of the town of Safi, also called Asfi, Wasfi and Asafi, must be from the same root, and indeed it is sited on an estuary of a river whose 14 torrential flow, in the rainy season, often causes damage; at Mzab [Algeria], asafi is the basin or cistern of a noria; in the High Atlas, the name id bu asif is given to the people of the valley , who irrigate using the water of the river, in contrast to id bu ifran, the people of the cisterns , who use spring water collected in cisterns, ifran; the latter are more favoured since they never lack water and generally take two harvests, of barley and maize, whereas the people of the valley must wait for the arrival of the autumnal rains, especially when the rivers have dried up during the summer; those living upstream, id bu asif ufĕlla, are naturally more advantaged than those living downstream, id bu asif uzĕddār; in toponymy, the dim. form tasîft is not found except as a plural, e.g. in Tisaffīn, a village of the Ayt Semmeg in the (igh Atlas; the form Wansifen is the ancient Berber name of the Mu Rbīa ; in composition with other elements, asif occurs in Tansift, the river of Marrakesh, whose ancient name Fut amnis as recorded by Pliny is a form with t from a root F; in the High Atlas, Tamensift, for tama n sif, beside the stream , the name of a summer-camp of the Tifnut; and Tagasift of the Gedmiwa, Agersif of the Urika, Agursif of the Mesfiwa, Agersafen of the Ayt Semmeg and the Tifnut are all names of villages situated at a confluence of streams or rivers, ager, between , and isaffen, rivers ; it is interesting to note that an asif generally changes name along its course, taking that of the district or region through which it passes; as a general rule, it is the determinant of asif which gives the river its personality, e.g. Asif n Tesk”r, River of the Partridge , and Asif n )iġil, River of the Mountain , etc. (Laoust3) Further toponyms: Asif Inwal, a river in Morocco, a tributary of the Wad Tensift (Graberg); Asafi, deformed by the French as Safi, a town on the Atlantic coast of Morocco; the name has the same etymology as Fàs, europeanised as Fes or Fez, by metathesis of saf, abbreviation of isaffen, pl. of asif, a river ; the Umm ar-Rabi or Oued Oum er Rbia, a large river that waters the plains of central Morocco, called in Berber Asif Wànsifen, that is to say, River of Rivers , just as they call the Atlas Adràn n )draren, Mountain of Mountains (El Fasi); frequent in North African toponymy, notably in Morocco where the form asif is still in use; e.g. in Algeria, suf is the origin of the ancient names Sava, now la Soumam; Ad Sava municipium, now Hammam-Guergour; Savus, now Harrach; Sufasar, now Amoura, etc.; Subus, ancient name of the Seybouse, and Subusus, ancient name of Sebou, Morocco, are perhaps a Latin transcription of suf, or a word derived from it; today, Oued Souf, Oued Souf-Lat, Souf-et-Tell, Acif-Boulma, Oued Sefsif, near to Tlemcen, Oued Soufiguig, and Le Sebaou which is the francised name for the Kabyle Asif n-Savaou, a name which contains suf twice; in Ahaggar, Tasouft, a valley, and several Asouf Mellen, White Valley ; in Tunisia, the ancient names of Sufibus, now Sbiba, and Sufetula, now the arabised Sbeitla or Sbitla, Flowing Spring ; Oued Ousafa, anciently Usappa-Ausafa municipium, a name in which suf appears twice; Suf nTittawin, Valley of the Springs , arabised as Foum-Tatahouine (Pellegrin); in Morocco: e.g. Aguercîf, mentioned by El-Bekri as Agersif and Gersif, a town situated on the Moulouïa; composed of ger, between , and asif, a river ; also mentioned by El-Bekri, Stafsif, The Black River , the name of the river at Tlemcen, composed of staf, black , and asif, a river (Chaker); also Agersif, east of Tiznit in southern Morocco baṭ-ḥa, pl. bṭâh , dim. bṭêḥa (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. low and sandy ground which becomes the bed of a temporary oued; 2. a watercourse in the same; 3. a sandy valley; 4. among the Régueibât, sand (Leriche); bat ḥâ (Mauritania): a wide, flat and sandy valley, suitable for the cultivation of date-palms; the bat ḥâ of Chenguetti, the most beautiful in the country, is distinguished from all the others by flowing from west to east rather than east to 15 west; the dates of Chenguetti are among the best of the Adrar (Ech-Chenguiti); baṭ-ḥa, coll. boṭ-ḥ (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a sandy valley at the foot of mountains which becomes a bed for the run-off from the slopes, retaining the water for some hours, and after a heavy storm, for some days, and resembling then a true watercourse (Pierret); baṭ-ḥa, pl. b-ṭaḥ, coll. boṭ-ḥ, dim. bṭeḥa (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): more exactly than meaning 1 of Leriche above, the flat, sandy and wide bed of an oued, where the water overflows its true channel each flood-time and deposits its load of sand; baṭ-ḥet l oued: the actual course of an oued; boṭ-ḥ men serdoun: a long belt or line of Aristida acutiflora (Poussibet); lbaṭ-ḥa, pl. lebṭāḥ (Hassaniya): sand in general; grains of sand, quartz; a sandy tract; the sandy bed of an oued, which may run with water when it rains; baṭḥet-lebhar: a sandy beach, sandy sea-shore (Monteil); cf. Arabic baṭ-ḥa, baṭiḥ, baṭiḥah, a wide watercourse or flood-bed with small pebbles; a broad, shallow river bed; a wide, shallow, stagnant body of water (Groom) bḥar, pl. bḥûr (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the sea; a river; distinguished as bḥar el mâleh, the salt bhar , or bḥar le-kbîr, the great bhar , for the ocean, sea, and bḥar el bâred, the cold bhar , or bḥar le-hlu, the sweet bhar , a river, stream; dim. bḥeïra, little sea , the name of a palm-grove at Tidjikja (Leriche); bḥar, pl. bḥour (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a large river (Pierret); bħar (Hassaniya, Mali): a river; the Niger river; bħayra: dim., name of a salty well near Taoudenni (Heath); bḥar, pl. bḥour, dim. bḥeïra (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a river; a riverine region; bḥar lmelh, lit. the salty bhar , or bḥar el akhdar, lit. the green bhar : the sea; ḥassi bḥéré or kif lbḥar: a very abundant well; in toponymy: Lebhaïré, the name of a well at Taoudanni (Poussibet); bḥar, pl. bḥur (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): sea, ocean; a great river (Huyghe); bh ar, pl. beh our (Kabyle, Zouaoua): sea (Basset5); from Arabic baḥr, pl. biḥār, buḥ”r, abḥār, abḥur, sea, large river cce bet, pl. cc abi (Figuig): a stream, runnel (Kossmann); perhaps cf. with Arabic tha ab, a watercourse of a valley; a channel in which water flows in a valley (from Lane) edehus (Kabyle): a river or river-bank (Newman) ighzer (pan-Berber): a torrent; a ravine; in the 11th C., El-Bekri mentions Ighzer, the name of a town, perhaps Boufarik (Chaker, p. 144); ighzer, igzer, pl. ighzeran, dim. tighzert (Berber): a brook, small stream, torrent, gully, ravine; in toponyms, frequent in the Kabyle, e.g. Ighzer, Tighzert, Ighzer-Amokrane (Pellegrin); ighzer, pl. ighezran, ighezrawn (Irdjen, Kabylie, Algeria): among the Irdjen, a deeply-entrenched ravine with rock walls and an intermittent flow of water; not to be confused with tasift, a brook, stream (Picard2); eghzer, pl. ighzeran or ighzerawen (Kabyle): a small stream in a valley; also pl. ighezran: ravines (Newman); ighzer, pl. ighzran (Berber, Tunisia): a ravine; a stream (NITunisia, NIAlgeria); ighzer (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a ravine; a torrent (Boulifa); iġzer (Beraber; not used in Demnat): a torrent (Laoust5); ighzer, pl. ighezran (Berber, Figuig dialect): a river, large river (Kossmann); ighezer Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a narrow oued (Battesti); iġzer, pl. iġezran (Berber, Central Morocco): a torrent, ravine (Laoust2); ighzer, pl. ighezran (Tashelhit, Sous): a ravine; a torrent (Laoust4); ighzar, agh za r, pl. ighzran, ighzar n (Rif dialects): a river, stream; also ighzaā, aghzaā; aghzaā n-uaman: a stream of running water (Biarnay2); ighzer (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a watercourse 16 (Destaing3); iġzer, pl. iġezran (Tashelhit, High Atlas and Central Morocco; from eġz, to dig, excavate, hollow out : a torrent; a ravine, narrow and deep, where the water runs clear and fast but may dry up in summer; in contrast to the iġzer, an asif runs in a more open valley, its flow is less rapid, its bed wider and more encumbered with rocks, pebbles and alluvium which are replenished during spates and through which run only trickles of water in summer, with here and there some pools stagnating in the sun; the word is well represented in the toponymy of the Deren: e.g. )ġzer n Taqqain, Ravine of the Walnut-trees , and )ġzer n Tadmant, Ravine of the (awthorn , both in Gedmiwa; )ġzer n Tisgi, Ravine of the Defile , in Glawa; )ġzer Tagrada, Ravine of the Plain , and )ġzer Taliwin, Ravine of the Little Springs , both in the Ayt Wauzgit, etc.; iġz: with the same meaning as iġzer, a torrent, a ravine; occurs in the toponymy of the central High Atlas among the Ayt haddidu and Ayt Izdeg (Laoust3); also ir zer, pl. ir ezran (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): oued, wadi, valley; hir zerth, pl. hir ezrathin: a ravine (Laoust1); irzir, dim. thirzarth (Berber): a ravine (Knox); ir zer, pl. ir zaren (Zenati, Mzab): a river (Basset2); irzer, pl. irezran (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a great stream, torrent; a ravine (Huyghe); ir zer, pl. ir zeran (Tamadjek, Ghat): a river, watercourse (Nehlil); ir zar, pl. ir ezran Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis, N.W. Algeria), ir zer, pl. ir ezran (Haraoua, and Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a river, stream (Basset3); ighzer/ir zer must be related to Touareg aghahar/egaraw, which see egunnih Zenāga : formerly, a little stream; in Mauritania, a place in a tiyert or interdunal valley where there is some vegetation, where one can cultivate or where there is already some cultivation (Nicolas) erhamrez (Rif Berber): a torrent; an inundation, flood, overflow (Ibañez) eshel, pl. ishelan (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): a torrent, running water (Ghubayd) eulma (Kabyle): water, esp. running water (Pellegrin); see eulma under Water eum (Kabyle): a freshet; a river in flood (Newman) il, pl. elloun Zenāga, Mauritania : a river (Basset); il Zenāga, from supposed Libyco-Berber root ll): a large river; ilel (Berber): water, an ancient Berber term, found mostly now in place-names; ilel: in the Djebel Nefousa, at Djerba, and Djerid, the sea; silel in Touareg: a mirage; lilu: ancient Libyan word applied to running water by Hesychius; ilel, ilil, tillit: terms frequently found in toponymy to name springs and rivers; e.g. in Tunisia, Oued-Ellil, Lala, and encampments such as Telil, Tellala, Telaïl, Hr. Tlil; in Algeria, L (illil, Telilat, AïnLoulou, Oued-Lili, Illiten; Oued-el-Lil, the name of many wadis in North Africa, absurdly translated by some as Oued of the Night , in reality derives from the very ancient Berber ilel, running water (Pellegrin); see discussion under Water ismir (Berber): in some Moroccan dialects, a watercourse; mir, smir: in Kabyle, to flow, run, pour, in relation to water; e.g. in Tunisia, Henchir Mira, and Smirat, a locality; in Algeria, Imir, a locality (Pellegrin); ismir (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): frequently found in other regions designating a watercourse; here in toponyms, Ismir, the name of a village of Gegaya, and Tizi n Ismir, a mountain pass at 2,335 m; a very short affluent of the Buregreg carries the 17 name Wad Ismir; El-Bekri noted the river Asmīr between Ceuta and Tetuan on the banks of which were several villages belonging to the Beni Ketrat, a Masmudan people; cf. Kabyle mir, to run, flow, be poured , smir, to pour, pour out (Laoust3) krâ , pl. kur ân (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a river, stream, watercourse ; 2. a depression or hollow in the land or in a oued into which water flows; 3. a stream of water coming from another stream or river; 4. in the Trarza region, a wooded valley; a synonym of wâd (Leriche); krae (Mauritania): an affluent, tributary (Ech-Chenguiti); kraâ, pl. krâeïn (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a long depression in the ground (Pierret); krâ , pl. kor ân (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a long depression in which the water of a river flows or stands; an affluent, tributary or arm of a river; a stream of water coming from a river; a syn. of dakhla; krâ men sdar: any long wooded depression; in toponymy: Krâ Dalma, a wooded tâyâret to the S.W. of )n Akounder; Ogda Kor ân, to the west of Abelbod (Poussibet); [perhaps should be compared to Maghrebi Arabic qar ā, q arat, q rāa, marsh, marshland, fen, bog, swamp, sometimes of great extent (Pellegrin); gar a, a vast depression subject to periodic flooding, esp. in Algeria and Tunisia (Whittow); garāa, in North Africa, a depression that holds water throughout the year, or for most of the year, whereas a merja has water only after the great rains (Pellegrin)] lfár a (Hassaniya): a branch, tributary or affluent of a river (Monteil); cf. Arabic far , branch : a valley or water channel which branches off from another (Groom); fra, fera, in the Sahara, place where the water of a wadi divides into several streams as it spreads out over a plain (Parmentier) lfēidha, pl. lfiyādh (Hassaniya): trickling, flowing water; the temporary floodwaters of an oued; the place where an oued spreads out between low and distant banks; a torrent flowing downhill (Monteil); cf. Arabic fayḍ, a river, esp. one which overflows its banks; a flood, inundation; a dry river bed; fayḍah: a wide, usually sandy depression into which many wadis flow; fiḍa : water running along the ground; in Morocco, a flood (Groom) m adher, pl. m âdher (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): a place where the water of a river or an oued or a pool has retired, allowing cultivation to take place; the m âdher have a characteristic natural vegetation (Poussibet); m ader, pl. m âder (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. in Mauritania, a place where those plants grouped under the name of adîr grow in abundance; they are izigzîg or Aristida papposa, tirichît or Andropogon faveolatus, nsîl or Aristida plumosa, and lahît le-hmâr or Aristida sieberiana; they are plants which make good pasturage for donkeys, cows and horses; 2. in the central Sahara, a sandy zone with vegetation where a oued debouches and spreads out (Leriche) mus ref, pl. ms aref (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a strong current of water (Huyghe); perhaps from Arabic saraf, a running stream (Groom) ng/nj (Libyco-Berber root signifying, to run, stream; to have flowing water : e.g. in ancient toponyms: Tingis, now Tangiers; castellum Tingitanum, now Orléansville on the Chelif; Tagensis limes, an unidentified Mauretanian territory; in Tunisia: Tignica, now Aïn-Tonga; Inuga, now Henchir Er-Reukba; Iunca, now Ras Yonga; Smingi, now Smindja; Thuburnica, now Al-Quelaa in the Oued-Enja; Tubernuc, now Aïn-Tebournok; and the present Oued Tindja, Djebel Ounga, Oued Enja, Oued Menga, etc.; in Algeria: the present Aïn-Nougue, Oued 18 Enja, the lake Tonga, Djebel Ouenza?, and probably N-gaous, representing the ancient bishopric Nicivibus, prob. Nigizubi, Nigi in the region of Zubi; Nici and Nigi are Latin transcriptions of the Libco-Berber root ng; there are in Algeria and Tunisia a number of Bir Naga, explained by the Bedouins as Well of the Camel , which might however come from this root ng (Pellegrin, p.71); see ang i, tasenġit omech Zenāga, Mauritania : a river, stream (Basset) ouēd, ouādi, pl. aoudīa, oudiān, ouīdān, dim. ouyīd (Ar., North Africa), variant of Ar. wādi: theoretically a perennial watercourse, a stream or river, but actually one with an intermittent flow, most often dry; a dry watercourse; a ravine or gully that flows after a rainstorm; a constricted valley; a river or torrent bed; as a place-name Pellegrin notes that oued is always followed by a determinative, the name changing as it crosses various regions; e.g. in North Africa, Oued-el-Melah, Salt Wadi ; Oued-ez-Zarga, The Blue Valley ; Oued-er-Remel, Sandy Wadi ; Oued-el-Ghorab, The Wadi of the Crows ; the province and town of El Oued, eastern Algeria (Pellegrin); oued, pl. ouiden (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): in Trarza, a wooded depression; in Adrar, a valley suitable for the cultivation of date-palms (EchChenguiti); ouad, pl. ouïdān (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a river, marigot (Pierret); wâd, pl. awdya, in the south wîdân, in Tagant and Adrar ûdyân (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. in its principal meaning, a wooded valley; its opposite is thus bat.ha; 2. in Adrar, a canalisation, channel, ditch, etc. for the irrigation of crops; 3. sometimes, a watercourse, stream; 4. rarely, a river; in Moorish, this is usually bhar; dim. ûdeï, pl. ûdeyyât in Adrar and Tagant, weïd, pl. weïdât in Trarza (Leriche); wâd (Hassaniya, Mali): a valley; a forest; a dry river-bed, usually with shrubs or trees; the outback, the bush (Heath); ouâd, pl. ouîdân, dim. oueïd (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the bed of a dry watercourse, marked either by the form of the land or simply by vegetation; a wooded depression or valley, the depression sometimes hardly noticable (Poussibet); lwād, pl. lūdyān, dim. lūdēi (Hassaniya): an oued, the dry bed of a watercourse, indicated by the configuration of the land or simply by the vegetation; sāil: an oued with running water (Monteil); ouad, pl. ouidan Zenāga, Mauritania, from Ar. : an oued, wadi, valley (Basset); elouadi (Berber, Ghadamès): a valley (Motylinski2); loued, pl. louidan (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Ar): a river, stream, valley (Biarnay); laoudhia (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a plain; a valley (Boulifa); oueddāi (Zenati, Ouargla): a plain (Basset2); lwäd, pl. widan (Kabyle, Irjen): an oued, watercourse (Picard); from Arabic wādi, pl. wadiān, wudiyān, valley, bed of a watercourse, river, torrent, ravine, pasture ; the closest corresponding term in Berber to Arabic wādi/oued is asif sāil (Hassaniya): an oued with running water (Monteil); seïl, pl. syūl (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania) : 1. running water, a current or flow of water; 2. a flood, inundation; floodwaters; seil leghf: a very powerful flood with seething waters (Leriche); seïl, pl. syoul (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): 1. the bed of a torrent; 2. a violent flood (Poussibet); cf. Arabic sayl, pl. suy”l, a seasonal torrent or flood flowing in a wadi after a rainstorm Related to: masyal (Hassaniya, Mali): a place where water runs each wet season (Heath); lmesyel, pl. lemsīle (Hassaniya): the bed of an oued; the central channel in the bed of an oued (Monteil); mesyel, pl. msaïl (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. the bed of a river, torrent, canal, etc.; 19 2. a current or flow of water; mesyel le-bhar: a strait (Leriche); mésyel, pl. msâïl (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): 1. the part of a ravine or gully where it widens out and where sand eroded from rocks on the upper slopes has been deposited; also the area just before the bottoms of the téyâret or interdunal valleys; 2. a current or stream of water (Poussibet); msîl and msîla, pl. msâïl (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. the bed of a river, etc.; 2. in Assaba, a valley wider than a tâyâret, with wells (Leriche); msila, pl. msail (Mauritania): a channel or low ground where floodwaters flow (Ech-Chenguiti); cf. Ar. masīl, a sayl-bed, torrent bed, flood-channel, watercourse; a small river or stream (Groom) sif, souf, suf: a stream, river; variants of asif, which see taghezzit, pl. tighezza (Touareg, Ahaggar): the bed of a valley, torrent, ravine, any watercourse, etc., with or without water (Foucauld); tar ezzit, pl. tir ezza (Touareg, Tamahaq): a wadi bed (Motylinski); tar ezzit, pl. tchir ezza (Tamadjek, Ghat): a stream, brook (Nehlil); cf. theghezzuth, pl. thigezza (Kabyle): a river bank, often flooded (Newman) tala, pl. taliouin (Ouargla): a river (Basset2); usually spring, fountain ; see under Springs tamayort, pl. timayoren (Touareg, Niger): a flood (Ghubayd) tasenġit, pl. tisenġai (Touareg, Ahaggar): the bed of a valley, torrent, ravine or any watercourse, with or without water; anġi, pl. inġiaouen: running water from recent rainfall (Foucauld); see ang i and root ng/nj tasift, dim. of asif (Irdjen, Kabylie, Algeria): among the Irdjen, a more or less perennial brook or stream whose flat moist banks may be cultivated in plots called taghzuyt, pl. tighuzza (Picard2); see asif tat , that (Siwan): a river (Basset4); tat ouent, pl. tit ouna (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a brook, stream; a water conduit, irrigation channel, canal (Motylinski3); cf. Siwan tot , spring ; see tiṭ, under Springs tedjert, pl. tidjerin (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a stream (Masqueray); teg ert, pl. teg erin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a stream, with water; a permanent trickle of water in a small or large oued (Motylinski); têġert, pl. têġrîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a perennial or near perennial stream or streamlet running naturally at the bottom of a valley (Foucauld) teher (Touareg, Beni Musa): a small torrent (Newman) télaga (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the floodwaters which periodically feed and reunite the permanent and semi-permanent pools which have been cut off by the receding waters of the Niger; télaga el bèdhâ: a sandy place in a ragba or arm of the Niger from which the water has receded (Poussibet); tilegge, tīlegge (assaniya; from Zenāga : 1. water falling around the mouth of a well, after it has been drawn up; 2. the place where water drawn from a well is discharged or poured before being distributed among the irrigation channels; 3. waters, a mass of water; 4. same as Poussibet above (Taine-Cheikh) 20 tharia, pl. thiriouin (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a stream, brook (Basset3); tharia/tharga usually canal, irrigation channel ; variants of targa, which see under Irrigation Channels and Canals, etc. thas dhdhia, pl. thisdhdhiuin (Rif dialects): a small watercourse, stream (Biarnay2) thebjut, pl. thebjutin (Kabyle): a rivulet (Newman) tižīrīt, pl. tižarāten, also lmesyel, pl. lemsīle, and žža eb, pl. žža bœ, also lekhlīž, pl. lkhelžān, and nneger (Hassaniya): the bed of an oued; the central channel in the bed of an oued (Monteil) tufan (Rif Berber): an inundation, deluge, flood (Ibañez); from Arabic ṭ”fān, flood, inundation, deluge wād, lwād, etc. (Hassaniya): an oued, the dry bed of a watercourse; cf. Arabic wādi; see main entry oued zaġçarz, pl. ziġeçrazin (Rif Berber): a rivulet, steamlet (Ibañez) zarga, pl. zirgiwin or zargwin (Rif Berber, Buqoia), zarya, pl. zarywin (Guelaia): an open acequia, irrigation canal or channel; a rivulet, small stream, brook (Ibañez); var. of targa, usually irrigation canal or channel , which see under )rrigation Channels and Canals 21 Lakes, Natural Pools, Ponds and Waterholes While there are few large permanent lakes in Berber lands, smaller seasonal or temporary pools abound and are well represented in the language. Though perhaps more useful as waterholes for livestock than for the irrigation of crops, permanent pools fed by springs can be utilized by means of water-lifting devices, while temporary rain-fed pools in the plains and valleys provide moist margins for opportunistic planting. The pan-Berber agelman/agulmim, denoting any sized lake or pool of fresh standing water, is widespread among all Berber speakers, while tamda/amda is confined to the northern dialects. The terms in Hassaniya are mostly from Arabic – qalta, a more or less permanent pool in the mountains or among rocks , dhaya, seasonal pool of the plains , and ghadīr, temporary pool – while tîchilît, also a temporary pool , is borrowed from Zenāga Berber. ___________________________________________________ agelmam (pan-Berber), with regional variants: any natural reservoir of fresh water of any size, from a simple pool of water to a lake; prob. an ancient word composed of g-l, with the sense of standing, setting, suspending , and amān, waters ; if this is correct, the Moroccan form is the most conservative (EB, II, 102); ag elmam, pl. ig elmamen (Touareg, Tamahaq): any natural pool of water, permanent or temporary, of any size and in any ground; equivalent to Arabic r edir (Motylinski); aġelmam, pl. iġelmâmen, dim. taġelmamt, pl. tiġelmâmîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a natural reservoir of water, a lake, pool, pond, basin, etc., of any size and in any terrain, permanent or temporary, holding water for a long time or briefly (Foucauld); agilman, agilmanem, agelman (Touareg): in Aïr, a pool in a ravine, or in the sandy river valleys where a bowl of rock has formed; they are pretty but the water is usually foul (Rodd); agelmam, pl. igelmaman (Touareg, Niger): any natural pool of water (Ghubayd); adjelmam, pl. idjelmamen (Tamadjek, Ghat): a pool, pond, lake (Nehlil); adjelmam, pl. idjelmamen (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a pool, pond, lake (Masqueray); agelmam, pl. igelmamen (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a pool, lake; the word agelmam designates a hollow or depression in the land which is filled with rain water, i.e. the ghadir of the Arabs, while tala signifies a pool or pond fed by a spring (Motylinski3); agoulmim, pl. igoulmimen (Kabyle): a pool, pond, mere, lake; also Kabyle thamd a, thaherharth (Olivier); agelmam, igelmamen (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), agelmim, also as arij (Kabyle): a reservoir, tank, pool, lake, fish-pond (Huyghe); agulmīm, pl. igulmiām (Kabyle): a lake; dim. thagulmīmt, pl. thigulmiām: a pond (Newman); agelmam (Berber, Central Morocco): a pond, pool, mere (Laoust2); agelman, pl. igelmamen, dim. tagelmamt, pl. tigelmamin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a lake; a pond, pool (Mercier); agelmam (Beraber; not used in Demnat): a pond, pool (Laoust5); azelmam, ajelmam (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a marsh, marshland; a bog (Destaing3); agelmīm (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a pool or pond esp.[in contrast to a tamda] one without any outlet or stream; does not appear in the toponymy of the High Atlas but occurs in the AntiAtlas with the pronunciation gleimim, vulgarly gulimim, the name of a post-station on the right bank of the wād N”n; Gulmima, a palm-oasis on the banks of the Ġeris; and Agelmām, the name of a great number of tiny lakes high in the mountains (Laoust3); agoulmim (Tashelhit, Sous): a pool, pond or lake (Laoust4); agoulmim (Rif dialects): a lake, pool, pond (Biarnay2); agoulmim (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a pond, pool, mere (Justinard); agwlmim 22 (Chleuh): a pool of standing water, connected to a river; agelmam, ayelmam, ajelmam, var. agelman (Central Morocco): a lake, large pool of standing water; ayelmam (Beni Iznacen): a puddle, pool, plash of water; aggwelmam (Senhadja de Sraïr): a lake , pool, pond of water; ağelmam, agelmam, ayelmam, agerman, iyerman (Rif dialects): a lake, pool, pond of standing water; a cistern, watering-tank, trough; a hole or hollow dug in the ground to gather rainwater for watering of livestock; agwelmim (Kabylie): a water-point of standing water, a pool; agelmam, agelmim (Chaoui): a drinking-place, drinking-trough, basin, reservoir dug in the ground, a lake, pond, pool, lagoon, fish-pond; gelmam (Beni Snous): a little lake; ağelmam (Touareg, Ahaggar): a natural reservoir of water, a lake, basin, pool, etc.; agelmam (Touareg, Niger, Iwlemmden), égelmam (Niger, Aïr): any natural reservoir of water, lake, pool, etc.; agyelmam (Adrar des Ifoghas): a lake, pool, natural reservoir of water; ağelmam (Ghat): a pool of standing water, a lake, pool, pond, marsh (DRB, III. 781-782); agolmin (Berber): a pool, pond; ajelmam: in the northern Sahara, a lake (Knox); agelman, pl. igulman, also agelmin, tagelmint, pl. igulminen (Berber): a cistern, reservoir; in Kabyle, it also has the meaning of a pool, pond; e.g. in Algeria, )ghil )goulmimen, Ridge of Cisterns , Taguelmint, Tizi-Ouguelmin, Agoulmane, Haouch Agoulman, Ikhf-en-Tigelman, and the aguelman of the Saharan plateaus (Pellegrin); aguelman, aguelmam (Berber, Tunisia): a lake (NITunisia); agulmam, pl. igulmàmen, dim. tagulmàmt, pl. tigulmamen (Berber): a lake; a number of lakes and other places carry this name, usually deformed by the French, such as Agulmim, the caravan centre in the Agadir region of Morocco, called Goulimine (El Fasi); aguelmam (Berber, Morocco): a lake (NIMorocco); aguelman, aguelmam: a lake (NIAlgeria, NITunisia); perhaps formed from aman, pl. without sing. (Berber): water; in current use and common to all dialects (Pellegrin); the region of Aguelmanes in the Middle Atlas of Morocco, to the south of Azrou, takes its name from the numerous lakes of volcanic origin which occupy various craters and fractures; the largest and best known at 3 km long and 2000 m altitude is the aguelmane of Sidi Ali ou Mohand whose mausoleum is on a peninsula on the south shore at the foot of a limestone cliff (EB, II, A102) Although agelman designates any kind of natural pool of standing fresh water in the Touareg dialects, many types are differentiated, with great precision, within this generic term: e.g. ağel hok, anâhogh, tağidda, tawârdé, tesâhaq, tesak/tesaq, téwegh, which see also agermam, pl. igermamen, dim. zagermant, pl. zigermamin (Rifian Berber, Buqoia), ayermam, pl. iyermamen, dim. zayermant, pl. ziyermamin (Guelaia): a natural pool formed by the accumulation of rainwater; an artificial pool or basin to collect and store water for livestock, an alberca (Ibañez); ag rman, pl. ig rman n (Rif dialects): a pool, pond; ag rman, pl. igrmauen: a hole or pit dug in the ground to collect rainwater for the watering of domestic animals; iîerman, pl. iîermauen: a pool, pond (Biarnay2) and tigelmamin, dim. of agelmam (Chaouia, Aït Frah, Aurès, Eastern Algeria): literally, a little lake, small pool, but among the Aït Frah the word signifies a cultivated place, prob. because in this quasi-Saharan region there are no lakes, or none for some considerable distance, so the word for a water feature has been transferred to a piece of land that retains some moisture in the soil and is therefore suitable for cultivation (Basset1948) alegh or aler , pl. ilīghān or ilīr ān (Zenati, Ouargla): a pool, pond, mere (Basset2); poss. the same as aligh, shallow well , which see under Wells 23 amda, pl. imdwan, dim. tamda, pl. timdwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pond, pool (Mercier); amda (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a pond, pool, lake (Laoust5); amda (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a pool, pond, puddle (Boulifa); amda, pl. imdwan, also tanda (Tashelhit, Sous): a pool, pond or lake, connected to a stream or river (Laoust4); variant of tamda, which see anâhogh, pl. inouhagh (Touareg, Ahaggar): a hollow which when it rains or there is a flashflood becomes a natural reservoir of water for a fairly long time, six months or more (Foucauld); anâhogh: a hollow forming a reservoir of water for several months (EB, II, A102) aššermeš, ashshermesh Zenāga : a pool, pond; equivalent of (assaniya dhaia, a temporary pool (Nicolas) dhâya, pl. dhî (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a temporary pool of the plains, which forms after rain in a clayey bottom; low ground or a basin where rainwater collects to form a temporary pool; the word does not appear in classical Arabic (Leriche); dhaia (Mauritania; from Arabic adhât): a depression which tends to collect and store rainwater (Ech-Chenguiti); d āïè, coll. d ī (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a winter pool or pond (Pierret); dhâya (Hassaniya, Mali): a small seasonally-flooded area; a marigot; sometimes cultivated (Heath); jild dhâya (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): clayey earth [on the bottom] of pools and ponds which shrinks and cracks on drying out (Poussibet); dhdhāye, pl. dhdhī (Hassaniya): a dhaya, a shallow temporary pool formed by rainwater on the surface of impermeable clayey depressions in the plains or the hammāda; a winter pool, periodic or permanent, in the Soudan Sahel; edhem dhāye: a dry dhaya (Monteil); in Eastern Mauritania the dhayas are large, relatively deep wetlands with important tree cover; they play an important role as watering-places for animals throughout the year; they support a great number of traditional and modern wells and a high output of market-garden produce which is usually grown in traditional enclosures (Kirsch-Jung); ddait (Tashelhit, Sous): low ground, a hollow, swamp, dhaïa (Laoust4); cf. Arabic dhaya, pl. dhayet, in Morocco, a lake or pond (Groom); small depressions in which fresh water accumulates, generically dayas, locally rōḍa, pl. riyāḍ, are characteristic of much of the…Qatar peninsula and (asa province of Saudi Arabia (Wilkinson, p.57) ebang, pl. ibangan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso; from Songhay): a lake (Sudlow) echchermich Zenāga, Senegal : a lake (Faidherbe); ichermech, pl. ichermechen Zenāga, cf. Ar. masīl, a sayl-bed, torrent bed, flood-channel, watercourse; a small river or stream Mauritania): a pond, pool, mere (Basset) eǵans, pl. iǵansan (Tamasheq, Tadraq dialect, N.E. Burkina Faso): a lake (Sudlow) eghazar, pl. ighezran (Touareg, Niger): 1. in Azawagh, a pool, pond; 2. in Aïr, a valley (Ghubayd); e.g. in Aïr, the Eghazer wan Agadez, the valley of Agadez; the valley of Iferwan, Selufiet, Tin Taghoda, is called Eghazer, that is The Valley or The Pool in Tamasheq; this generic term applies to all valleys, in conjunction with a definite place-name, e.g. Eghazer wan Agadez, but Eghazer designates only, in Aïr, the valley of Iferwan, which has given its name to the Kel Eghazer (Bernus4); eghazar, pl. eghezran, also eghašar, pl. eghešran (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a lake; a valley (Sudlow) 24 enahogh, pl. inuhagh (Touareg, Niger): a natural pool or reservoir of water (Ghubayd) ermarŷez, pl. ermeraŷi, also zamda, pl. zimdwin, and agentor uwaman, pl. igentoren ... (Rif Berber): a pond, pool, small lake, lagoon (Ibañez); the first cf. Maghrebi Ar. merja, a lagoon, marsh ; for zamda see tamda gelta, pl. glât (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a natural cistern or pool in the mountains where water seeping from a gettâra collects; a permanent pool in a place that is sheltered by rocks ; the gelta is a rock-pool whereas the dhâya is a pool of the plains ; in literary Arabic, acc. to Kazimirski, a pool in the mountains of such a depth that if a camel falls into it, it drowns, from which its name, from qalata, to die, perish ; in toponyms: Glât el Bil, pools of the camels , to the south of Awjeft in Adrar; dim. gleïta, pl. gleïtât, from which Lé-gleïta, synonym of Aïoun el Atrous (Leriche); lgelte, pl. leglāt (Hassaniya): a guelta, a natural permanent cistern or pool in rock or in the mountains (Monteil); guelta, pl. glett (Mauritania): a natural rock basin where water collects and remains (Ech-Chenguiti); the gueltas are the smallest of the Mauritanian wetland habitats, but are relatively deep, and despite their size support a rich diversity of species; they are supplied more or less throughout the year by springs emerging from rocky outcrops; they are relatively far from villages and are generally situated in rocky plateaux country (Kirsch-Jung); gelta, pl. legtāt Zenāga : a guelta or small pool of pure water among the rocks (Nicolas); elgelta (Berber, Ghadamès): a pool, pond (Motylinski2); from Arabic qalt, qaltah, a pool or hollow in a rock or ravine; a hollow or cavity in a mountain where water remains ; qaltah: in Morocco, a pond; a swamp (Groom) ghdir, pl. ghdair, ghedran (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a pool, pond (Huyghe); lghdir, pl. elghdir (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pool, pond (Mercier); ghdir (Tashelhit, Sous): in topography, a basin, bowl (Laoust4); ghdîr, also pronounced qdîr (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a natural hollow or pool holding rainwater for some time; mâ le-qdîr: water from recent rains; rainwater that collects in a pool or low bit of land or a hole; ghadīr in class. Arabic is a pool generally, with standing water left by a torrent or the rain; a little river, stream; a torrent (Leriche); qdîr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a temporary pool whose water is always fresh, not having the time to become foul; however, acc. to Duveyrier it is a rhedir [ghadīr], a persistent pool of water (Poussibet); leġdīr and lmeġder, pl. lemġāder (Hassaniya): a ghedir, r dir, a fresh dhaya (Monteil); also from the same root, meghder; from Ar. ghadīr, a pond, pool; a line of pools in the bed of a wādi left after a flood; an intermittent stream, creek, river (Wehr) guemba (Mauritania): accumulated water in a round depression; a term used in the east of the country (Ech-Chenguiti) ḥabâsa (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a place where water of an oued accumulates (Poussibet); ḥabbâse (Hassaniya, Mauritania): same as Poussibet above (Taine-Cheikh); see related maḥbes, under Cisterns, Tanks, Reservoirs, etc, hamda a, pl. himd iouin (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): a pool, pond, lake (Laoust1); hamdha (Chenoua): a pool, pond; thamda (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a well, pit, hole (Biarnay2); variant of tamda, which see 25 ifrd (Chleuh): an artificial pond or lake , for the watering of livestock; a hole or pit full of water, a pool or puddle of water; a natural pond, pool or mere; a cistern; tifertt (Central Morocco), tifert (Ntifa): a basin dug at the foot of a tree to hold irrigation water (DRB, III.617); see iferd under Cisterns, Tanks, Reservoirs, etc. irich (Kel Antaçar Berber-speakers, Timbuctu region): a pool, pond; Nicolas has eres: a waterhole; and o resh, eiresh: a scraping or hole in a wadi dug down to the water-table (Poussibet); cf. ires, waterhole , under Wells lagga (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a large mass of water; waters (Leriche); lagga (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the floodwaters of a river which flow into and unite the permanent or semi-permanent pools to form a krâ (Poussibet); see also télaga; cf. class. Ar. ludjdja, an immense mass of water; high water; the depths of the sea lemseille (Hassaniya, Eastern Mauritania): riparian wetland areas of medium size, with relatively deep water of long duration; more than one third of their area is wooded, principally with Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal; they play an important role in the watering of animals throughout the year; one finds there a great number of traditional and modern concrete wells, and market-gardening is commonly practiced in traditional enclosures (Kirsch-Jung); cf. cf. Ar. masīl, a sayl-bed, torrent bed, flood-channel, watercourse; a small river or stream ; see masyal under sayl l gligue (Hassaniya, Eastern Mauritania): a modified wetland area, whose name implies the presence of a barrage; they are relatively deep, with only a small proportion of shrubby cover; cultivation usually occupies a large area and market-gardening is frequent, associated with modern fenced enclosures; here there are a great number of traditional wells which allow the extraction of water near the surface due to the effect of the barrages; animals are watered here only in the wet season (Kirsch-Jung); cf. class. Arabic khalīj, a canal, or cut, from a large river; what is cut off from the main mass of water; so called because it is drawn from it; a river cut off from a larger river, extending to a place where use is made of it; a river on one side of a larger river; and, simply, a river; some explain khalīj as meaning a branch from a valley, conveying its water to another place (Lane) limnătchíh (Siwan Berber): a lake (Stanley); cf. Greek limnê, 1. pool of standing water left by the sea or a river; 2. a marshy lake, mere; 3. also, an artificial pool or basin (Liddell) melzem, pl. mlâzem, dim. mleïzem (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a fairly large pool which remains for several months (Leriche); a hard place, with abundant vegetation, where water from the rains collects (Ech-Chenguiti); melzem, pl. mlāzem (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a long-lasting pool of water (Pierret); melzem, pl. mlâzem, dim. mleyzem (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): a persistent pool (Poussibet) menhel, pl. mnâhel (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a watering-place; water point (Leriche); lmenhal (Hassaniya): a water point, watering-place (Monteil); menhel, pl. mnâhel (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): any water source, including wells, pools, and rivers; foum lmenhel: the bottom of a well where one finds the water-table; same as bled lmeng (Poussibet); cf. Arabic manhal, pl. manāhil, a watering place, spring, pool (Wehr) 26 mèshaoub (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): adj. designating land that has been watered by rain (Poussibet) netfiyya, pl. netfiyyât (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a natural reservoir of water whose edge is bare of vegetation and whose water persists for five or six months; 2. a cistern, basin, tank; in lit. Arabic nuṭfa, a more or less large quantity of pure, clean water (Leriche); [however, nuṭfah in the Lisān al- Arāb signifies a small amount of water; the little water remaining in the waterskin; also Lahayani said that it is pure water, little or not ] tamda, pl. timduin (Berber): a pond, pool, mere, lake, perhaps where the water is stagnant; any place in a river where the water is still and deep; e.g. in Algeria, the localities of Tamda, Temda (Pellegrin); in Tunisia, a lake, pond (NITunisia); tamda, pl. timedwin (Kabyle, Irjen): a waterhole in a stream or river [bed] (Picard); thamd a, pl. thimd oua (Kabyle): a pool, pond, small lake (Olivier); thamda (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a well, pit, hole (Biarnay2); tamda, pl. timedwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pond, pool, often stagnant; a marsh, marshland; a bog (Mercier); tamda, pl. timduin (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a lake, pool, pond, mere, whose waters are at a more or less constant level and flow out by a stream; the lake of Ifni is really called Tamda, without epithet; the word leads back to a verb edu, to wet, moisten, be soaked, saturated [found in Touareg], from which comes amedu, pl. imed”ten, land or ground saturated with water , a form which no doubt explains tamda, pool , and Tamuda oppidum), the name of the Roman town of Tetuan, The Sources , and Tamuda flumen , the Wād Martil, with a marshy mouth (Laoust3); tanda, also amda, pl. imdwan (Tashelhit, Sous): a pool, pond or lake, connected to a stream or river (Laoust4); tanda (Beraber; not common in Demnat): a pond, pool (Laoust5); tanda (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a pond or pool of standing water (Destaing3); thanda, pl. thinduin (Rif dialects): a pool, pond (Biarnay2) also amda, pl. imdwan, dim. tamda, pl. timdwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pond, pool (Mercier); amda (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a pond, pool, lake (Laoust5); amda (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a pool, pond, puddle (Boulifa); amda, pl. imdwan, also tanda (Tashelhit, Sous): a pool, pond or lake, connected to a stream or river (Laoust4); hamda a, pl. himd iouin (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): a pool, pond, lake (Laoust1); hamdha (Chenoua): a pool, pond (Biarnay2); zanda, pl. zandiwin (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zamda, pl. zamdiwin (Quebdana dialect): a pool or pond; a reservoir; a dam or dike across a river; also a deep pool or spot in a river (Ibañez) tasaq, pl. tisaqqen (Touareg, Niger): a small pool or pond (Ghubayd); tesak, pl. tisakkîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a natural temporary reservoir of water of considerable size (Foucauld); tesaq (Touareg): a large natural reservoir of water (EB, II, A102) tašût, tāšût, pl. tišûten, tīšûten (assaniya, from Zenāga : a permanent pool (Taine-Cheikh) temakast, pl. timeksen (Touareg, Niger): a natural pool of water in the mountains (Ghubayd) temasmaset, pl. timasmaseten (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a water-hole (Sudlow); also tebangawt, tekašamt 27 teouegh, pl. teoughîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a natural hollow, of any size and in any terrain, which forms a natural reservoir of water, for any length of time, when it rains or when there has been a flood; a natural hollow which becomes an agelmam when it rains or when it floods (Foucauld); tewarde, pl. tiwardiwen (Touareg, Niger): a natural hollow in a rock, where rainwater collects and is conserved (Ghubayd); téwegh (Touareg): a natural hollow forming a reservoir, of any dimension (EB, II, A102) thagulmīmt, pl. thigulmiām (Kabyle): a pond; dim. of agulmīm, pl. igulmiām a lake (Newman); see main entry agelmin/agelmim thaherharth (Kabyle): a pond, pool (Olivier); also Kabyle agoulmim, thamd a tîchilît, pl. tîchilâten and tîchâlâten (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a temporary pool deriving its water from a river or stream in the winter; 2. an affluent or tributary of a river situated higher upstream; 3. in the east and the north, a dâya or temporary pool in an aftût, a wide valley or plain (Leriche); thichilit or tichilit (Mauritania): a clayey valley which retains water; after the rainy season, when the marigots [small tributaries] cease to flow, the waters lie in the tichilits which become fewer and further between as the water evaporates and subsides (Ech-Chenguiti); tichillit: in eastern Mauritania, a wetland area of medium size, with shallow water that lasts only for a short time, important for the watering of livestock in the wet season (Kirsch-Jung); tīchlīt, pl. tīchelāten (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a pool or stream whose water is hidden by vegetation (Pierret); tašālīt, pl. tišalāten (Hassaniya): a pool or puddle from recent rain, lasting a day or two on the surface of the reg (Monteil); tišilît, tīšīlît, tīšlīt, pl. tišelâten, tīšelâten, tīšlāten (Hassaniya, from Zenāga : a marigot, temporary pool or lake, a marsh, marshland; a pool under the herbage and vegetation; cf. tšiži dh (Taine-Cheikh); from tshiji dh, tšiji dh Zenāga : a small lake; a marsh, bog (Nicolas) touemeritt, dim. of tamourt (Zenāga, Mauritania): lit. a little tamourt; a natural basin or depression of middling size, shallower that a tamourt, and of shorter duration; however it has a greater proportion of forest cover, most often Acacia nilotica; they play an important role in providing water for livestock in the wet season (Kirsch-Jung); see tâmûrt tshiji dh, tšiji dh Zenāga : a small lake; a marsh, bog (Nicolas); from which Hassaniya tîchilît zanda, pl. zandiwin, zindwin (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zamda, pl. zamdiwin (Quebdana dialect): a pool, pond or lake; a reservoir; a dam or dike across a river; a marsh, fen, swamp, morass; also a deep pool or spot in a river (Ibañez); variant of tamda, which see 28 Springs In Berber, there are four widespread indigenous terms for a spring of water – aghbalu, lela/ilel, tala/thala and tiṭ – and at least a dozen more localised or more specific words with meanings ranging from oozing seeps to gushing artesian wells , as well as three borrowed from Arabic – ayn, fawwārah and anser – the latter two rare. It is striking that many of these words for a spring, both Berber and Arabic, as in many other languages, also signify eye – ayn, awel, tiṭ, tala int. The most obvious explanation is that both may be said to weep, or flow, or well up (in Old English, welle, wella, wiell, wyll, wylla, wylle, wælle was a natural spring, not a well dug down to the water-table, hence the expression to well up _______________________________________ adri, pl. idran Touareg, Tamashaq, Niger , a crack in the heel : a spring issuing from a crevice or deep crack in a rock; e.g. in Niger, Adri-wa-n-izazzan, crevice of the vultures , and Adri-wan-tekerfen, the crevice of the caravans of the Kel Ahaggar , where springs flow out from crevices in the sandstone (Bernus1); adri, pl. edran (Touareg, Niger): a fissure in the ground; a spring of water (Ghubayd) aghbalou, pl. ighboula (Berber, Algeria, Tunisia): a spring (NIAlgeria, NITunisia); aġbalu (Berber, Central Morocco): a spring, source (Laoust2); aghbal (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a spring, source (Justinard); aġbalu / aghbalu, pl. ighbalu / ighboula (Berber): a spring, source; aghbalu is frequent in Moroccan toponymy (Pellegrin); aġbālu (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a spring (Laoust5); aghbalou (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a spring, fountain (Boulifa); aghbalu, pl. ighbula, dim. taghbalut, pl. tighbula (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a spring (Mercier); aghbalou, pl. ighboula (Tashelhit, Sous): a spring, fountain; also asagoum, lāin, talāint (Laoust4); aghbalu / aγbalu (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): also, an irrigation canal (Destaing1); aġbālu, pl. iġbūla, fem. taġbālut, pl. tiġbūla (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a spring; a fountain; in the Anti-Atlas aġbālu is applied particularly to the whole irrigation system; see Destaing, p. 51 (Laoust3); Boulifa derives this from Arabic gharbal, which is to sift, sieve, riddle , which makes no sense at all; the word is most certainly Berber. taġbālut, pl. tiġbūla, dim. of aġbalu (Tashelhit, High Atlas): a spring, fountain (Laoust3) Toponyms: frequent in Moroccan toponymy; in the High Atlas there are 17 names of villages with aġbālu/taġbālut, one of which, A in )ġb”la is formed of a Berber word preceded by an Arabic word with the same meaning; also places named Taġbālut n Sa )zrān, Spring of the Seven Rocks , among the Aït Wauzgit (Laoust3); in Algeria: Bir-Rabalou, Djebel Arbalou, Aghbal, Arbal, Oued Arbalou; in Tunisia: Ghebala, Er-Rbala (Pellegrin); Bir-Ġabalu, a small locality on the outskirts of Algiers, and Ain Ġbula, springs which water the city of Rabat; both are tautologies - the first signifies Well of the Spring , and the second, Spring of the Springs (Laoust7, p.412) ahir, pl. ihīren (Touareg, Ahaggar): a spring with an extremely weak flow, fed by one or several imperceptible underground streamlets (Foucauld) 29 ayn, pl. ayūn (classical Ar.): a flowing spring; also an eye; the classical Arabic word has been adopted in several Berber dialects, and, as expected, is common in Hassaniya, where it is also applied to dug wells and to narrow passages between dunes etc.; thus: āin, pl. āiun (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a spring of water (Huyghe); āuin, pl. iāuinen (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a source, spring of water; it is the fem. form tiāuinin which is most commonly used (Huyghe); l ain (Chleuh Berber, Morocco) : a spring, source (Justinard); la īn, pl. l ayūn (Tachelhit Berber, Sous; cf. Ar. ayn): a spring, source (Destaing1); lāin, dim. talāint, pl. talāinin (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a spring of water (Boulifa); ain: a spring that flows by gravity or pressure, a fountain; said also of indigenous or European artesian wells and of some ordinary deep wells at Mzab (Flamand) aïn, pl. aïūn (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a spring; used in this sense in classical Arabic and in the Qur an; 2. any hole or pit dug to find water and which supplies it; a well in general; aïn ajellaï: a well lined with bundles of branches and sticks of Acacia senegal or Acacia raddiana stripped of their thorns; aïn laço: a cemented well, laço from French la chaux which passed to the Moorish from the black Africans; aïn mezrûf: a well lined with timber boards or planks or with walls of stones; 3. a fountain, gushing spring; 4. in the north, a synonym of tāyāret, and in Waran and Erg Chech, a corridor between two arms of an erg or mass of dunes; a corridor or valley between two elb; e.g. Aïn le-Groûn, the valley of the horns , in Targa, in the region of Trarza; 5. dim. awīna, pl. awīnāt: in toponyms: e.g. Awinet Aït Ousa, Pointe de Blasco de Garay, where the Canarian schooners come to make their commercial operations, between the mouth of the Dra and Cap Juby in Spanish Sahara; Awinat el Mouls, the little flat level valleys , a place-name near Atar (Leriche); aïn, pl. āïoun (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a well at ground level, in rocky terrain (Pierret); ayn, pl. ayoun, dim. aoueïna (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): 1. a well at ground level lined with stone; 2. the groundwater feeding a well; each of the springs or trickles of water that converge on the mrāh el mā, the water at the bottom of a well; 3. a méhouen or passage that zigzags through an aklé or a koudia; a passage, pass, or series of corridors through a massif; 4. the dim. aoueïna only seems to be used in the sense of a small passage through an aklé or through a mountain massif (Poussibet); l ain, pl. le yūn, dim. l ewēine (Hassaniya): 1. a spring of running water, from a seep to a rill; a spring with no outflow, a water-hole at a constant level; 2. a corridor or passage between two ergs or linear dunes (Monteil); a dunal valley formed by the wind, in parallel series, between two lines of dunes, l eleb, with a width of 500 to 1,600 m.; in this sense see also Hassaniya tayāret, lgesbœ, lgoud (Brosset); weyne, pl. weynāt, dim. of ayn (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a little spring; 2. a small artesian well; 3. a little passage through an akle or a mountain massif (TaineCheikh) asagum (Central Morocco): a spring, source, water point; asagwm (Chleuh): a spring, fountain; asagum (Ntifa): a fountain; anagum Zenāga : a place where one draws water; a well; ağğam: (Mzab): the name of a small basin or tank which serves as a collection-point on a long irrigation run, allowing the watering of a larger area of land; all these from the verb agem/ağem/ayem, to draw water, from a well or spring (DRB, III.794); asagoum (Tashelhit, Souss): a spring, fountain (Laoust4); cf. asaġ, cistern 30 anṣer, pl. anāṣer, prop. anṣar (Ar., North Africa): literally the base, element, or principle of something; a source, spring, mother-spring; in toponymy, e.g. Ain-el-Anseur, [a tautology], in Algeria; Lanasser, for el-Anasser, The Springs , in Constantine province (Parmentier); anaṣeur (Arabic, Tunisia): a spring (NITunisia); ançer, prop. ançer, pl. anaçer (Ar., North Africa , the base, foot, lower part of something : a spring, a term frequent in Algeria but little used in Tunisia (Pellegrin); anṣeur, pl. anaṣeur (Ar., Algeria): a source, spring (PG); l inṣer (Kabyle, Irjen): a spring not fitted out as a drinking fountain (Picard); lāinṣer, pl. lāouanṣer (Kabyle): a spring; also thala (Olivier); l anṣer (Berber, Central Morocco): a spring, source (Laoust2); anṣer (Kabyle): a spring of water (Huyghe); apparently from class. Arabic unṣur or unṣar, origin, source , also an element, such as fire, earth, air and water ; a word borrowed into Berber but not apparently used in Hassaniya erāonsar, pl. erāanasar (Rif Berber): the source of a river; a spring (Ibañez); this would appear to be a berberized form of Arabic al- unṣur aq mum, pl. iq mume n (Rif dialects): a mouth, opening, aperture; aq mum n tara: the mouth of a spring; a place where the water of a spring emerges at the ground (Biarnay2); also aqemmum azzer, tizzert / tizzirt, and variants wizert, wawizeht, amazzer, tamazzirt (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): in toponyms all these variants denote a spring, esp. a little spring or springs, whose waters may flow together and form a cascade, according to the topography (Laoust3); see amazzer edabdab / adabdab, pl. idabdaban (Touareg, Niger): a spring; from atteb/etteb, to fall drop by drop (Ghubayd; DRB, III.444) geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania , that which flows or falls drop by drop , from geṭṭer, to drip, fall in drops : 1. a trickle of water; a spring with a constant flow which runs along a hill-side or mountain-side; 2. sometimes, an irrigation canal or channel (Leriche); geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the Bulletin de Liaison Saharienne No. gives from whence drops fall, a waterfall, cascade or trickle of water ; for the Sahara, Duveyrier, p. xxx, gives, a well fed by seepage ; said generally of a well at a higher level that feeds a second lower well with water that oozes, seeps or sweats in drops along the walls; in toponymy: El Gettāra to the east of Taoudanni (Poussibet); agaṭar en aman Zenāga; from Hassaniya geṭṭara, small lake, pool : the seepage or oozing of water, from a rock or the ground; Nicolas also gives Hassaniya iriji, a perennial spring in low ground = geṭāra , from Zenāga aoradh, i redhi, a little tiyert or interdunal valley ; and sāgia, in Adrar, an irrigation canal = geṭṭāra (Nicolas); from class. Arabic verb qaṭara: . to fall or flow in drops; to drip, dribble, trickle; to exude, filter, filtrate, percolate, distil; 2. to line up camels in single file or series and connect them with halters nose to tail; to form a train of camels; to come in successive groups , giving modern qaṭṭār, qaṭṭāra, a well or spring providing only a trickle of water , qaṭṭāra, a dropping tube, pipette, dropper, distillation still , qiṭār, a train of camels; railroad train , and other words with similar meanings. See Enquiry into the etymology of the word kheṭṭāra in Morocco 31 gheççouf or ghessouf (Berber, Ghadamès): a spring; gheççouf itezzel: a spring of running water; Gheççouf is the name given by the inhabitants of Ghadamès to the important artesian spring which waters the oasis; the word ghessouf or gheççouf is composed of ighaf, head , and souf, river, stream , or perhaps from ghef, on , or ghel, towards , and the word souf; it thus signifies the head of the stream , or towards the stream (Motylinski2) hala, pl. hiliouin (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): spring, source (Laoust1); hala (Beni Menacer): a spring; for Kabyle thala (Newman); see tala *ilel or awel, pl. alln, tallin (Chleuhs, Ntifa): a spring; concerning the common word for a spring, tiṭ, the Berber speakers of Ntifa, like the Chleuhs, do not use the plural tiṭṭauin but instead use a plural alln or tallin derived from a root l or ll, from which also come tala, spring , among the Zouaoua, and tara in the Rif; from plural alln one must suppose a singular ilel with the meaning spring (Laoust7); however Pellegrin and Dictionnaire des Racines Berberes give a different singular: awel, pl. allen, wallen Berber, Ghadamès , an eye : found in Moroccan toponymy with the meaning of a spring, source of water; e.g. in Algeria, Ouillen, and in Tunisia, El-Alouin, probably arabised forms of the Berber word (Pellegrin); awéll / awél / awall, pl. wallén / wéllén (Ghadamès): a spring; this word occurs as the plural of tiṭ, tiṭṭ, eye; spring , among many Berber speakers today, e.g. alln among the Chleuh, allen in Central Morocco, alln/tallin/tiwallin in Ntifa, allen in Kabyle (DRB, III.432); we should include here also lela (Berber): a spring, source (Pellegrin); [if Laoust is correct then allen/wallen/tallin would be connected to the ancient Berber ilel / tillit, water ]; see also tiṭ iriji, pl. arrouaji, dim. arouiji (Mauritania): a perennial spring at the foot of a great dune or of a koedia (Ech-Chenguiti); in toponomy: Khneg )rīji, a gorge in northern Mauritania; )rīji, springs, near Rachid; )rīji Niaoui, )rīji el Ksaïb, )rīji Aoueïnet Kellembar, )rīji Abdaoua, Dāya )rīji in central Mauritania; Taghada )riji, an oasis in Assaba, south-east Mauritania; also Iriji, a town in the Kayes region, Mali; iriji (Hassaniya): a perennial spring in low ground = getāra (Nicolas); irīji, pl. arwāja, dim. arweïji Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : a basin or cistern into which flows the water of a gettāra, and by extension, the gettāra itself (Leriche) lela (Berber): a spring, source (Pellegrin); see ilel, water; spring lfouara (Kabyle): a fountain, drinking fountain; thafouarth, pl. thifouarin (Kabyle): a fountain, drinking fountain (Olivier); both from Maghrebi Arabic fawouar, a gushing, artesian spring ; bir-el-fawouar, an artesian well (Pellegrin); variant of class. Ar. fawwārah, spring, fountain taba rurt (Berber, Central Algeria): a place where the waters of a spring gather together (DRB, I.160) tadhermih / tathermih / tatermih Zenāga : a resurgence, spring (Nicolas) taġbālut, pl. tiġbūla (Tashelhit, High Atlas): a spring, fountain (Laoust3); taġbalut, dim. of aġbalu: frequent in toponyms, e.g. Bir-Ġabalu, a small locality on the outskirts of Algeirs, and Ain Ġbula, springs which water the city of Rabat; both are tautologies - the first signifies Well of the Spring , and the second, Spring of the Springs (Laoust7); see main entry aġbālu 32 tahabourt, pl. tihoubār (Touareg, Ahaggar): a very small mountain spring (Foucauld) tala (Pan-Berber): a spring, fountain; widespread across the Berber dialects and found also as thala, tahala, hala, zara, and tala int, poss. also tānint tala, variants thala / tahala / tahalat, pl. taliwin / tilīwin / tiliwa / tihaliwin (Berber, Tamazight): a spring, water-hole; distributed across the whole of North Africa (Pellegrin); tala, pl. tiliua / taliuin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a marsh; a pool, pond (Huyghe); tala, talaint (Berber, Algeria): a spring (NIAlgeria); tala, pl. tiliwa (Kabyle, Irjen): a fountain, spring (Picard); tala (Kabyle): a source, spring of water (Huyghe); talā, pl. tilīouīn (Zenati, Mzab, Ouargla, Djebel Nefousa): a spring, source, fountain; also in Ouargla, a river; and in Mzab, a reservoir (Basset2); hala, pl. hiliouin (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): spring, source (Laoust1); hala (Beni Menacer): a spring; for Kabyle thala (Newman); tala, pl. teliouin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a pool or pond fed by a spring a pool, whereas agelmam designates a hollow or depression in the ground which is filled with rain water, i.e. the ghadir of the Arabs (Motylinski3); täla (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a spring, fountain (Destaing3); tala, pl. taliwin (Tashelhit, Sous): a large bed set out to receive irrigation water; in this sense also ametoul, ill, tasarout, tallouht (Laoust4); tala: a fountain in Kabylie, a spring in the Touareg of the Ullimmiden, and a little spring in the Touareg of Ahaggar, under the form of tahala, pl. tihaliwin; an identical form is found among some Berber speakers in Morocco such as tahala, a spring, fountain, among the Sanhaja de Sraïr; tala in the sense of a fountain is sometimes prononunced as taza, pl. tizīwa (Laoust3) In toponyms: in the 11th C. El-Bekri mentions Tala n-tiragh, the yellow? spring , the name of a spring in the town of Achir; in the pl. taliwin, springs, fountains , El-Bekri notes Taliouin, a region in the desert; the Touareg also know têléwin, a small affluent or stream , but note that pan-Berber taliwin, pl. of tili, têlé, also means shadows (Chaker, p. 145, 158); the ancient Thala in Tunisia; today, in Algeria, Tala-Ifacène, Talha, Tiliouine, Tala-Hamedane, Tala-Ziza, Tala n-Tazert, Spring of the Fig-Tree , Aïn-Talazit, Aïn-Talaouart, the last two being prefixed by the Ar. ayn, with the same meaning, a spring (Pellegrin); also in toponymy, Tala Guilef in Kabylie; Tala in Gourara; Tala n Tilut, Fountain of the Female Elephant , in Oran, now changed to Ain Tilut (Weghlis); in Moroccan toponyms tahala is found as Tahala among the Aït Warain, and Tihili, a place-name in the Gharb where Berber is no longer spoken; in the Atlas, are Aït Tahalat, People of the Spring , a village of the Mesfiwa; Amgerd n Tahalat, Pass of the Spring , and Tihalat, a village, among the Irgiten; the plural form is found in Agadir n Tlīwa of the Gedmiwa, and Šeiff n Tlīwa of the )d au Mahmud (Laoust3) Variants of tala: tala int (Berberization of Arabic ä in, ayn, spring , preceded by the article, acc. to Laoust, but more likely preceded by and elided with Berber tala): the word has taken the place of the Berber term for a spring with a greater extension in meaning than the corresponding tiṭṭ, designating not only a spring , but also an eye and therefore the evil eye ; in (igh Atlas toponyms, it is found in Tala int, a village of the Aït Semmeg; Tala int Uġrum, Spring of Bread , etc., and pl. Tala inin, a village of the Aït Yusuf (Laoust3); variant of tala 33 thala or tala, pl. thiliwan (Berber): a spring, source (Pellegrin); thala, also thara, pl. thiriuin / thariuin (Rif dialects), hala (Chenoua): a spring, fountain (Biarnay2); thala (Zenati Berber, Ouarsenis, N.W. Algeria), hala (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a spring, fountain (Basset3); thala, pl. thilawin (Kabyle): a fountain, spring (Newman); thala, pl. thilioua (Kabyle, Zouaoua): a fountain (Basset5); a spring; a pool, swimming-pool (Olivier); thala and hala (Beni Menacer): a spring, source, fountain (Basset6); variant of tala tahala, pl. tihaliouin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a very small spring that flows drop by drop (Motylinski); tahala, pl. tihāliouīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a little spring (Foucauld); tahala, pl. tihaliouin (Touareg, Taïtoq): a small pool or pond; also tesahaq (Masqueray); variant of tala zara, pl. zariwin (Rif Berber): a spring of water (Ibañez); variant of tala tānint, pl. tiāninin (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a small spring, little fountain; a spring, fountain in general (Huyghe): prob. a variant of tala tasebbalt, pl. tesebbalin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a fountain built to provide drinking-water (Motylinski3); zasebart, pl. zisebarin (Rif Berber): a water fountain; a structure which delivers water through one or several spouts (Ibañez); both of these likely derive from class. Ar. sabīl, fountain or spring where drinking water is dispensed, a public fountain tasqaït (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco; from Arabic): a spring, fountain (Destaing3) t awin (Berber, Central Morocco): a spring, source (Laoust2); ta witt (Kabyle, Irjen): a little spring with a natural basin (Picard) thāouith, pl. thiāouinin (Kabyle): a little spring (Olivier) tigelwa / tiliwa (Central Algeria): pl. of tala, a spring (DRB, III.787); see tala tiṭ / titt (pan-Berber): an eye, in all dialects; also (among or at Beni Iznacen, Figuig, Zenāga, Kabyle, Chaoui, Central Algerian Berber, Beni Snous, Nefousa, Sokna, Siwa, Touareg Ahaggar, Touareg Niger, Touareg Adrar des Ifoghas, Ghat and FOQ): a flowing spring, source, fountain; but not apparantly in Central Morocco, Chleuh, Ntifa, Senhadja de Sraïr, Rif dialects, Chenoua, Mzab, Ouargla, Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt, Sened or Ghadamès; in Adrar des Ifoghas it also has the singular meaning of a col or pass in the mountains (DRB, III.432-433); tiṭ / titt, pl. titt awin / tiṭaouine / teṭaouene (Berber, Tamazight , an eye : in topography, a spring, source, thus corresponding in both senses to Arabic ayn; e.g. in Tunisia, Foum-Tatahouine or Souf n-Titawin; in Morocco, pl. titt awin has formed the name of the town of Tetouan, The Springs ; in Algeria one notes tiṭ in the Aurès and the territories of the south; it is possible that the word forms part of Titteri, a province close to Algiers, and in particular, a mountain of the Kabyle, Adrar Tīteri, at the summit of which is the ruins of the town of Aghir and two springs (Pellegrin); titt (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): fallen into disuse in the current language of the Chleuhs in the sense of spring , but nevertheless present in toponyms: Tit, a village of the Gedmiwa; Targa n Tit, Canal of the Spring , of Tifnut; )ġir n Tit, Rock of the Spring , of Urika; in the ancient Berber domain of the Tamesna, we find Tit Mellil, The White Spring , nr. Casablanca, a locality with abundant springs; Tit, the name of an ancient ribāt nr. 34 Mazagan; the pl. tiṭṭawīn, cf. Tetuan, The Springs , is not used in Tashelhit, but is familiar to the Rifains and the Berabers; here they substitute allen, the eyes for it, encountered in Saharan toponymy in the form wallen the springs (Laoust3); tit / t it , pl. t it aouin (Berber, Ouargla): an eye; tit n tala: the bottom of an artesian well where the water emerges (Biarnay); tiṭ, pl. tiṭauin / tiṭṭanin (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): an eye; a spring, source (Huyghe); thit (Zenati Berber, Ouarsenis, N.W. Algeria): a spring, source (Basset3); t it , pl. t it aouin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a spring, source (Motylinski3); tiṭ waman, pl. allen waman (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a spring (Mercier); tit , pl. tit t aouin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a spring (Motylinski); tiṭ, pl. tittaouin (Touareg, Ahaggar): an eye; a spring; said of eyes of persons and animals, and springs of all types (Foucauld); titt, pl. tittawin / attawen (Figuig): an eye; spring, source (Kossmann); tiṭ, pl. teṭawin (Berber): an eye; the city and port of Tetuan, the Two Eyes (Graberg); Tàattiwin, the name of a village in Tunisia (El Fasi); the 11th C. El-Bekri mentions Tittesouan, the name of the source of the river Racen in the north of Morocco, which is tit eswan, probably spring of the oxen (Chaker, p. 161); in Spanish toponymy, Titaguas, a Valencian village near Chelva, takes its name from the Berber tit, spring , plural titduàn or titaguan, easily becoming confused with aguas, which was added as a reinforcement (Glick1); also Tamadjek tchit , Touareg Adrar tett, Touareg Niger tyett, cett, Ghat čit tiṭ, pl. alln, tallin Central Morocco : an eye; the word also signifies a spring and in this sense has formed toponyms which still persist in Arabic-speaking areas: Tiṭ Mellil, the White Spring , the name given to the spring that feeds the town of Casablanca; the plural tiṭṭauin is unknown in the southern dialects and is only used in those of the north and centre among the Rif Beni Iznacen, Aït Ndir, Aït Warain and Aït Seghrouchen; this form is found in the name of the town of Tetouan, literally the sources ; the Berber speakers of Ntifa, like the Chleuhs, instead use a plural alln or tallin derived from a root l or ll which is different to that which gives the singular; from this root comes tala, spring , among the Zouaoua, and tara in the Rif; from plural alln one must suppose a singular ilel with the meaning spring (Laoust7); see ilel under Water tēt, pl. tettauin (Berber, Beni-Snous): a spring, fountain (Destaing2); tétt, pl. téttawén (Touareg, Adrar des Ifoghas): an eye; a spring; a col, pass or passage through the mountains (DRB, III.433); tedht n aman, pl. tidhtaouin n aman Touareg, Taïtoq , eye of water : a spring, fountain; tèdht heddidjet: a limpid spring; tèdht teddiler et: a cloudy spring (Masqueray); tidt naman Siwan Berber , the water s eye : a spring (Stanley); variants of tiṭ thit (Zenati Berber, Ouarsenis, N.W. Algeria): a spring, source (Basset3); thit , pl. thit aouin (Kabyle, Zouaoua): an eye; a spring; hit (Beni Menacer): for thit , an eye; a fountain, spring, source (Basset5); tchit , pl. tchit t aouin (Tamadjek, Ghat): a spring, source, fountain (Nehlil); shett, pl. shettawin Touareg, Niger , eye : a spring, source, esp. in the form shet-naman, eye of the water (Bernus1); variants of tiṭ tot, pl. totawèn (Siwan): a spring, source (Walker); tot (Siwan): a spring, source (Basset4); toudh, pl. toudhain Zenāga, Mauritania : a spring, source (Basset); tud, pl. tudain Zenāga : an eye of water; a spring (Nicolas); variant of tiṭ 35 tegedda, pl. tigeddawen (Touareg, Niger): 1. a natural hollow in a rock; 2. a spring of salty water issuing from a natural subterranean basin (Ghubayd); tegidda, pl. tigiddawen (Touareg, Niger): a spring from a rock or rocky mass (Bernus) ténid, pl. tinoun Zenāga, Senegal): a spring, fountain (Faidherbe); teni dh Zenāga : a spring; a well, in general; a hole, in general; tën (Wolof): a well (Nicolas) thafouarth, pl. thifouarin (Kabyle): a fountain, drinking fountain (Olivier); from Ar. fawwārah, spring, fountain ; see lfouara tiflit, pl. tiflatin (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a spring in the bed of a watercourse (Destaing1); tiflit (Chleuh): a spring rising in the bed of a watercourse; a canal leading water from an oued to the cultivated lands (DRB, III.560); tifelit, pl. tifelatin (Tashelhit, Sous): a diversion canal or channel; a head-race, penstock (Laoust4); tiflit, pl. tiflatin (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a spring in the bed of a watercourse (Destaing1); see Berber ifli, efeli, subterranean water harvesting system , under Qanats usmum Berber , to be sour, acid, tart, sharp : applied to springs whose waters are gaseous, alkaline; e.g. in Algeria, Oued Soummam, also Tamsamam, a small port on the Rif coast, cited by Al-Bakri; in Tunisia Djebel Semama (Pellegrin) weyne, pl. weynāt, dim. of ayn (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a little spring; 2. a small artesian well; 3. a little passage through an akle or a mountain massif (Taine-Cheikh); variant of ayn, which see zara, pl. zariwin (Rif Berber): a spring of water (Ibañez); a variant of tala, which see zasebart, pl. zisebarin (Rif Berber): a water fountain; a structure which delivers water through one or several spouts (Ibañez); apparently from class. Ar. sabīl, fountain or spring where drinking water is dispensed ; see tasebbalt 36 Wells As would be expected in a desert environment where groundwater is often the only source of water there are a great number of words for dug wells of various kinds in both Berber and Hassaniya, from simple scrapes and waterholes in the dry beds of wadis to deep masonry-lined wells equipped with lifting gear. The main terms are abankor, aghārous, anou, atafāla, ires/eres/irich/ti res and taġnout among the Touareg; abtiği, amouj, archan in Zenāga; aligh, anu/tanut, bīr, talmest across various Berber dialects; and achgīg, afadyar, amy”r, archan, bīr, ghreyfa, ḥassi, arch, ogla, rebga and tilemsi in Hassaniya. Only a handful of these are borrowed from Arabic – bīr, ḥassi, ogla. ______________________________________ abankor, pl. ibenkar (Touareg, Tamahaq): a tilmas, a place where one needs only to dig a metre or half metre to find water; cf. tag nout, a shallow well (Motylinski); abankōr (Touareg, Tamahaq dialect, Ahaggar region, southern Algeria): a shallow waterhole where one needs dig less than a metre to find water (Foucauld); abankor, pl. ibenkar (Touareg, Niger): a shallow well with a weak flow (Ghubayd); abankur, pl. ibenkar (Berber, Tamaceght): a water-hole (Weghlis); abankor (Berber, Sahara): a well in the bed of a river, filled by filtration; or a well in a depression filled by rain-water (Knox); shallow wells in the Algerian and Tunisian Sahara which draw on sub-surface water in the oueds, and are of great importance to the Touareg (NIAlgeria; NITunisia); abankōr, dim. abneïkir (Tamesna, Niger; from Tamacheq abākor, pl. ibākar or ibēkar): a waterhole 2 or 3 metres deep (Nicolas, Tamesna ; in the region of Timbuctu: 1. a little pool in the form of a bowl, more or less circular and quite deep, and lasting 2 or 3 days; an abankōr differs from a dhāya in the absence of msāïl [erosion gullies, rills] and by the fact that it is less persistent; from a harja, which is a small ephemeral puddle or pool; and from a meng which is a pool or puddle of stagnant water; 2. among the Kel Antaçar, an unlined or unencased well dug into hard clay, the tachanghit of the Hausa, in contrast to the ounān [pl. of anou, which see] of the region more to the north; 3. an old caved-in well whose mouth shows as a slight hollow in the ground; in toponymy: Abneïkir Hammaha between Hassi Anini and Tin Brahim; Abankor Tin Téhéret to the N.W. of In Koumen; Abneïkir Eizzenaya to the S.W. of Tin Terkoz (Poussibet); abankōr, pl. ibenkār: in all the Central Sahara, esp. in the mountain zones, the water-table in the oueds is close to the surface and one only needs to dig some centimetres or less than a metre into the sandy soil to make a waterhole for people and livestock which the Imouhar call abankōr and the Arabic-speakers tilmas; when this water becomes fouled with dust, mud, animal urine, droppings, etc., one can dig another abankōr next to it which will provide clear, fresh water; the wild asses and antelope know how to scrape the surface with their hooves to obtain water to drink in the absence of natural waterholes, and these scrapings are also called abankōr (from EB, I, A5); ebenkûr, dim. ābneykīr (Hassaniya, Mauritania): as for Poussibet above (Taine-Cheikh); abankōr is distinguished from ānou, atafāla, taġnout/tag nout, talmest, tānout, teġainout, terārit, and tériht, which see abtiği Zenāga; from abtili): a well in a static water-table (DRB, I.135); ebtiji Zenāga : in )gidi, the wells are either 1. tidermi, artesian or gushing wells, or 2. ebtiji, wells sunk into a static water-table; abeji / efcheji Zenāga : a permanent well; equivalent to (assaniya badhi at 37 Trarza, harsha in other regions (Nicolas); abdjidji (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well whose water does not gush up [?], in contrast to tidermi (Leriche) addīh Zenāga : the coffrage or lining of a well with branches, with planks, or with twisted straw to strengthen the walls (Nicolas) achgīg, pl. ichīgen (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): coming from cheqq, to cleave , its primary sense is a fault, crevice or fissure where one can find water; it is currently applied to rainwater which forms pools in areas of flat rock, the greatest number of which are found in Amsaga, Akchar, Taçarat and Tijirit; by extension the word designates all wells that are small, temporary and close to an encampment; the ach guig is always shallow (Leriche); cf. class. Arabic shaqq, pl. shuq”q, crevice, cleft, chasm, fissure ; chegga, pl. cheggāg, in Tunisia and Algeria, a cleft, crevice, fissure; fissured ground afadyar (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Aznaga, with the same sense): a newly-dug well; from which Afweidyar de Méderdra, a place-name of Iguidi, in the region of Trarza; and Afadyar Zebdé, the newly-dug well of butter , in Arya, Trarza; afajjār, pl. afjājīr: in the south, newly-cleared land (Leriche); see also bed aghārous, pl. ighōras (Touareg, Adrar): a deep well, more than 15 or 20 metres in depth; a word not used in the Ahaggar (Foucauld); arārous (Touareg, Tamashaq): a deep well (Jay); egharus, pl. ighuras (Touareg, Niger): a deep well (Ghubayd); éghīres, pl. ighīrsen (Touareg, Adrar): a new well, of any depth; a word seldom used (Foucauld) agla / egla (Hassaniya): a shallow well or scrape; see ogla aligh / alir , pl. ilighen / ilir en (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a well of shallow depth fed by the surplus water draining from the palm-gardens irrigated by artesian wells, used to irrigate the vegetable plots; allegh (Berber, Ouargla): a well (Biarnay); aliġ, pl. iliġen (Berber, Rif dialect, Beni Iznassen): a waterhole; at Ouargla, southern Algeria, a shallow well (Laoust3); alliġ (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect), zisi (Guelaia dialect): the bottom or lower part of anything; alliġ or zisi nwanu: the bottom of a well; alleġ or zisi wederar: the lower slope of a mountain (Ibañez) amagur Zenāga : a well with very little water (Nicolas) amarāq (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a briny or salty ogla or shallow well (Leriche); amārāġ (Hassaniya): an oglat or group of wells with salty water (Monteil); cf. related words aman irkan, erg, erigh, imghiren, rīgh amayaha (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a side chamber at the bottom of a well, as at Gir, Ounan, Lemreyti, providing a reserve of water when the main well runs dry (Poussibet) amouj, pl. mozzan Zenāga, Mauritania : a well; an irrigation channel (Basset); amouj, pl. mouzzen Zenāga, Senegal : a well (Faidherbe); emujh Zenāga : a deep well, equivalent of Hassaniya bīr; coffered with wood at Trarza, with masonry in the north; amuj / amuz / oumej, pl. mozzen: a well; amuj mazruf or mullausi: a cemented well (Nicolas) 38 amyūr, pl. imyūren Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : a well dug on the site of an older well (Leriche); amyour, pl. amyourāt (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): an ancient well, abandoned and fallen in, which is re-excavated after a very long time; in contrast to ḥassi bda (Poussibet); amyūr, pl. imyūran (Hassaniya): an ancient well, with a large mouth, often dried up (Monteil) anou, pl. ounan (Touareg, Tamahaq): a well, equivalent to Arabic ḥassi; all wells, shallow or deep, steined or not, that are not tilmas; by extension, a hole in the ground; tag nout, pl. tig noutin: a shallow well (Motylinski); ānou, pl. oûnān (Touareg Tamahaq dialect, Hoggar or Ahaggar region, southern Algeria): 1. a well; said of all wells deeper than two meters, encased or not, having water or dry; 2. the access and ventilation shafts of the efeli, underground channel for the collection and channeling of water , are the ānou; 3. by extension, a hole; any hole in the ground, irrespective of size, depth, form or origin, from ant holes and mouse holes to the largest and deepest holes in the ground; ānou n tekêrkirt: a pulley-well, one whose water is raised by means of a pulley, but not for the purpose of irrigating a garden; ānou is distinguished from tānout, taġnout, teġainout, abankōr, atafāla, tériht and terārit, which see (Foucauld); anu (Touareg, Ayr): an irrigation well; in the Ahaggar, a well; an underground storeroom (Nicolaisen); anu, pl. unan (Touareg): a deep well, from 20 to 100 feet deep and lined with stones, esp. in Aïr; said to have been made by the earliest Taureg who came down into Aïr; in the Taureg nomenclature of water sources, we find also tanut, a shallow unlined well , ers, a scrape-hole , and agilman, a pool in a ravine (Rodd); anu, pl. inwan (Touareg, Niger): a well (Bernus); anu, pl. enwan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a well; a hole (Sudlow); anoû, pl. ounān (Timbuctu region): among the Berber-speaking Kel Antaçar, a synonym of ḥassi, a well , but not used by the Brābīch and the Kounta; the Bīr Ounān of the maps is called only Ounān by the nomads (Poussibet); anu, pl. una, also tanut, pl. tina, var. tawint, tanain (Berber): a well; in Ahaggar ānu, pl. oûnān is also a well, and tānut, pl. tûnīn is a well for irrigation (Pellegrin); anou, pl. ounan (Tamadjek, Ghat): a well (Nehlil); anou, pl. anouiin (Ghadamès), anou (Siwa), aouénou (Aoudjilah), tanout (Jebel Nefousa): a well (Motylinski2); anōō, pl. enōōun (Siwan): a well (Walker); anou, pl. anouen (Siwan): a cistern; also, a well (Basset4); anu (Kabyle): a deep well (Newman); anu, pl. anuten (Berber, dialect of Figuig): a well (Kossmann); anou, pl. ouna (Tashelhit): a well (Kaoui); ānu, pl. una, dim. tanūt, pl. tūna (Tachelhit Berber, Sous); a well (Destaing1); in High Atlas toponymy: Tanut, a village of the Id au Mahmud; Areg n Wanu, a village of the Tuggana and Glawa; )mi n Tanut, Mouth of the Well , of Demsira; Augdāl n Tiuna, of the Gegaya; Tizi n Tuzzumt n Tiuna, The Pass in the Midst of the Wells , of the Aït Tunert (Laoust3); anu, pl. una (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a well (Laoust5); anu (Zemmour): synonymous with l anser, spring, source ; the well is called lbir (Laoust7, p.412); ānu, pl. anūien (Berber, Beni-Snous): a well (Destaing2); anu, pl. una, dim. tanut, pl. tuna (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a well (Mercier); anu, pl. anuzen, dim. zanut or zanuz, pl. zanuzin (Rif Berber): a well (Ibañez); anou (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a well; a silo; a cistern (Boulifa); [but note distinction between anu and tanut drawn by Rodd above]; see also the diminutive tanout Toponymy: e.g. in Tunisia, Aïn-Tounine, Oued-Tounine, Oued Tina; in Algeria, Tounine, perhaps Honein, which represents the arabicised pl. ûnan (Pellegrin); El-Bekri mentions 39 Ouittounan, the name of a group of wells, prob. wi-tunnan or witt-unan, with plural unan, wells (Chaker) Derivative tanout / tanut, which see archan / arshan / aršan, pl. irchiwen / irshiwen / iršiwen (Zenāga : a waterhole; a hole dug to find water; o resh: a hole dug down to the water-table in a wadi; e resh: an o j, a deep, wide hole (Nicolas); arch / archān, pl. irchïûn, dim. archeyyin (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : 1. a shallow unlined well, dug anew either in a baṭḥa or bed of an oued after a flood, or in a dried-up pool, grāra, after the rains; 2. a simple hole excavated to find water; mà archàn: a seepage, infiltrated water; in toponymy: e.g. Arch le-Sbaï, Well of the Thieves ; Arch le-Mha, Well of the Addax (Leriche); archān, pl. irchiouïn (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a well at ground level, without any casing, in loose, soft ground (Pierret); archān, pl. irchīouèn or irchānāt, dim. archeyyin (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a waterhole; a hole dug in a dried-up pool, a ragba or even a kra , to find water; in contrast to an ogla, which is dug in the bed of an oued or a valley; the form arch is unknown in Timbuctu (Poussibet); there are a number of toponyms with this word in Mauritania: Arch, Archan, Archane, Arch Kilab el Khle, Arch Kleb Larle, Archaffert, Archam Aboid, Archan Leben, Archan Touchemat, Archand Eber; a variant of ires/irich/erech, which see asser (Berber, Djebel Nefousa), tir est, pl. tir sin (Zenati, Mzab), tanout, pl. tinā (Djebel Nefousa): a well (Basset2) atafāla (Touareg Tamahaq dialect, Hoggar or Ahaggar region, southern Algeria): a waterhole with a wide mouth and where the water is close to the surface, or where it is only necessary to dig less than half a metre to find water; the word is related to efeli, an underground channel for the collection of water , from efel, to leave, depart from with the sense of overflowing as water overflows a river, torrent or cistern; atafāla is eqivalent to abankōr, and is distinguished from ānou, tānout, taġnout, teġainout, tériht and terārit, which see (Foucauld) aujiji, pl. aujigen Zenāga : 1. a well, waterhole, scrape; an old perennial well; 2. a silo; from which Hassaniya aulig (Nicolas) awlīg, pl. iūlīgen (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga awdjigi, a collapsed well , equivalent to Arabic qalīb): 1. a shallow temporary well with a very wide mouth; e.g. placename Aoulig in the region of El Koura ān in Trarza; 2. a deep hollow or bowl in the bed of a river (Leriche); from Zenāga aujiji, pl. aujigen, an old perennial well (Nicolas) bed , pl. bdu (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a newly-dug well; from which El Bed , a placename of Hōd (Leriche); bda , coll. bda (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a newly-dug well, but in virgin ground, in contrast to amyour; in toponymy, the wells of Lembeydiyya, situated 45 km from Lemreyti, towards the N.N.W. of Timbuctu; mebdou : a newly-dug well (Poussibet); bede (Hassaniya): of a well, new, recently dug (Monteil); bḍi, pl. bḍāï, dim. bḍeyyé (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a shallow well with abundant water (Leriche); mebdou (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from bed , to begin : of a well, newly dug 40 (Poussibet); from Ar. bada a, to introduce, originate, start, do for the first time ; cf. bida , in northern Arabia, a large or abundant spring; in Iran, a well (Groom); see also afadyar bel, belet, bul (Berber root): belet is a Berber word indicating the flow or seepage of water into wells, waterholes, and containers, and by extension to have water ; cf. Lat. bulla, a bubble of water ; Tuscan bola, a marsh ; buela, a small lake, fountain , or deep place in a river ; )strian bolas, bolasso, a pool from the bottom of which water bubbles [i.e. a spring-fed pool]; Calabrian vullu, vuddu, a whirlpool, a well, a reservoir of water ; classical and dialect Arabic bell, to make wet or damp, to moisten, to steep ; mabelul, moist, damp, wet, soaked ; tebadel, to be wet, damp ; sebala [sabil, sebil], a spring, fountain, watering-place ; e.g. in ancient names: Bulla Regia colonia, now Hammam-Danaji in the Tunisian Atlas; Bulla Minor, a bishopric, now Sidi Mbarek in Oued Boul; Bulelia or Buldania, an unidentified bishopric; Buluba, an African town cited by Pliny, V. 37; Albulae, now Aïn-Temouchent, in the Algerian Atlas nr. Tlemcen; Thibuli, now Henchir Medgoub, in the Tunisian Atlas nr. Medjez-el-Bab; Zerboule, a site in the Aurès, cited by Procopius, the initial zer being a transcription of the Berber ighzer, a torrent (Pellegrin); [Pellegrin may be stretching the associations with Italic languages and Arabic here but Naït-Zerrad does confirm Berber root BL(T), found now only in Ahaggar Touareg as belet, of a well, receptacle, etc., to gather water inside ; tablet, the amount of water gathered in a receptacle, well, etc. ; Niger Touareg balat, of a well, pit, receptacle, to collect water by a flow through its walls; ablu, a small quantity of water or of milk ; tabelet, an amount or quantity of water collected ; sebbelet, to allow a well, etc., to gather water inside (DRB, III.56)] bir, pl. biar (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a well; a cistern (Huyghe); elbir, pl. elbyur (Kabyle, Irjen): a well (Picard); bīr, pl. ébyār, dim. bwer, pl. bwerāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well lined with timber or branches, or cemented stonework, with a depth of at least ten heights of a man, holding his arms up high, some 25 meters (Leriche; EchChenguiti); in Mauritanian toponymy: Bir Megreyn or Bir Umm-Greyn, Bir Mogreyn, the name of the capital of Tiris (Taine-Cheikh); bīr, pl. bīār (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a very deep, lined well in sandy ground (Pierret); lbir (Berber, Central Morocco): a well (Laoust2); lbir, pl. lbiar and lbiour (Kabyle): a cistern; a well (Olivier); lbīr, pl. lebyār (Hassaniya): a middle-sized well more than 15 m deep (Monteil); bīr, pl. abīar, dim. bouèr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a well; although the word is known around Timbuctu, it is very seldom used compared to ḥassi; note that the diminutive bouèr signifies a well with a weak flow rather than one of shallow depth (Poussibet); from class. Ar. bi r or bīr, a dug well , from bā ara, he sunk a well ; an ancient word, widespread and common to all Semitic languages ebtiji (Zenāga): in Igidi, the wells are either 1. tidermi, artesian or gushing wells, or 2. ebtiji, wells sunk into a static water-table (Nicolas); see abtiği edelāž, edelāj (Hassaniya): a sort of gutter between the lip of a well and the basin that serves as a watering-trough (Taine-Cheikh) éghīres, pl. ighīrsen (Touareg, Adrar): a new well, of any depth; a word seldom used (Foucauld); cf. aghārous 41 egi dhih Zenāga : a deep but temporary well, needing frequent cleaning out (Nicolas); see also eji, emuj, teffesht ejih Zenāga : an ogla, a fairly shallow well, from 5-6 heights of a man; in pays Trarza, a deep well; abeji, efcheji: a permanent well; equivalent to Hassaniya badhi at Trarza, harsha in other regions; ejo jh: a place suitable for the digging of a waterhole; o jh: a large hole, pit, crevasse, ditch, trench; egi dhih: a deep but temporary well, needing frequent cleaning out; to jih: to dig, excavate, sink a well (Nicolas); also related abeji, ebtiji/abtiği; see also emuj, teffesht ejellāy / ežellāy, as in ayn ejellāy (assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : a well coffered or lined with branches or with bundles of acacia stripped of their thorns; mujelli / muželli: of a well, coffered or lined with branches and šbat (Taine-Cheikh) elh asi, pl. leh ouasi (Tamazirt Berber): a well (Kaoui); variant of Arabic ḥassi, which see emalul, pl. imulal (Touareg, Niger): an old abandoned well (Ghubayd) emartih Zenāga , back : a dune, hill; the walls of a well (Nicolas) eres, pl. ersan (Touareg, Niger): a little well or scrape hollowed out in the ground to reach water, from 0.5 to 2.5 m in depth (Ghubayd); eres, pl. ersan (Touareg, Niger): a shallow well in the bed of a oued (Bernus); e resh Zenāga : an o j, a deep, wide hole; o resh: a hole dug down to the water-table in a wadi (Nicolas); variant of ires/irich/arch, which see fetla (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from fetla, a twist or coil : a coil of plaited ṣbaṭ straw wound round the inside of a well or ogla that is liable to cave in; ḥassi meftoul: a well coffered in this way ; in toponymy, Boû Fetla, a well situated E.N.E. of Boû Jbéha (Poussibet); also meftoul gama (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a well deeper than an ogla but from which one draws water by hand, without the aid of a draught animal (Poussibet); possibly related to Arabic jammah, majamm, a place where water, or anything else, collects; the place where water from a well is poured (Groom); cf. Ar. gemma, in the Sudan, a shallow well dug at the foot of rocky hills, esp. in Blue Nile Province, and which, exceptionally, yields water throughout the dry season; the word is also applied to shallow wells close to the Nile (Stamp), and gammam, a pool remaining in a dry khor bed (GAGT); jamām, in Central Arabia, a shallow well ; jimām, a well dug in salty ground (Groom) g ar, pl. go ōr (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the bottom of a well, etc.; the deepest spot (Leriche); lga er, pl. lgo ōra (Hassaniya): the bottom of a well (Monteil); a synonym of mrāh el mā: the level of water at the bottom of a well (Poussibet) geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania , that which flows or falls drop by drop , from geṭṭer, to drip, fall in drops : 1. a trickle of water; a spring with a constant flow which runs along a hill-side or mountain-side; 2. sometimes, an irrigation canal or channel (Leriche); geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the Bulletin de Liaison Saharienne 42 No. gives from whence drops fall, a waterfall, cascade or trickle of water ; for the Sahara, Duveyrier, p. xxx, gives, a well fed by seepage ; said generally of a well at a higher level that feeds a second lower well with water that oozes, seeps or sweats in drops along the walls; in toponymy: El Gettāra to the east of Taoudanni (Poussibet); agaṭar en aman Zenāga; from Hassaniya geṭṭara, small lake, pool : the seepage or oozing of water, from a rock or the ground; Nicolas also gives Hassaniya iriji, a perennial spring in low ground = geṭāra , from Zenāga aoradh, i redhi, a little tiyert or interdunal valley ; and sāgia, in Adrar, an irrigation canal = geṭṭāra (Nicolas); from class. Arabic verb qaṭara: . to fall or flow in drops; to drip, dribble, trickle; to exude, filter, filtrate, percolate, distil; 2. to line up camels in single file or series and connect them with halters nose to tail; to form a train of camels; to come in successive groups , giving modern qaṭṭār, qaṭṭāra, a well or spring providing only a trickle of water , qaṭṭāra, a dropping tube, pipette, dropper, distillation still , qiṭār, a train of camels; railroad train , and other words with similar meanings. See Enquiry into the etymology of the word kheṭṭāra in Morocco gharus, pl. ighuras (Touareg, Niger): a deep well (Bernus) ghasremt Zenāga, Mauritania : a place where one only needs dig a little below the surface to find water; from which Ghasremt, the name of a place to the S.W. of Atar on the borders of the districts of Adrar and Akjoujt; Ghasrem, a place-name of Trarza (Leriche); synonym of Moorish/Hassaniya neksa, which see ghreyfa, as in bū ghreyfa (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well; a simple hollowed-out hole; acc. to Leriche, a little well in the surface of the earth from which one can scoop water with the hand; ghref, yaghref: to take water or any other liquid with something hollowed-out, a ladle for example; to scoop water with the hand (Taine-Cheikh); related to Hassaniya tāghorfa, the hollow of a dune, particularly of a crescentic dune ; cf. Arabic ghar”f, a well from which one takes out the water with one s hand (Groom) ḥāsī, pl. ḥasyān, dim. ḥāseï, pl. ḥwysi (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Arabic ḥsa, to dig in sandy ground : 1. a well in general; 2. a medium-sized well; ḥāsi amyûr: a well dug at the site of old one; ḥāsi hmāj: a brackish well; ḥāsi laço: a cemented well; ḥāsi mezrûf: a well steined with masonry walls; ḥāsi tachenghīt: a well dug in ground sufficiently hard, such as irījrīj or īdār, that there is no need to consolidate it with cement; ḥāsi tinīgi: a well without water; e.g. Tinigui, a place-name of Adrar; ḥāsi zumni or ḥāsi muzamméni: a well cemented with clay; ḥāsi el m aten: a well whose water is not abundant and where the camels have to wait until all have been watered (Leriche); lḥāsi, pl. lḥesyān, dim. lḥawēisi (Hassaniya): the true Saharan well; an isolated hole, of a depth less than 15 m., and with a small diameter, on a level with the ground (Monteil); ḥassi, pl. ḥessiène (Mauritania): a fairly shallow well without any apparatus (Ech-Chenguiti); ḥāssi, pl. ḥāssīān (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a well of medium depth, lined in stone, in loose, soft ground (Pierret); ḥāsi (Hassaniya, Mali): a well for water (Heath); ḥassī, pl. ḥassyān, dim. ḥaoueyssi or ḥāsseï (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a generic term to designate all wells (abīar, ogol, etc.), but also, more especially, a well that uses animal traction and a fork [and pulley], in contrast to an ogla (Poussibet); from class. Ar. ḥisā, a well dug in sandy ground , ḥāsi, a waterhole in the bed of a wadi ; widespread across Arabia and the northern Sahara, often for a seasonally-dug or shallow well 43 In the Timbuctu region types of ḥassī are qualified thus: ḥassī āmyour: an old well, abandoned and fallen in, which is redug after a very long time ḥassī athartek: a well which has fallen in because it is dug in soft sand ḥassī ī çatla: an absolutely dry well ḥassī farāch or açfi or lakhāl or ḥajār: a well dug in hard ground ḥassī fih lma cha: a well whose pasturage is enough for a night ḥassī ḥayy: a well with water, literally living ḥassī jām or mémyaha: an abundant well ḥassi jīr or laço or simou: a well constructed of cement ḥassī joura: a well with water but where no encampment is watering their livestock ḥassī lbèd a or mèbdou : a well newly dug in virgin land, in contrast to amyour ḥassī lemegtō : a well poisoned by an animal which has died and fallen inside ḥassī lgdīm / lqadīm or zémeni: an old abandoned well ḥassī lhammouān or meskoun or chètan: a well whose water is gaseous or simply hot; the Berber-speaking Kel Antaçar call these wells touélent ḥassī mahjoum: a well-frequented well ḥassī makharoub: a cave in ruins, close to falling in ḥassī man oum: a well with very abundant pasturage ḥassī māna : a strong well ḥassi matloug: a well with water, but where there is nobody when one arrives ḥassī mdegdeg: a damaged well but, in general, repairable ḥassī méflouha or mechloukh or mechgoug: a well with crevices, cracks, chinks, fissures, etc. ḥassī meftoul: a well whose interior is strengthened with a mèche of sbot to prevent cave-ins ḥassī megsoum: a well half caved in 44 ḥassī meïzer: a well whose water is dirty and reddish after a storm; a well which has not been drawn for a long time and whose water is foul ḥassī mejdoub: a well without any pasturage ḥassī merdoum: a well silted up with sand but not caved in ḥassī mezrouf: a coffered or lined well ḥassī miyyet or khaser or tayyah: a caved-in well, without water ḥassī mokel: a well whose surrounding pasturage is sufficient to remain there awhile ḥassī moujélèf: a well whose water contains clay ḥassī moujelli: a well strengthened with gabions ḥassī mous a: a well that few people frequent ḥassī nāger: a dry well; a term applied rather to the ogol than to the haṣṣyān ḥassī tachanghīt: a well constructed in hard ground where it is not necessary to coffer ḥassī tagacha: a well whose mouth has collapsed forming a great pit or chasm ḥassī tīn: a well constructed using clay (all from Poussibet) idār (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the name of a certain variety of yellow earth or clay which is used to coat or line the walls of a well, er-rechch b-idāra (Leriche); see also irījrīj inghaber / inr aber (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): limestone; anou ouan inr aber: a well with hard water (Masqueray) ires, pl. irsan (Berber): this word designates a well in several dialects, e.g. Mzab and Touareg, and wet and clayey ground in Kabyle; in the 11th C., El-Bekri mentions a place called Abar elAsker, the Wells of the Troops , which they call Ersan in Berber , now Aïn Ferès on the route between Oran in Algeria and Kairouan in Tunisia (Chaker, p. 143); īres, pl. īrsān (Touareg, Ahaggar): a well; a well dug in the ground to extract water, having a depth of more than two metres; a word very seldom used in the Ahaggar (Foucauld); eres, pl. ersan (Touareg, Niger): a little well or scrape hollowed out in the ground to reach water, from 0.5 to 2.5 m in depth (Ghubayd); eres, pl. ersan (Touareg, Niger): a shallow well in the bed of a oued (Bernus); e resh Zenāga : an o j, a deep, wide hole; o resh: a hole dug down to the watertable in a wadi (Nicolas) ires/eres has a number of variants and related terms: irich (Kel Antaçar Berber-speakers, Timbuctu region): a pool, pond; Nicolas has eres: a waterhole; and o resh / eiresh: a scrape or hole in a wadi dug down to the water-table 45 (Poussibet); iriš / irich (Hassaniya): a waterhole or spring dug in a [dry bed of an] oued (Taine-Cheikh) archan / arshan / aršan, pl. irchiwen / irshiwen / iršiwen (Zenāga : a waterhole; a hole dug to find water; o resh: a hole dug down to the water-table in a wadi; e resh: an o j, a deep, wide hole (Nicolas); arch / archān, pl. irchïûn, dim. archeyyin (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : 1. a shallow unlined well, dug anew either in a baṭḥa or bed of an oued after a flood, or in a dried-up pool, grāra, after the rains; 2. a simple hole excavated to find water; mà archàn: a seepage, infiltrated water; in toponymy: e.g. Arch le-Sbaï, Well of the Thieves ; Arch le-Mha, Well of the Addax (Leriche); archān, pl. irchiouïn (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a well at ground level, without any casing, in loose, soft ground (Pierret); archān, pl. irchīouèn or irchānāt, dim. archeyyin (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a waterhole; a hole dug in a dried-up pool, a ragba or even a kra , to find water; in contrast to an ogla, which is dug in the bed of an oued or a valley; the form arch is unknown in Timbuctu (Poussibet); there are a number of toponyms with this word in Mauritania: Arch, Archan, Archane, Arch Kilab el Khle, Arch Kleb Larle, Archaffert, Archam Aboid, Archan Leben, Archan Touchemat, Archand Eber. ti res Zenāga : fem. of eireš, equally o reš, with the same meaning [i.e. a waterhole in a wadi]; a deep, wide hole cut into the ground, from ti rshi, to slit, cut, slaughter; a newly-dug well (Nicolas); tiris (Touareg): a shallow well (Newman); tīrs and tīris, pl. tīrsān, dim. twersa, pl. twersāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga tīrs, with the same sense): a well, an ogla newly dug; one says for example: andi ain tīris, ) have a newly-dug well ; in toponymy: Tiris, in the region of Rio de Oro; also perhaps related to the same root t-r-s: 1. in Hassaniya, tārūs, pl. twārīs: a lacustrine deposit, clayey, and generally white; 2. in Morocco, tīrs: black earth, very good for tillage; 3. in Algeria, twāres and tirès: bare, hummocky ground, very boggy in winter, deep, without stones; clayey ground (Leriche); cf. tir est, pl. tir sin (Zenati, Mzab): a well (Basset2) tirest (Ghardaia, Mzab): a well (Laoust7, illustrated on p. 436); tir est, pl. tir sin (Zenati, Mzab), asser (Djebel Nefousa), tanout, pl. tinā (Djebel Nefousa): a well (Basset2); tir est (Mzab): a Mzabite well called in Arabic ḥassi or khetara, and in Mzabite tir est (MercierM, note 2, p. 99); terist, pl. terisen (Kabyle): a fountain; tiris (Touareg): a shallow well (Newman); cf. Zenāga ti res irījrīj (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the name of a certain kind of clay which is used to plaster and waterproof the walls of a well, an operation called tzemmi b-irījrīj (Leriche); erejrej Zenāga : clay, the upper layer of earth in a tiyèrt (Nicolas); see also idār jelle / želle, ijelli / iželli (Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : to coffer or line a well with branches; ejellāy / ežellāy, pl. ijellāten / ižellāten, jellāten / zellāten: plaited roots and lianas used to line a well; ayn ejellāy / ežellāy: a well coffered with branches or with bundles of acacia stripped of their thorns; mujelli / muželli: of a well, coffered or lines with branches and šbat (Taine-Cheikh); moujèlli (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): of a well, lined with branches and with sbot; a well with gabions (Poussibet) 46 jhiré (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): sand, earth and stones cleared out of a well in digging or repairing it (Poussibet); jhīre / žhīre (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a hole, in general; a well; jhīr / žhīr: to dig a well; jahhār / žahhār: an excavator of wells, a good well-digger (TaineCheikh); žhar (Hassaniya): to dig a well; žahhār: a well-digger, well-sinker (Monteil); méjhour (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from jḥar, to dig, excavate : adj., said of a well that already has water [déjà en eau] ? (Poussibet); cf. class. Arabic juḥr, burrow, hole, etc. lboustan (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): an artesian well which provides drinking water to the At-Ouaggin tribe and a section of the At-Sissin; in the folk stories the expression lboustan n oujellid signifies the garden of the king (Biarnay); from class. Arabic al-bustān, a garden mardoum, as in ḥassī mardoum (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): adj., said of a well choked with sand but not fallen in, which with relatively little work can be restored to yield water (Poussibet) m aṭen, pl. m āṭen (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the place where the livestock that have been watered rest until all the herd or flock has been watered; m aṭen el ḥāsi: the surroundings of a well; ḥāsi el m aṭen, pl. ḥasyān el m aṭen: a well where the water is not abundant and where the camels must wait until all have been watered; in North Africa, acc. to Beaussier, a place where camels have passed the night (Leriche); ma ṭen, pl. m āṭen (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): a place where the animals wait for their turn to drink, or where the camels are stationed near the wells between their first watering, chrab laouel, and their second, haoucha; the interval between them is called am atna el bil; by extension, the interval between the tow-paths converging on a well, each corresponding to a forked superstructure over the well (Poussibet); lma ṭen (Hassaniya): a water point, watering-place (Monteil); variant of Ar. ma ṭan, ma ṭin, aṭan, aṭanah, a resting-place for camels near a water-hole (Groom); also menhal maṭloug, as in ḥassī maṭloug (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from ṭlag, to meet : a well that is habitually used by encampments but where there is nobody when one arrives (Poussibet) medrūm, as in ḥāsi medrūm (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well full of water; Leriche defines it as a well which taps into an inexhaustible or unfailing aquifer (Taine-Cheikh); cf tīdermi meftoul (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from fetla, a twist or coil : said of a well lined with a rope of plaited sbot coiled in a tight spiral around the inside (Poussibet); see fetla mejbed, pl. mjābed (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from jbed, to draw water from a well : 1. a track or way leading to water or a watering-place; 2. a place near a well where one stands and pulls on the rope of the délu or well-bucket (Leriche); mežbed / mejbed, pl. mžābed / mjābed (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a track which leads to a water-point, to a well; 2. a place where one stands close to a well and from where one pulls on the rope of the bucket; 3. a camel track or path, visible on the reg or on hard sand; žbed / jbed, yežbed / yejbed: to draw or pump water from a well (Taine-Cheikh); mejbed, pl. mjābed (Hassaniya, Sahara and 47 Sahel regions of French West Africa): a carriage road, drivable track, route suitable for motor vehicles (Pierret); mejbed, pl. mjābed (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): 1. a camel path or marked footpath, visible across the reg or over hard sand; 2. in conjunction with menkousa, a vehicular road or track; in toponymy: Mjābed Jouder, camel routes between Taoudanni and El Guettara (Poussibet); cf. Maghrebi Ar. mejebed, a caravan route, composed of several mrair, paths ; medjbedh, medjbed, a track or path beaten by the passage of numerous camels mejdoub, as in ḥassī mejdoub (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a well without any pasturage around it (Poussibet); meždūb / mejdūb: of land, arid, sterile; trāb meždūbe / mejdūbe: bare land, without vegetation; arid country or ground; a region without pasturage; sterile, desertified land (Taine-Cheikh); jedeb (Hassaniya, Mauretania): desert (Basset); from Ar. jadb, hard ground which does not retain water and hence has no vegetation , a place, land, or region affected by drought, and barren (Groom) mémyaha (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): adj., said of a well with abundant water (Poussibet) menhel, pl. mnāhel (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a watering-place; water point (Leriche); lmenhal (Hassaniya): a water point, watering-place (Monteil); menhel, pl. mnāhel (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): any water source, including wells, pools, and rivers; foum lmenhel: the bottom of a well where one finds the water-table; same as bled lmeng (Poussibet); from class. Ar. manhal, a watering place; a spring to which camels come to water (Lane); see also m aṭen meshrab / mešrab, pl. mshāreb / mšāreb (Hassaniya): a place where one drinks, a watering place; a drinking-trough, fountain (Taine-Cheikh); from class. Ar. mashrab, a drinking place, water hole (Lane) mezrouf (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): adj., said of a well lined with large stones or slabs and therefore having stone walls (Poussibet) mokel, as in ḥassī mokel (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): said of a well whose surrounding pasturage is sufficient to remain there awhile (Poussibet) moujéyar (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from jīr, cement : a cemented well (Poussibet) moujèlli (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): of a well, lined with branches and with sbot; a well with gabions (Poussibet); see jelle/želle mqanġi (Hassaniya): of a well, with muddy, tainted or putrid water (Monteil) nāger, pl. nāgerīn, dim. noueïger (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): adj. qualifying a dry ogla, shallow well, or exceptionally, a dry deep well; thus ogla nāgera (Poussibet); nazer, dim. nouèzer (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): a well or ogla with a feeble flow (Poussibet) 48 neksa, pl. neksāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a place where one only needs dig a little below the surface to find water (Leriche); neksa, pl. neksāt (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): not known in the sense given by Leriche above, but here a vehicular track or road (Poussibet); in the first sense a synonym of Zenāga ghasremt nnaqsh (Hassaniya): a well dug into rock (Monteil) ogla, pl. ogol, pl. of paucity oglāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well which at its shallowest allows water to be drawn up with an agāl, the hobble-rope of a camel – whence its name – but which can reach nine heights of a man at its deepest; a group of such wells, e.g. the Ogol of Trarza; dim. ageïla, pl. ageïlāt, from which El Ageilat, a place-name in Gorgol; in Morocco, a water point, a group of wells; in Fezzan, a collection of silos or storage-pits (Leriche); ogla, pl. ogol (Mauritania): a shallow well (Ech-Chenguiti); ōgla, coll. ōgl (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a group of permanent wells at ground level, situated close together (Pierret); ogla, pl. oglāt or ogol, dim. ogeyla (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): 1. a shallow well from which, theoretically, water can be drawn with an agāl, but actually with a rcha, a rope used to draw water by hand from a well of shallow depth, whereas an aqān is used to draw water from deeper wells by an animal with the aid of a pulley; 2. a group of wells close together, i.e. by hyperbole, an agal or camel s hobble apart; such a group of wells is also known as rebga; e.g. the wells of Khnāchīch are commonly called Ogla (Poussibet); l agla, pl. l egel (Hassaniya): an oglat, a locality where open water-holes are found side by side, scarcely a few meters in depth, quickly excavated for temporary use in the sand, or in the bed of an oued, or a dhaya, or a guelta choked with sand; thus they are directly dependent on the rains; e.g. l Ogol, the name of part of the country of Trarza (Monteil); ugla (Hassaniya, Mali): a group of wells; the name of a place with wells on the Taoudenni caravan route (Heath); properly, Ar. aqlah or uqlah, a group of shallow wells or pools , thus uqlah, aqlah, in eastern Arabia, a shallow well in the bed of, or near, a dry watercourse which has to be redug after rain or flood; an area where water is close to the surface (Groom); ugla, pl. ugal, in Oman, a sweet-water well, often dug in the dunes of the desert foreland (Wilkinson); in Qatar, a well amongst the sands; there are two popular etymologies as to the origin of this term: either it is that the wells are shallow with a depth not exceeding the length of an aqal, or else it means the place where a tribe stops and ties up (Johnstone) ouarouara (Mzab): wells that do not dry up (MercierM, note 2. p.201) rebga, pl. rebgāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a group of wells close together in the ogol of Trarza ; one says for example rebga l ”stāniyya: the middle group of wells (Leriche); rebga, pl. rebgāt, coll. rbeg (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a group of wells close together, like the running knots that attach a young animal to the rebga; in toponymy: Rbaïg, a region situated to the south of Azaouad and characterised by a high density of wells close together like the running knots of a rebga (Poussibet); see also rètba rètba, pl. rètbāt, coll. rtāb (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a group of wells close together; in this sense, a synonym of ogla (Poussibet); rretbœ (Hassaniya): like an ogla, a group of shallow 49 wells dug side by side in the sand (Monteil); cf. Maghrebi Ar. retba, a group of underground storage pits or silos (Parmentier); see also rebga sāih (Hassaniya): of a well, artesian, gushing (Monteil) sās, pl. sīsān (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the foundations of a house; the foundations of a well, the solid rock or earth underground on which the coffrage or steining of a well, the achangh, is built up; the place where a well-drawer places his feet to draw up the bucket (Poussibet); from class. Ar. asās, pl. usus, also sās, pl. sīsān, foundation, bottom, base tachenghīt, pl., rare, tichenghāten (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well dug in hard ground (Leriche); tachanghīt (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): fem. form of achangh; hard ground which permits the digging of wells without support or steining (Poussibet); šengh / chengh and ešengh / echengh, with the gh pronounced as q in the east (assaniya, Mauritania : same as Poussibet below (Taine-Cheikh); achangh (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): ground in which it is not necessary to line or coffer wells, because it is hard (Poussibet) tagacha, as in ḥassī tagacha (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a well whose upper part has fallen in creating a gaping pit or abyss (Poussibet); tagāsha (Hassaniya, Mali): a broken-down, collapsed well (Heath) tag nout, pl. tig noutin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a shallow well (Motylinski); taġnout / teġnout, pl. tiġnoutīn / teġnoutīn (Touareg Tamahaq dialect, Hoggar or Ahaggar region, southern Algeria): a fairly shallow well; said of all wells from one to two metres in depth, encased or not, with water or dry; taġnout is distinguished from ānou, tānout, teġainout, abankōr, atafāla, tériht and terārit, which see (Foucauld); tağnut (Ahaggar): a shallow well, from one to two meters in depth (DRB, III.822); cf. anou taidemt, pl. tiidmin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): planks made from palm trunks used to line artesian wells; the whole work is called ik k an n tala (Biarnay) talmest (Berber): a well of water; talmest: a marsh; talmest, almes, pl. tilmesin: in Ahaggar, a reed; e.g. Talmest, a water-hole; Talmest, a mountain; and the valleys of Tilemsīn; the origin of the name Tlemcen in Algeria may lie in these words (Pellegrin); talmist, pl. tilimsàn (Berber): in certain dialects, a source, spring (El Fasi); talmist, pl. tilmas (Tamazight): a water-hole (Weghlis); talmest (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco : a poche d eau , underground water-pocket, water-hole; in High Atlas toponymy: Et Talemst, a village of the Glawa; Asif Talmest, River of the Water-hole , of the Glawa; Augdāl n Tlmest, of Urika; a village-name under the form Almes, of Demsira; in the Anti-Atlas, Tilemsi, a branch of the Saguiat al-(amra; in the Middle Atlas, Almis of Gigu and the Marmuša; Ulmes, of the Aït Sgugu; in Oran, Tilimsān or Tlemcen; Gautier and Foucauld give tilmas as Arabic and abankor as the Berber equivalent; G. Marcy considers it to be composed of al, place + mäs, from a root MS < MZ, to seize, grasp, catch hold of, collect, impound , thus a place where water collects (Laoust3); tilemmas (Tamahak, North Africa): equivalent to tsmaïd, holes dug in wadis to procure water (Knox) Adopted into Hassaniya as: 50 tilemsi (assāniya, from Berber : a well, water hole (Monteil2); tīlemsī, pl. tīlemmās (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga tiyé-emech : among the Régueïbāt, a shallow hole dug in the sand to find water; a water-hole; a place in the Sahel has this name (Leriche); tīlemsi, pl. tilemmās (Hassaniya): a water-hole; a hole dug to find water at a shallow depth (Monteil); tīlemsī, pl. tīlemmās (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the singular and plural seem to have different meanings; sing. tīlemsī has the sense of trāb, land or district , rather than a well, and is applied to a region where the water is at a shallow depth; the plural tīlemmās is the equivalent of the ogla of the Brābīch, a well without lifting apparatus; in toponyny, tīlemsī has given its name to a valley in the district of Gao and to a region in the district of Goundam near the Mauritanian border (Poussibet) tanout, pl. tinā Tamazir t or Zenati Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): a well (Provotelle); tanut (Ntifa): any small excavation in the ground; (Sened, Djebel Nefousa): a well (Laoust7, p.412); zanut or zanuz, pl. zanuzin (Rif Berber): a well (Ibañez); tānout, pl. tounīn (Touareg Tamahaq dialect, Hoggar or Ahaggar region, southern Algeria): a well with a pulley for the irrigation of a garden; any well, ānou, of any depth, is called tānout as soon as it is equipped with a pulley and structure needed to draw water for the purpose of irrigating a garden; when the pulley and structure are removed it reverts to ānou; when the pulley and structure is left but the well is no longer used for the irrigation of a garden but serves another purpose it loses the name tānout and becomes ānou n tekêrkirt, which see under ānou; tānout en tekêrkirt: a well with a pulley for the irrigation of a garden; syn. of tānout; tānout is distinguished from ānou, taġnout, teġainout, abankōr, atafāla, tériht and terārit, which see (Foucauld); tanout, pl. tina (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a well (Motylinski3); tanout (Berber, Tunisia): a well (NITunisia); tanut, pl. tanautan, dim. of anu (Touareg, Tamaceght Berber): a little well; e.g. Tanut, a town in Niger (Weghlis); in Aïr, a shallow unlined well, which has to be redug every year; in the Touareg nomenclature of water sources, we find also anu, a deep lined well , ers, a scrape-hole , and agilman, a pool in a ravine (Rodd); tanut, pl. tina, var. tawint, tanain, also anu, pl. una (Berber): a well; in Ahaggar ānu, pl. oûnān is a well, and tānut, pl. tûnīn is a well for irrigation; [but note distinction between anu and tanut drawn by Rodd above]; e.g. in Tunisia, Aïn-Tounine, Oued-Tounine, Oued Tina; in Algeria, Tounine, perhaps Honein, which represents the arabicised pl. ûnan (Pellegrin); tu(w)nnin / tûnnin (pan-Berber): little wells, being the plural of feminine tanut; the related Touareg forms tagnut, tagaynut lead one to suppose an original root WYN which would explain the semi-vowel w in the form represented here; El-Bekri in the 11th C. mentions a place Touwennin an-oguellid, The Wells of the King , on the route from Derā to Sijilmassa (Chaker, p. 147); a derivative of anou/anu, which see zanut / zanuz, pl. zanuzin (Rif Berber): a well (Ibañez); variant of tanout tasebbalt, pl. tesebbalin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a fountain built to provide drinking-water (Motylinski3); zasebart, pl. zisebarin (Rif Berber): a water fountain; a structure which delivers water through one or several spouts (Ibañez); from Maghrebi Ar. sabbala, in Morocco, a fountain, water-point ; from class. Ar. sabīl, a public fountain tāzorfa (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the setting or foundation of a well in solid ground, from which it can be lined [?] (Leriche) 51 teffeshth Zenāga : a well; equivalent of (assaniya ḥasi (Nicolas) tilegge / tīlegge (assaniya; from Zenāga : 1. water falling around the mouth of a well, after it has been drawn up; 2. the place where water drawn from a well is discharged or poured before being distributed among the irrigation channels; 3. waters, a mass of water; 4. same as Poussibet below (Taine-Cheikh); télaga (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the floodwaters which periodically feed and reunite the permanent and semi-permanent pools which have been cut off by the receding waters of the Niger; télaga el bèdhā: a sandy place in a ragba or arm of the Niger from which the water has receded (Poussibet) teššenghīdh (Zenāga): a well dug into hard ground requiring no internal lining or support (Nicolas) tīdermi or ḥāsi tīdermi, pl. ḥāsyān tīdermi (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a well whose water rises suddenly as soon as the water-table is reached during digging; dim. tweïdirmi has given its name to a place in Arya, Trarza (Leriche); tedermi Zenāga : a shallow well, water-hole; elsewhere Nicolas notes: in Igidi, the wells are either 1. tidermi, artesian or gushing wells, or 2. ebtiji, wells sunk into a static water-table (Nicolas); cf. medrûm trangīyya (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the place occupied by water at the bottom of a well which a single more or less copious extraction leaves uncovered (Poussibet) ṭwe, yeṭwi, masdud ṭayy (Hassaniya): to coffer or line a well; ṭayye, pl. ṭayyat: a coffering or lining of a well; ṭawwāy: a specialist in the lining of wells (Taine-Cheikh); twœ, yetwi (Hassaniya): to coffer or line a well (Monteil); cf. Arabic ṭawīy, ṭawīyah, ṭayy, a well cased with stones or baked bricks (Groom); ṭawi, in Oman, esp. on the Batina littoral strip, a well and its cultivated area (Wilkinson) ūkah (Hassaniya): of a well, to be exhausted, to run dry (Monteil); ūkah (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. low-water mark; a beach at low-tide; 2. the fall or drop of water in a well (Leriche); also wekkah wargren (Berber, Tagerggrent): a shallow well, in Tagerggrent, the Amazigh idiom spoken in Ouargla, a city in the south of Algeria, which takes its name from wargren (Weghlis) wekkah (Hassaniya): to clear, clean out, dredge a well; wākeh: of a well, cleaned out (Monteil); also žežže wezgha, pl. awzāghi (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): an ogla without much water (Leriche); see ogla žāmm (Hassaniya): of a well, full, gushing (Monteil); zzemzem, yettzemzim (Ouargla): to flow abundantly; of a well or spring, to be copious (Delheure); cf. class. Ar. zamzam, zumāzim, copious, or abundant, water; also brackish water, such as is between salt and sweet; the name of the celebrated well of Mecca, adjacent to the Kaaba, so called because its water is somewhat brackish, or because of the copiousnes of its water (Lane) 52 žežže, ižežži (Hassaniya): to clear, clean out, dredge a well; mūžežži: of a well, cleaned (Monteil); also wekkah žḥar (Hassaniya): to dig a well; žaḥḥār: a well-digger, well-sinker (Monteil); jḥīre / žḥīre (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a hole, in general; a well; jḥīr / žḥīr: to dig a well; jaḥḥār / žaḥḥār: an excavator of wells, a good well-digger (Taine-Cheikh); méjḥour (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali; from jḥar, to dig, excavate : adj., said of a well that already has water [déjà en eau] ? (Poussibet); cf. class. Arabic juḥr, burrow, hole zraf (Hassaniya): to line the inside of a well with stonework (Monteil); zraf, yezraf, masdar zarf (Hassaniya); to coffer a well with planks; to build or face a well with stone; zarf: coll., the lining of a well; the margin of a well, and more exactly, material disposed around the mouth of a well to reduce the opening and prevent accidents to people and animals (Taine-Cheikh); zerf (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the steining or lining of a well; ḥassī mezrouf: a well steined or lined with large stones or slabs, therefore having stone walls (Poussibet) 53 Drawing Water The Berber languages and Hassaniya have a rich vocabulary of indigenous words relating to draw-wells, equipped with rollers or pulleys, and to shadoof-like devices for lifting water from rivers, pools and wells. The very few relating to waterwheels or other wheeled water-lifting machines are all borrowed from Arabic (see section on Waterwheels) ___________________________________ agem / ayem (pan-Berber): to draw water, from a well or spring; to go in search of water; thus in Chleuh, Central Moroccan dialects, Ntifa, Beni Iznacen, Senhadja de Sraïr, Rif dialects, Figuig, Aznaga, Kabylie, Eastern Kabylie, Chaoui, Chenoua, Central Algerian dialects, Beni Snous, Mzab, Ouargla, Gourara, Touat and Tidikelt, Ghadamès, Sokna, Touareg of Ahaggar, Niger, and Awjila (DRB, III.794-795); enagam, pl. inagaman (Touareg, Niger): a person who extracts water from a well; agem: to draw water from a well (Ghubayd); agwm (Kabyle, Irjen): to draw water (Picard); in Touareg, agem is to draw water, suggesting a Phoenician/Punic word, similar to the Hebrew, that has infiltrated the Berber; in toponyms, e.g. Sedjoumi near Tunis; Oued-Joumine, a tributary of Garaat Ichkeul in Tunisia; also several unidentified bishoprics called Gummi (Pellegrin) [I assume that Pellegrin s suggestion that Berber agem might be a Phoenician loanword, similar to the Hebrew, must refer to a set of cognates in related Afroasiatic languages including Arabic jammah, majamm, a place where water, or anything else, collects; the place where water from a well is poured (Groom), Hebrew agam, agam, agem, agem, from a root meaning to collect, as water , therefore a pond, pool, marsh; hence a rush, as growing in swamps; hence a stockade of reeds (Strong), and Akkadian agammu, marsh, lagoon (AD). However, the semantic distance between withdrawing water and place where water collects is great and since agem is common to all the Berber dialects, not just those along the North African littoral that may have been infiltrated by Phoenician, the equivalence is doubtful]; see also derivatives agemmun, tagemmi, etc. under Cultivated and Irrigated Lands alakaw, pl. ilakawan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): verbal noun, the drawing of water (Sudlow) effi (Kabyle): to draw water, extract water (DRB, III, 681) enzegh / inzegh (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): to draw water (Motylinski3) jbed (Kabyle, Zouaoua): to draw water (Basset5); žbed / jbed, yežbed / yejbed (Hassaniya, Mauritania): to draw or pump water from a well; žebbād / jebbād: a drawer of water, a good drawer of water, man or animal; mežbed, mejbed, pl. mžābed, mjābed: 1. a track which leads to a water-point, to a well; 2. a place where one stands close to a well and from where one pulls on the rope of the bucket; 3. a camel track or path, visible on the reg or on hard sand (Taine-Cheikh) 54 narbat (Hassaniya, Mali): to draw water from a well with camels (Heath) sgiw (Chleuh): to draw water from a well; derived from aga, receptacle, bucket ? (DRB, III.912); sgiou (Tashelhit, Sous): to draw water from a well (Laoust4) tubbukt Zenāga : the action of drawing water (Nicolas) 55 The shadoof (puits à balancier, puits à bascule, puisoir à bascule) acheïlel (Mauritania): esp. in Adrar, an apparatus used for irrigating the zeribas or fenced palmgardens; it is a device consisting of a long pole or boom which see-saws about a cross-bar supported between two pillars beside a well; at one end of the pole is attached a delou, a receptacle made of goatskin or sheepskin sewn onto an iron ring, which is let down vertically into the well; at the other end large stones are securely attached to make a counterweight; the irrigator, standing at the mouth of the well, pulls down on the rope, causing the delou to descend into the water; when it is full he releases the rope, and the bucket comes up by means of the counterweight and is emptied into a basin (Ech-Chenguiti); šeylāl / cheylāl, and ešeylāl / echeylāl (assaniya; from Zenāga? : in the north and Tagant, a chadouf or balancier; in the east, šeylāy / ešeylāy (Taine-Cheikh); ašīšāl / achīchāl, pl. āšwāšīl / āchwāchīl (Hassaniya): a chadouf; the main pole or balance-pole of a chadouf; a variant of šeylāl / ešaylāl (Taine-Cheikh, citing Leriche, unconfirmed); ašēilāl (assaniya : a balancier de puits or shadoof for watering the palm-gardens (Monteil); ashaylal (Mauritania): a puits à balancier or shaduf-like apparatus for raising water from a well; a balancing apparatus to one end of which is attached a rope and leather bucket, delou, by which water is drawn from a well and emptied into a large circular basin, hodh, of 8 to 10 m diameter; in frequent use in the palm-gardens at Shinqiti and Tijigja in Tagant region (Khalifa); sehwet ešeylāl (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): the end of the balance-pole of a shad”f, that to which is fixed the stone counterweight (Leriche); this apparatus bears the name aġer”r in the Dra and the Algerian Sahara, amwasin or ašeilal in Mauritania, and aghoudid among the Touareg (Laoust3) agherour / ar erour, pl. ighouar / ir ouar (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a beam or pole of palm wood; to draw water for irrigating the garden, the gardener uses a sweep or swipe composed of a long pole of palm wood, ar erour, which pivots between two pillars set in the ground; by extension ar erour also signifies the kitchen-garden irrigated in this way; dim. tar erout, pl. tir eroutin: a small garden (Biarnay); aɣṛuṛ n ižbad (Ouargla): the Egyptian shadoof (Delheure); aġerur (Ouargla, El-Goléa : a puits à bascule or shadoof; it is the rerraz or ġerġaz of Tinerkouk (Gourara) (Laoust7, p.437, diagram); ar erour (Zenati, Ouargla): a garden (Basset2); aghrour (Berber, Tafilalt): an apparatus for drawing water from a well with the aid of draught animals (Ben Brahim); this apparatus, known in the Dra and the Algerian Sahara, bears the name aġer”r, and that of amwasin or ašeilal in Mauritania, and aghoudid among the Touareg (Laoust3); [Ben Brahim indicates that the word is applied to a draw-well worked by animal power in the Tafilalt]; see also Ouargla agerraw under Cisterns, Tanks, etc. aghoudid, pl. ighoudīden (Touareg, Ahaggar): a long pole [to one end of which is attached a bucket on a rope] which is pivoted about a cross-bar supported by two pillars set up beside a well, for the purpose of drawing water by manual labour [i.e. a shad”f]; by ext., a well furnished with an aghoudid (Foucauld); aṛudid (Touareg, Ahaggar): a pole and bucket provided with a counterweight (Nicolaisen); agaīdid, pl. igoudīten (Touareg, Tamahaq): un puits à balancier , un puits à bascule , i.e. a swing- or swape-well akin to the Egyptian shād”f (Pandolfi); ageddid, pl. igeddiden (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, 56 Central Morocco): a goatskin container, water-skin (Mercier); ageddid, pl. igeddiden (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a water-skin; inin n ougeddid: an expression by which water is designated in front of Arabs who understand the word aman (Biarnay); eigedh / eijjedh Zenāga : a water-skin (Nicolas); aidith, pl. aididīn (Kabyle): a water-skin (Newman1); see Touareg ag a akkaz Mourzouk, Fezzan, Libya : khettara is the general name given to the puits à balancier in the Fezzan; at Marzouk and its environs, they are also often called akkaz (Eldblom); the puits à balancier are numerous in the environs of Mourzouk, where they are called akkaz, in particular at Hajj Hajel (Despois, p.144) asbedded (Berber, Ouargla): the place where the man who manoeuvres the lever of a shaduf or swape stands; asebded (Ghadamès): a beam placed across the mouth of a swape- or swingwell; connected to Touareg tasebdet, stopping-place; limit (DRB, I, 16) aseftan (Touareg, Ayr): a pole and bucket provided with a counterweight, for drawing water (Nicolaisen); see also aghoudid dāye, pl. dāyāt (Hassanita, Mauritania): pole, post; in particular the two vertical posts on which rests the horizontal beam that suppports the balance pole of a shad”f (Taine-Cheikh) gharāz (Ziban and other regions of the Sahara): a puits à balancier , the shadoof of the Nile Valley, khettāra of the Fezzan (Despois, p.142); rerraz or ġerġaz (Tinerkouk, Gourara): a puits à bascule or shadoof; it is the aġerur of Ouargla (Laoust7, p.437) ḥjār / ḥžār (Hassaniya, Mauritania : stone; the counterwieght of a chadouf, of a balancier du puits ; acc. to Corral, ḥažrāt el-faras: a counterwight of stones attached above the tegrele, the lower part of the balance pole; ḥažrāt ebembe: the counterwieght of stones attached under the tegrele (Taine-Cheikh); from class. Ar. ḥajar, stone, weight kallingu (Touareg, Niger): a puits à balancier , swing-well, swipe-well, swape or shadoof (Bernus); today the tekarkart or draw-well is used everywhere in Aïr; but this technique was introduced relatively recently; previously the puits à balancier or swape, kallingu in Aïr, better known under the Arabic name shad”f, was the only known method of raising water (EB, III, A124) khet t ara (Berber, Ghadamès; from Arabic khaṭṭāra : a puits à bascule or swing-, swape-, or swipe-well akin to the Egyptian shad”f (Motylinski2); See Enquiry into the etymology of the word kheṭṭāra in Morocco ouaggāf, pl. ouaggafāt (Fezzan): the two short upright posts made from palm trunks that make the frame of a shadoof or khettāra; also the superstructure of a draw-well, usually constructed of two palm trunks firmly embedded in the ground and inclined over the well (Despois, p.135, 142) shādef / šādef, pl. shwādef / šwādef (Hassaniya): in the east only, a chadouf , balance or crane for drawing water from a well; a syn. of esheylāl (Taine-Cheikh); same as Egyptian Arabic 57 shād”f, a counterpoised swing for raising water , etymologised as a reflex of Old Egyptian šaṭ.w=f, the one with a bucket or waterskin (Corriente, p.87) ṭalḥa (Hassaniya): a Y-shaped piece of wood to which are fixed stones acting as a counterweight on one end of a pole of a shad”f (Taine-Cheilh, citing Dubié) tinšert, tinšar Ouargla; a Ngouça word : a beam, the support of a puis à bascule or shadoof; synonym tarselt (Delheure); see also tirselt, under Draw-well 58 The Draw-well or Pulley-well (puits à dalou, puits à treuil) agadir (Demnat, Ntifa): a pillar of a well (Laoust7, p.413); also the drystone wall of a terraced field, see under Cultivated and Irrigated Lands; [agadir is widespread in Berber signifying variously an escarpment, a stone wall, defensive enclosure, etc., but is best-known as a fortified collective granary, found especially in the south of Morocco among the Chleuh group of sedentary Berbers; it is commonly believed to be a loan from Phoenician/Punic, cf. NeoPunic gdr, wall , and cognates Hebrew gādēr, dry-stone wall , Ugaritic gdrt, hedge, fence , Arabic jadr, pl. judr, wall of stones, enclosure , etc.] agherdesh, pl. igherdeshun (Touareg, Aïr, Niger): the vertical posts of the frame that holds the pulley of the wells in the gardens of Aïr (Bernus) akurkuro (Touareg, Aïr, Niger): a cylindrical pulley or winding drum of the wells of Aïr (Bernus); cf. tekêrkirt ar lād ouloum (Zenati, Mzab): a long inclined ramp sunk into the ground which the camel that draws water from a well walks up and down (Basset2); aġlad n-ulom (Ghardaia, Mzab): the path of the camel that draws water from a well (Laoust7, p.436); cf. ar lād (Zenati, Mzab and Ouargla), ar ledh (Djebel Nefousa), pl. ir oulād (Mzab), ir lāden (Ouargla), a street (Basset2) emeskenneh Zenāga : an ox or cow trained to draw water from a well (Nicolas) eshshedhan / eššedhan Zenāga : the track made by or for an ox drawing water back and forth from a well (Nicolas) ijaten (Figuig): the apparatus for drawing water from a well (Kossmann); see aga jjerrart, pl. jerrarat (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pulley (Mercier); tajerrart (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a pulley (Laoust5); tajerrart (Tashelhit, Sous): a pulley (Laoust4); tadjerart (Ghardaia, Mzab): a pulley, used to draw water from a tirest or draw-well (Laoust7, p.436); tažerrart, pl. tižerrarin (Ouargla): a pulley; from Arabic (Delheure); žžerrāra (Hassaniya): a well-pulley (Monteil); cf. Touareg tekêrkirt; from Ar. jarra, to draw, pull ; cf. class. Ar. bi r jar”r, a deep well, from which the water is drawn by means of the sāniya, and by means of the pulley and the hands, or a well from which the water is drawn [by a man] upon a camel (Lane); in the Fezzan, jerrâra is the pulley of a sâniya or draw-well (Despois, 1944-45) karkra (Hassaniya, Mali): a pulley, for the rope of a well (Heath); lkerkra (Hassaniya): a wellpulley (Monteil); see tekêrkirt khechba, pl. khcheb (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): any dead wood of substantial size, a log, stump, etc.; the forked branch erected over a well to guide the rope; khcheb silk: telegraph poles (Poussibet) 59 marja / marža , pl. mrāje / mrāže (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a way of return, place of return; the track of a draught animal around a well; the back-and-forth track of the animals (ass, ox or camel) that draw water from a well, the length of which may be used to gauge the depth of a well; 2. a stadium; an open place used for dances, games, etc.; a course for camelracing (Taine-Cheikh); merja, pl. mrāja (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a mire round a well caused by the trampling of animals brought there to drink (Leriche); lmerža (Hassaniya): the point where a draught animal, in drawing water from a well, stops and returns on its track (Monteil); merj , pl. mrāj (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania) : 1. a road or path by which one returns; a place of return; 2. the return track of a draught animal, an ass, ox or camel, that draws water from a well by walking back and forth; one can tell the depth of a well by the length of the track that the animal follows up and down; from rj a, to return ; 3. a stadium, ground, area cleared for dances, games, etc. (Leriche); merj or merjā, pl. mrāj or mrājā (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region, N.W. Mali): 1. a track made by draught animals in drawing water from a well; 2. a race-course for camels; 3. [an ephemeral] pool nearing its end, trampled by livestock and whose water is unfit to drink (Poussibet); lmerža (Hassaniya): the point where a draught animal, in drawing water from a well, stops and returns on its track; lmerže, pl. lemrež: a slough, mire, mud, especially around the mouth of a well (Monteil); from Arabic marja , a place to which one returns , itself from raja a, to come back, return, retrace one s steps, etc. mṣabb, pl. mṣābb (Hassaniya): a stone onto which water drawn from a well is poured and from where it runs into a basin – an inclined slab or stone apron; a spillway; the slope of a mountain; sometimes a gutter (Taine-Cheikh); from Arabic ṣabba, to pour, pour forth, flow; cf. maṣabb, oulet, drain, mouth of a river, etc. ouaggāf, pl. ouaggafāt (Fezzan): the superstructure of a draw-well, usually constructed of two palm trunks firmly embedded in the ground and inclined over the well; also called selloum, pl. sellalīm, from Arabic; the same term is used for the two short uprights that make the frame of a shadoof or khettāra (Despois, p.135, 142) tadount (Zenati, Mzab): a pulley, sheave (Basset2) tafolt (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): equipment for the drawing of water (DRB, III.563) tāneh en amuj Zenāga : one of two horizontal beams over the mouth of a well, over which passes the a ni or rope (Nicolas) tāshel / tarshel / taršel Zenāga : a forked pole supporting the pulley of a deep well; endhudh: a chock or block on the horizontal beam between the tarshel and etewghar (Nicolas); teyšet (Hassaniya, Mauritania): the thorny tree, Balanites aegyptiaca; also a pole terminating in a fork onto which are fixed the stones which act as a counterweight to the delu or receptacle, as part of the balancier or shad”f of a well (Taine-Cheikh) tayra (Hassaniya, Mali): wooden support for a water bucket used in a well (Heath) tegdeh Zenāga : the place where one pours water from one place to another at a well; a wooden drinking-trough (Nicolas) 60 teienneh Zenāga : a wooden pulley with three grooves; ta ferfart: an old, worn teienneh pulley (Nicolas); ttēinne (Hassaniya): a small windlass, winch or winding-drum for a draw-well (Monteil); teynne, pl. tīnīwen (assaniya, from Zenāga : a pulley, wheel, roller (TaineCheikh) tekêrkirt, pl. tikêrkīrīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a pulley; and by ext., a pulley and its supports mounted over a well for extracting water; ānou n tekêrkirt: a well with a pulley, not for irrigating a garden; tānout en tekêrkirt: a well with a pulley for irrigating a garden; a synonym of tānout (Foucauld); tekarkart (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): literally, a pulley used to draw water from a well; by ext. a well whose water is drawn by draught animal using a pulley system (Bernus); karkra (Hassaniya, Mali): a pulley, for the rope of a well (Heath); lkerkra (Hassaniya): a well-pulley (Monteil); cf. jjerrart, tajerrart which must be variants of the same word tiggitawt, pl. shigittawin (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): a forked branch set up on the margin of a well to hold the pulley (Bernus) tirselt, pl. tirsāl (Zenati, Mzab): the posts, uprights, superstructure, or water-raising apparatus of a well (Basset2); tinšert, tinšar Ouargla; a Ngouça word : a beam, the support of a puis à bascule or shadoof; synonym tarselt (Delheure) 61 The Water Bucket and Ropes Across nearly all Berber dialects, aga/aja is the large leather, hide or skin bucket or receptacle used for drawing water. Its equivalents in Hassaniya are delu/dalou, widespread across the Arabic world, and garfa. Both words have been adopted into some Berber dialects. abidoun, pl. ibidounen, also abilioun, pl. ibiliounen (Kabyle): a water bucket or receptacle for drawing water (Olivier); also achabchaq achabchaq, pl. ichabchaqen (Kabyle): a water bucket or receptacle for drawing water (Olivier); also abidoun afraḍ, pl. ifraḍen (Ouargla): a large receptacle or water bucket, made of goatskin, held by cords tied to a rope by which it is suspended; it has no rigid circular frame at the top like the ddelu (Delheure) aga, pl. agiwn (pan-Berber): widespread throughout the Berber world for a large skin receptacle or bucket for drawing water from a well; it is found in Chleuh, in Central Morocco, in Ntifa, and in Zenāga as ladle, scoop ; ja among the Beni Iznacen; ja, pl. uja at Mzab; jaw, pl. ijagwn at Sened; ejja / ja in Rif dialects; ejja at Siwa; uga at Nefousa; ağa at Ghat and in Ahaggar; aga in Niger, all ladle, scoop ; and ja, pl. ijaten, equipment of a well? at Figuig (DRB, III.701); aga, pl. agaten (Chleuh, Morocco): a bucket, pail (Justinard); aga, pl. agioun (Tashelhit, Sous): a leather bucket, delou (Laoust4); agga (Tashelhit, Aït Ouagrou): a bucket (Laoust5); ag a, pl. ig aten (Touareg, Tamahaq): a bucket, delou, for drawing water (Motylinski); aġa (Touareg, Ahaggar): a leather bucket (Nicolaisen); aga, pl. igaggan (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): a large waterskin for drawing water from a well (EB, III, A124); adja, pl. idjaten (Tamadjek, Ghat): a bucket or receptacle for drawing water (Nehlil); aja (Berber, Central Algeria): a basin dug next to a spring for the watering of livestock (DRB, III. 701); ajā, pl. ajāten (Metmata): a basin dug out near a spring to water the cattle (Laoust7, p.413); āg / a geh (Zenāga): a leather or hide bucket, delou (Nicolas); ŷa, pl. iŷuŷa (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect): a tub, pail or skin bucket for drawing water from a well (Ibañez); cf. Touareg agaīdid, Berber agem ā ni, pl. ā num Zenāga : a long well-rope, made of undressed hide (Nicolas) arān, pl. irawān (Hassaniya): a thick leather well-rope to which the bucket or receptacle is attached; perhaps the origin of the name of the locality called Araouan, celebrated for its numerous wells (Monteil) asġun (Demnat, Ntifa), agátsu (Aït Atta, Dads, Todghout, Tafilalt): a well-rope, made of palm fibre (Laoust7, p.413) delu, pl. dli (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a leather or hide bucket or receptacle used for drawing water from a well; tedelye: a turn of water at the well (Taine-Cheikh); dalw (Hassaniya, Mali): a goatskin water container dipped into a well (Heath); ddelu, pl. ddlī (Hassaniya): the delou, a leather bucket or container for drawing water; it is the skin of a goat, žželd, with a 62 mouth, tagenze, formed by a wooden circle or ring, ttāra; to this ring are fixed three cords, tīdbān, errešye, whose ends are knotted to a rope, arān, pl. irawān (Monteil); dlou, pl. id dlou / dlouan (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): a large receptacle of hide or skin in which water is carried and in which it is kept fresh (Biarnay); delu (Mzab), ddelu (Aït Seghrouchen), idlu (Izayan): a leather bucket or receptacle (Laoust7, p.413); from class. Arabic dalw, a bucket, generally of leather, with which one draws water from a well ; hence ad-dal” , the sign of Aquarius, one of the signs of the Zodiac (Lane) garfa, pl. grāf, dim. greïfa, pl. greïfāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a very large délou or receptacle for drawing water from wells; opposite of tāgubba (Leriche); garfa, pl. grāf, dim. greyfa (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a garfa is a large skin bag, an integral part of tent furniture in which the women stow away their belongings (Poussibet); lgarfœ, pl. legrāf (Hassaniya): a large funnel-shaped receptacle for drawing water, made from cowhide, without a wooden ring at its mouth, with two cords attached top and bottom, which is let down into a well and drawn up by an ox or camel; the water is emptied into a wateringtrough, lhood, through the smaller opening at its tapered end; it contains enough to water one or two camels each time (Monteil); garfa Zenāga : a large water receptacle (DRB, III.871); garfa Zenāga : a large delou or water bucket (Nicolas); from Arabic ghar”f, a large bucket that takes up much water , from gharafa, to ladle, scoop ; this seems only to have been adopted by the Zenāga Berbers, who were in close contact with speakers of Hassaniya Arabic; note that garfa is also a rocky outcrop or large, high rock, with a flat summit in Hassaniya. rše / rche, pl. rešye / rechye (assaniya, Mauritania : a rope, a thick rope made of cow s hide, for drawing water from a well (Taine-Cheikh) tagnint (Ouargla): a sort of receptacle in the form of an inverted cone, made of plaited palmfibres with which water is drawn in the gardens by means of a swape or balance; taghint, pl. tighintin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a kind of conical receptacle made of esparto grass with which water is drawn from a well, alir (Biarnay); see alir 63 Waterwheels It is significant that there are no indigenous Berber words for any type of wheel for raising water from wells or rivers. Where they did exist Berber-speakers adopted Arabic terms – sāniya and nā ”ra – to refer to these devices, presumably because they were introduced into the region by the Arabs and did not exist prior to Arab invasion and settlement beginning in the 7th century (the Berber ajurro used in Central Morocco remains an enigma and may simply be a localism, likening the noise made by a turning waterwheel to a cascade or torrent) ___________________________________________ ajurro (Berber, Central Morocco): a waterwheel which makes a din when running; a wave, tide; a torrent; a cascade (Laoust2); cf. ajorro / ajurro, pl. ijorra / ijurra, ijurroten (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a cascade, waterfall; a torrent (Mercier) essānya, pl. id essānya (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a noria; ssānya, pl. idssānya: a noria (Mercier); from class. Ar. sāniya, with at least eight meanings relating to irrigation, in this case, a hydraulic wheel turned by animals, whereby water is drawn for irrigation . See article on sāniya tannā ôrt (Sous): a noria; berberized form of Arabic nā ôra (Destaing1, p. 200); however, G.S. Colin asserts that the noria [as a noria à manège , that is, a vertical wheel slung with a chain of pots or buckets that engages with a horizontal wheel turned by an animal walking round and round the well) does not seem to exist in the Sous [1932], and that his informants told him that this word refers to a simple treuil de puits [draw-well with pulley, worked by an ox pulling up a great water bucket by walking away from the well]. He adds that the word nā ôra is used in this last sense as far as Mauritania (Colin, p.23 n.3); from Arabic nā ”ra; see also zenaāorz zenaāorz, pl. zinaāoar (Rif Berber): a noria, wheel for drawing water (Ibañez); from Ar. nā ”ra, strictly speaking a machine with which water is drawn for irrigation, and which is turned by water, and makes a noise or creaking sound by its revolving; so called because of its na īr or sound (Lane), but here, as in other parts of North Africa, most probably referring to a noria à manège , worked by animals. According to G. S. Colin the only water-raising devices employed in Berber-speaking regions of Morocco at the time of his research [1932] were the shadoof or cicogne (puisoir à bascule) and the draw-well using animal traction (puits à treuil), but Mercier in 1937 and Ibañez in 1944 record berberized forms of Arabic sāniya and nā ”ra in the Haut-Guir and Ziz valleys of central Morocco and in the Rif mountains in the north of the country respectively. The Arabic terms for water-raising technologies and irrigation systems are extremely variable from place to place and highly interchangeable but we can be fairly certain that the three Berber words noted here (ignoring ajurro) refer to the same type of water-raising apparatus – the noria à manège , that is, a vertical wheel slung with a chain of pots or buckets that engages with a horizontal wheel turned by an animal walking round and round a well, rather than a noria proper, a vertical wheel turned by a flow of water, which was only used at Fès and its environs. In any case it is 64 clear that waterwheels of either type were not widespread among the Berbers and where they did exist they adopted their Arabic names (see Colin). 65 The Qanāt In North Africa the qanāt or subterranean water-harvesting system is generally called foggāra in Algeria and kheṭṭāra in Morocco and Mauritania. Both are Arabic words. However in the Touareg dialects, and in the dialects of the oases of Gourara in Algeria and Figuig in Morocco, the technique is called ifli or efeli, an indigenous Berber word. This suggests that in these places at least, qanāt technology may have preceded Arab occupation and settlement. _____________________________________________ aghisrou (prob. Zenatia Berber, Tidikelt): when it leaves the water-bearing rock on approaching the depression and becomes an excavated channel open to the sky, the gallery of a foggāra is covered over and takes the name aghisrou (Lō) almarsor (Touareg, Ahaggar): payment for repairs to a foggāra system (Nicolaisen) burbur (Berber, Mzab): an underground irrigation channel; perhaps reduplicated form of Ghadamès Berber a-bar, ditch ; cf. Siwan ta-ba, irrigation ditch (Basset2) efeli, pl. ifelān (Touareg Tamahaq dialect, the Hoggar or Ahaggar region of southern Algeria): an underground channel for the collection and channeling of water, equivalent to Arabic feggāra, from efel, to leave, depart, be parted in the sense of water overflowing from a river, torrent, tank, etc. or being carried off, from which also atafāla, pl. itafālāten, a waterhole with a wide mouth where water is close to the surface, or where one needs only to dig less than half a meter to find water ; Foucauld adds under ānou, a well , Les jours des efeli sont des ānou , the ventilation and access shafts of the efeli are [called] ānou (Foucauld); ifeli, pl. ifalan (Touareg, Tamahaq): a foggara (Motylinski; see under his culture for description of cultivation using foggara, p. 134); efeli, pl. ifalan (Touareg, Niger): an irrigation canal (Ghubayd); ifelī, pl. ifelan (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a foggara, a gallery of wells at Touat (Masqueray); ifli, pl. iflan (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): a foggara; efeli: a foggara; a subterranean canalization for the purpose of capturing groundwater and transporting it by gravity to an open irrigation canal (Bellil, Vol. 1, glossary); ifli, pl. iflan (Figuig): 1. an underground cistern or basin; an ifli is a kind of underground basin or tank for the distribution of water; 2. a foggara; the pl. iflan is equivalent to Ar. pl. feggagir, i.e. foggaras or underground water collection systems (Kossmann); [however, according to the texts appended in Kossmann, the second of these two meanings is correct; the underground basin near the source of an ifli is called lbehbouha, which see]; tiflit (Chleuh): a spring born in the bed of a watercourse; a canal leading water from an oued to the cultivated lands (DRB, III.560); tiflit, pl. tiflatin (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a spring in the bed of a watercourse (Destaing1); tifelit, pl. tifelatin (Oued Noun, Aït Baamran Chleuhs of Sous, Id Ou Brahim): a canal leading water from an oued to the cultivated plots; this word, like the preceding ones, derives from the verb efel in Ahaggar, to leave, part from , and by extension, overflow, brim over , from which nfel among the Zouaoua, overflow, pour, flow, go over the side , and sfel among the Tlit, overflow , and in the same dialect, asfel n-tfraut, a little channel dug out of the wall of a cistern by which it overflows when full; the name asfalu is frequent in toponyms (Laoust7, p.415) ifili n waman (Central Morocco): a trickle of water; very little water (DRB, III.556) 66 geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania , that which flows or falls drop by drop , from getter, to drip, fall in drops : 1. a trickle of water; a spring with a constant flow which runs along a hill-side or mountain-side; 2. sometimes, an irrigation canal or channel (Leriche); geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the Bulletin de Liaison Saharienne No. gives from whence drops fall, a waterfall, cascade or trickle of water ; for the Sahara, Duveyrier, p. xxx, gives, a well fed by seepage ; said generally of a well at a higher level that feeds a second lower well with water that oozes, seeps or sweats in drops along the walls; in toponymy: El Gettāra to the east of Taoudanni (Poussibet); agaṭar en aman Zenāga; from Hassaniya geṭṭara, small lake, pool : the seepage or oozing of water, from a rock or the ground; Nicolas also gives Hassaniya iriji, a perennial spring in low ground = geṭāra , from Zenāga aoradh, i redhi, a little tiyert or interdunal valley ; and sāgia, in Adrar, an irrigation canal = geṭṭāra (Nicolas); from class. Arabic verb qaṭara: . to fall or flow in drops; to drip, dribble, trickle; to exude, filter, filtrate, percolate, distil; 2. to line up camels in single file or series and connect them with halters nose to tail; to form a train of camels; to come in successive groups , giving modern qaṭṭār, qaṭṭāra, a well or spring providing only a trickle of water , qaṭṭāra, a dropping tube, pipette, dropper, distillation still , qiṭār, a train of camels; railroad train , and other words with similar meanings. See Enquiry into the etymology of the word kheṭṭāra in Morocco ifri, tifrit (Chleuh): a hole, cavity, grotto, cave; a basin, cistern; an opening, inspection hole, into an underground gallery of an irrigation sytem (DRB, III.601); ifri (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla) a hole, grotto, cave, cavern; ifri mmr zou: grottoes of the ifri , the name designating the artesian wells in the locality; ifraouen: gardens irrigated by means of these two springs (Biarnay) lkheṭṭāra, pl. lekhṭāṭēr (Hassaniya): an underground gallery which captures water from a spring and leads it to a palm-garden; its presence is revealed by a line of access shafts; it is the foggara of Touat (Monteil); lkhoṭṭart, pl. lkhoṭṭarat (Tashelhit, Sous): an underground channel for the collection and transport of groundwater (Laoust4); lkhoṭar (Ida Gounidif Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas): a line of wells joined by an underground gallery that fills with rainwater, used for the irrigation of fields but not gardens (Laoust7, p.415); from Arabic alkhaṭṭāra, which originally designated the shadoof in Yemen, in parts of Northern Africa, and in Muslim Spain, and was then transferred to the qanat in Morocco - see Enquiry into the etymology of the word kheṭṭāra in Morocco sehren (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): the noise made by a foggara with a strong flow (Bellil) tasfelt, pl. tiseflin (Berber, Figuig dialect): a foggara; shaft leading to a foggara (Kossmann); [in the system at Figuig, tasfalt refers to a vertical access and aeration shaft leading down to an ifli or foggara; in this context it is equivalent to Arabic ḥassi; the cones of debris around the mouths of the tiseflin indicate the alignment of the foggara or underground gallery] 67 Diversion Dams, Dykes and Barrages Dams, dykes and barrages are traditionally built not to store water but to divert it from a watercourse so that it can be led to irrigated plots downstream. Similarly, temporary barrages are used for sayl irrigation, deflecting wādi floodwaters into channels or onto cultivated land. Smaller earthen dykes across slopes and valleys act as bunds to impede the flow of surface runoff from rainfall so that it soaks into the ground. _____________________________________________ ah bas (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a barrage, dam (Motylinski3); from Ar. ḥabasa, to obstruct, check, hold back, confine, etc , thus ḥabs, ḥabas, ḥibasah, ḥibs, a dam of wood or stones in a water channel; a dam, weir, barrage ghlīg, pl. ghelgāwāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a barrage, barrier, diversion dam, on a watercourse; ghlīg es-seïl: a dike, dam, breakwater (Leriche); [the latter is most probably a diversion dam to turn the waters of a flood or seil into a canal or onto cultivable areas]; ghlīg, pl. ghelgewāt, ghlāyeg (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a barrage; an artificial barrage which retains water for irrigation (Taine-Cheikh, quoting Dubié); ghelga, pl. ghelgāwāt (Mauritania, Moorish/Hassaniya): a barrage, diversion dam (Leriche); ghlīg or ghleg, pl. ghlouga, coll. aghlag, dim. ghleïg (assaniya, Timbuctu region , stopper, plug, bung : a small dune cutting across a valley or barring a tāyāret (Poussibet); from Arabic ghalaqa, to close, shut meḥgen, pl. mḥagen (Hassaniya, Mauritania): an overfall, outfall, spillway, weir (Taine-Cheikh) rebṭ, pl. rbāṭ (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a long band of sand which from afar resembles a rope; from which comes its name habl in literary Arabic; 2. a group of moving dunes, gherd, separated from each other, and where passage through them is relatively easy; 3. a barrage, barrier, or diversion dam of stones (Leriche); rabṭ, pl. rbāṭ, rbeṭ (Hassaniya, Mauritania): same as Leriche above (Taine-Cheikh); thus in Maghrebi Arabic, rabṭ a, a barrage or dam; also called sedd rouj, also tararéjidh (Zenāga, Senegal): a dike, dam, embankment (Faidherbe) sedd, pl. sdūd (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a barrage, dike, diversion dam; pl. sdād: a barrier (Leriche); sedd, pl. sdoud or sdād (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): 1. a barrage, dike, dam; 2. a dune or rise that blocks the end of a regba or a kra , which is called mesdoud (Poussibet); sedd, pl. sdud (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a river barrage; a dike, embankment (Huyghe); sedd, pl. lsed oud (Kabyle): a barrage, digue (Olivier); ssedd, pl. sseduda (Berber, Beni-Snous): a barrage (Destaing2); essed, pl. lesdud (Kabyle, Irjen): a canal, channel (Picard); from common Arabic sadd, sudd, sedd, a dam, dike, weir, barrage (Wehr) tabbanda / tabenda (Chleuh): a bank of earth which retains the water in an irrigated plot or bed (DRB, I. 75) 68 tararéjidh, also rouj (Zenāga, Senegal): a dike, dam, embankment (Faidherbe) tashettabt (Kabyle, Irjen): a barrage of brushwood thrown across a stream to hold back the water and divert it into a channel; ashshedeb: branches (Picard) taxbut, pl. tixbutin (Berber, Figuig dialect): an opening/outlet of a barrage or dam; porte qui donne sur un barrage (Kossmann) uggug (Tamazight Berber): a dam (Ilahiane1); in Tafilalt the upstream waters of the Ziz and Ghriss are exploited by means of earth barrages or uggugs from which derivation canals or seguias lead the water to the fields (Ben Brahim); uggug, pl. iggugen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a barrage, dike, diversion dam (Mercier); uggūg, pl. ugûgen (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a barrage, dam (Laoust5); uggugu, pl. uggūguen (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a principal irrigation canal; if the canal is on a gentle slope and runs beside a watercourse, it is called asdau, from sdu, to be near ; aghbalu signifies both kinds of canal (Destaing1); uggūg (Tachelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a diversion dam or barrage, made of bundles of brushwood and large stones lifted from the river bed; also an irrigation canal leading water far away from such a dam, from which its name ugg”g from aggug, to be far ; in (igh Atlas toponyms, we find Ugg”g, a village of the Tuggana; pl. Ugg”gen, a village of Tifnut; and dim. Tuggugt, a place-name of Gedmiwa (Laoust3); aougoug (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a basin, cistern, tank; a barrage? (Boulifa); ouggoug (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a barrage, sluice, diversion dam (Justinard); ouggoug (Tashelhit, Sous): a barrage, dam (Laoust4); ugguy (Central Morocco): a barrage of rocks and bundles of brushwood constructed to divert the water of a river into a large canal or tarugua; it corresponds to uggug among the Ntifa and at Sous, etc., uggub at Zaïan, and iggig at Guelmima (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII, 141); uggug / uggugw (Chleuh): a barrage; a principal irrigation canal; a watering-place; uggug / ugguj / igig / uggij / iggij / uggub (Central Morocco): a barrage, dike; the closing apparatus of a canal; a derivation canal for irrigation; a drainage ditch; uggug (Ntifa): a barrage (DRB, III.698); see asdau zanda, pl. zandiwin / zindwin (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zamda, pl. zamdiwin (Quebdana dialect): a pool, pond or lake; a reservoir; a dam or dike across a river; a marsh, fen, swamp, morass; also a deep pool or spot in a river (Ibañez); variant of Berber tamda/tanda, a natural pool, pond, lake, waterhole in a stream or river ; also agermam, ahfor uwaman, ermarŷez, zawerda 69 Irrigation Channels and Canals As the arteries of traditional irrigation systems open or covered canals, channels and conduits use gravity to lead water to where it is needed, either from upstream diversion barrages, or from the mouths of underground qanats, or from springs and wells, usually via some sort of cistern or pool that serves to store and regulate the supply. Through a ramifying network of smaller and smaller channels and switching stations, which successively divert and divide the flow according to rights of usage, the water is eventually led into the individual plots in the fields, gardens and orchards of the oasis or village. Drainage ditches and channels may lead surplus water away.The most common and widespread word in Berber for an irrigation channel is targa, as sāgīa is in Hassaniyya, from common Arabic sāqiya. _________________________________________ a afir, pl. i afirn (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a ditch, trench, agricultural drain (Mercier); af ar, pl. if araouen (Berber, Ghadamès): an irrigation channel or canal; a drain, ditch (Motylinski2) abaddou (prob. Zenatia Berber, Tidikelt): an irrigation channel leading to the plots of the gardens (Lō); abadou, pl. abadouin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a channel leading water from a cistern, tihemt, to the various irrigated plots, agemoun; equivalent to Arabic seguia (Motylinski); abādou, pl. ibouda (Touareg, Ahaggar; from Berber dialect of Touat): an irrigation canal or channel, leading water from a reservoir to the cultivated land; a word seldom used (Foucauld); abadu, and tabadutt (Central Morocco): an irrigation channel, aqueduct; abādu (Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt): an irrigation canal, leading water from a reservoir to the cultivated areas; badu (Figuig): a furrow (DRB, I, 17); abaḍu, pl. ibuḍa (Demnat, Ntifa): the side or edge of an irrigation channel; the side or edge of a vegetable bed; from the verb sbadu, to set out the channels, divide the plot into little squares separated by runnels and banks of earth ; an old word, frequent in toponymy; a form abadu, pl. abaduin at Touat designates a channel leading water from a cistern to the square beds laid out for irrigation, whereas abada in Touareg refers to a slope of any elevation; synonyms allal, iġinn, ardad, iḏis, tigitt, aġdu/taġda, tšatert, tekātert (Laoust7, p. 410); see also related tabadut, and Tamahaq teg ouhamt a-bar (Ghadamès): a ditch; cf. reduplicated Mzab burbur, underground irrigation channel (Basset2); cf. Siwan ta-ba, irrigation ditch afewwar (Berber, Mzab): a siphon made of terracotta, iron, etc., that conducts the water of an irrigation channel under an obstacle, e.g. a road (DRB, III. 678) aġelan (Berber, the Aurès): a large canal; related to Touareg aġlal (Laoust3, p. 235); aṛelal (Touareg, Ayr): an irrigation canal (Nicolaisen) agerzem (Berber, Central Morocco): an irrigation channel branching off the mother seguia or main canal; cf. rzem, to open (DRB, III.903) 70 aginan (Chleuh): a plug of clods, brushwood or rags serving to block or regulate the flow of water in irrigation channels or into the plots (DRB, III.818); aginan (Tashelhit, Sous): a water-gate; also a clod of wet earth and brushwood used to stop or divert the flow of water in an irrigation channel (Laoust4); in Tashelhit aginan designates a little sluice-gate or water valve made of clods of earth, brushwood, and rags which serves to plug or divert the flow of water in an irrigation channel; its connection with Touareg agennana, bank, shore, side , has yet to be established (Laoust3); also tireft anšerif, also antšerif (Mzab): the opening by which water enters the square beds in the irrigated plots (Laoust7, p.210); see also imi aqādus / iqudās (Berber, Beni-Snous, from Arabic): a water conduit or channel (Destaing2); aqadus, pl. iqadusen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a water-conduit, waterpipe (Mercier); lqadus, pl. lqwades (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a water conduit or pipe (Mercier); aqidous (Tashelhit, Sous): a clay or ceramic pipe; equivalent to Berber inifif (Laoust4); aqad ous, pl. iqad ousen (Kabyle): an aqueduct (Olivier); aqadus, pl. iqadūsen (Kabyle): a tube (Newman1); qadus, pl. quades (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a canal, irrigation channel; the pipe of a fountain (Huyghe); qadus, pl. iqudas (Rif Berber): a water pipe, conduit, drain, sewer, covered channel for water, Sp. arcaduz; an earthen jar or pitcher, or scoop, bucket, of a noria or water-wheel (Ibañez); gadous (Berber, Ghadamès; from Arabic): a measure for water (Graberg, given in Motylinski2); qadus, pl. iqudas (Figuig): a water distributor or divisor; a unit of measurement, about 3 inches; iqudas: the principal divisor of the waters of the Tzadert spring; in Haut-Figuig the term lbehbuba is used for the equivalent feature (Kossmann); equoudas (Berber, from Ar); in Figuig, S. E. Morocco, a water switching station that divides and directs the flow of water from an underground gallery or khettāra; the principal canals, atoual, extend from the equoudas to the pools; these canals may go through several switching stations and diminish in size accordingly (Meszoely); from Arabic qād”s, usually one of the earthenware jars tied to a sāqiya, sāniya or dawlāb water-raising machine placed over a well , directly or indirectly from Greek kados or from Latin cadus, large water jar ; from the Arabic come also Spanish arcaduz, Valencian alcaduf, Catalan caduf,and Potrtuguese alqatruz, all with more or less same meaning, and, probably, English albatross. See complete listing for Arabic qād”s asaru, pl. isaruten, isura (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a ditch, trench, drain; a secondary irrigation canal (Mercier); asāru, pl. isūra (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): an irrigation ditch or channel (Laoust5); a secondary canal branching off a targa; a small channel separating two plots and leading irrigation water to the beds (Laoust7, p.412); asarou (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a canal, channel, irrigation channel or ditch (Boulifa); assaru, pl. isūra (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a secondary canal or channel of a garden or a field (Destaing1); asarou, pl. isoura (Tashelhit, Sous): an irrigation channel or ditch (Laoust4); see also targa, timessouit asdau (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco; from sd”, to be near : an irrigation canal leading from a river or from an ugg”g, a diversion dam, that runs parallel to the watercourse, near the bank, when the gradient is gentle; found as the name of an azib among the Aït Wauzgit (Laoust3); in contrast to ugg”g 71 asder, pl. isdar (Tlit Chleuhs): sluice gate; a plug of earth, twigs and rags used to stop or regulate the flow of water in the irrigation channels or in the beds; synonyms are tireft, iġinn, aginan, aseggaru, ṛṛbeṭ (Laoust7, p.412) aseggan (Kabyle): a sluice-gate or water-gate at an outflow from a canal that controls or stops the flow of water to a mill (DRB, III.817) aseggarou, pl. iseggoura (Zenati Berber, Mzab): a barrage (Basset2); aseggarou (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a bung or plug of earth and mud used to block an irrigation ditch and deflect the course of the water (Biarnay); aseggaru (Ouargla): a removable plug or bung of mud, stones and palm wadding in an irrigation channel (DRB, III.858); aseggaru: a bung; a clod of earth used to stop or divert the water in an irrigation channel; asggaru or asuggaru (Berrian): compost or manure which is put in the channels which separate the beds after the second watering of wheat or barley (Laoust7, p.412); also asder, iġinn, aginan, ṛṛbeṭ, tireft aselda (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a conduit or small basin into which water drawn from a well is poured; the word is related to the root L-D-I, to stretch, pull, drag, draw, haul (from Laoust3); aselda (Tashelhit, Sous): a conduit into which is poured the water from a well (Laoust4) atindjer Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a seguia, an irrigation channel in the gardens (Battesti) atoual (Berber, prob. from Ar): in Figuig, S. E. Morocco, the principal water distribution canals that lead khattāra water from the equoudas or water switching stations to the pools; they were originally built with gypsum, later reinforced with concrete; they are typically 50 cm to 60 cm wide and 40 cm to 50 cm deep; these canals may go through several switching stations and diminish in size accordingly (Meszoely); cf. Ar. taḥwīlah, branch; a side canal (Groom) ažār / ajār (Hassaniya, Mali): a ravine; a natural or man-made canal (Heath); ajār, pl. ijāren (Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania : a Zenāga word designating a small valley; a ravine or gully of variable width that has been eroded by run-off; Ajar is the name of a district in Trarza (Leriche); ajār Zenāga : a ravine, gully; ejmi ajāri: a little running stream (Nicolas); ažār / ajār, pl. ižārān, ijārān (Hassaniya): a little ravine or gully; the steep bank of an oued (Monteil) azelmaz, pl. azlāmīz (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a channel, canal, drain (Leriche); ezelmāz, pl. āzlāmez / āzlāmīz (assaniya : in Wadān, an irrigation channel or basin around the palm-trees; 2. a footpath, in stony ground, through a defile (Taine-Cheikh, citing Leriche) balhaya / l-balh (Hassaniya): an irrigation channel between palm-trees (Taine-Cheikh, unconfirmed); cf. blaḥ barawwat, pl. barawwaten (Touareg, Niger): a ditch, trench, drain (Ghubayd); also ebanger 72 dukh ugelmam (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): the stopper, plug, bung of a conduit or channel of a reservoir or tank (Huyghe) duki (Touareg, Ayr): an irrigation canal (Nicolaisen); doki (Touareg, Niger; from Hausa): an irrigation canal (Bernus) emes, pl. imasayen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a stopper or in-gate of a cultivated bed or plot; barrage ou porte de planche de culture (Battesti) ermeŷra, pl. ermeŷaraz (Rif Berber): an underground aqueduct, conduit, drain, gutter (Ibañez); from Ar. majra, a channel, stream, torrent, watercourse, canal, drain, pipeline ermiçeb u waman, pl. ermiçab (Rif Berber): an aqueduct, water conduit (Ibañez); from Ar. almizab, mi zab, a water spout; a pipe or channel from which water gushes; a drain, gutter essed, pl. lesdud (Kabyle, Irjen): a canal, channel (Picard); cf. Maghrebi Ar. sedd, pl. sedoud, a dyke; a diversion dam in a wadi, or a barrage in the mountains , from Ar. sadd, an obstruction, obstacle; a rampart, barrier, bar, bank; a dam, dike, weir, barrage ; see also sedd, under Diversion Dams geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania , that which flows or falls drop by drop , from geṭṭer, to drip, fall in drops : 1. a trickle of water; a spring with a constant flow which runs along a hill-side or mountain-side; 2. sometimes, an irrigation canal or channel (Leriche); geṭṭāra, pl. gṭāṭīr (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): the Bulletin de Liaison Saharienne No. gives from whence drops fall, a waterfall, cascade or trickle of water ; for the Sahara, Duveyrier, p. xxx, gives, a well fed by seepage ; said generally of a well at a higher level that feeds a second lower well with water that oozes, seeps or sweats in drops along the walls; in toponymy: El Gettāra to the east of Taoudanni (Poussibet); agaṭar en aman Zenāga; from Hassaniya geṭṭara, small lake, pool : the seepage or oozing of water, from a rock or the ground; Nicolas also gives Hassaniya iriji, a perennial spring in low ground = geṭāra , from Zenāga aoradh, i redhi, a little tiyert or interdunal valley ; and sāgia, in Adrar, an irrigation canal = geṭṭāra (Nicolas); from class. Arabic verb qaṭara: . to fall or flow in drops; to drip, dribble, trickle; to exude, filter, filtrate, percolate, distil; 2. to line up camels in single file or series and connect them with halters nose to tail; to form a train of camels; to come in successive groups , giving modern qaṭṭār, qaṭṭāra, a well or spring providing only a trickle of water , qaṭṭāra, a dropping tube, pipette, dropper, distillation still , qiṭār, a train of camels; railroad train , and other words with similar meanings; See Enquiry into the etymology of the word kheṭṭāra in Morocco harga, pl. hirgiouin (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): an irrigation channel, ditch, drain (Laoust1); variant of targa, which see ibér (Ghadamès): an irrigation canal or channel; perhaps connected to éber, to be closed shut with a bolt or key (DRB, I, 90) īf ār, pl. īf ārāouen (Berber, Ghadamès): an irrigation canal; five canals irrigate the gardens of Ghadamès (Motylinski) 73 iġinn, also aginan, pl. iginänn (Tlit Chleuhs), agenan (Oued Noun): a water-gate; also a clod of wet earth and brushwood used to stop or divert the flow of water in an irrigation channel; cf. aḡennana, bank, edge, shore , in Ahaggar, and aġnan, a water pipe or conduit at Tamegrout (Laoust7, p.412); also asder, aseggaru, ṛṛbeṭ, tireft imi Tanant : mouth ; the opening by which water enters the square beds in the irrigated plots (Laoust7, p.210); see also anšerif imself, pl. imsaalf (Berber, Zagora, Morocco): a seguia, an irrigation channel in a garden (Battesti) issil (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a little aqueduct made to convey irrigation water over a watercourse or gully; used more often than tabadut; found in toponyms as Issil n Ulgir, a place-name of Glawa; Issil n Mestar, a place-name of Mesfiwa; Bu Issil, a summer camp of Gedmiwa; )gissil, a village of Tifnut; )grem n )issil, the fortified habitation of the aqueduct , a village of Glawa; Ager n )issil, field of the aqueduct , a summer camp of the Mesfiwa; )ssil is also the name of the stream that serves as a drain at Marrakesh and skirts the ramparts to the east; it is born in the mountains under the name Asīf n Tallaht; in Tripolitania [Libya] the word corresponds to Arabic mahbes and designates a small open reservoir or tank that collects surface run-off blocked by a little barrage or dam thrown across a small ravine or gully higher up a valley; in the region of Constantine [Algeria] it occurs as Tinesilt, the name of a chott, whose waters discharge into the Rummel during large floods; it evidently belongs to the same term (Laoust3); isil (Tashelhit, Sous): a canal or conduit thrown over an oued (Laoust4) jowlagh / jowlaq, or žowlagh / žowlaq, pl. jwālegh / jwāleq, or žwālegh / žwāleq (Hassaniya, Mauritania): in the east of the country, a ditch, irrigation channel, reservoir; a bed in the market-gardens (Taine-Cheikh) leqbu, pl. leqbawat (Berber, Figuig dialect ; from qba, to cover a channel : a small gap or opening in a seguia (Kossmann); lakbawat (Tmazight Berber): in Figuig, underground channels that conduct water from a source or spring in a qanāt system called ifli, pl. iflan (Meszoely); [from the irrigation texts appended in Kossmann, it appears that a leqbu is in fact a cavity hollowed out of the limestone inside which there is a channel leading from an underground spring, the source of an ifli or foggara, to an underground cistern or basin, lbehbuha, from which the water of the ifli leads down underground towards the palm gardens] lkhobra, pl. lekhber (Hassaniya): a canal or channel leading to a watering-trough (Monteil); see khobra under Cisterns, Tanks and Pools lqadus, pl. lqwades (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a water conduit or pipe (Mercier); variant of aqadus, which see makhraj, pl. mkhārej (Hassaniya, Mauritania): an exit, way out, a place from which something issues, springs, goes out, leaves, overflows, etc. (Taine-Cheikh); mekhrej, pl. mkharej 74 (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a ditch or channel for surplus or waste water (Huyghe); class. Ar. makhraj, a place of egress or outlet; an exit maṣraf, pl. mṣāref (Hassaniya): 1. a channel, ditch, gutter; a passage, way through; 2. also a place where money is exchanged; from which, a shop, bank (Taine-Cheikh); lmeṣref, pl. lemṣāref (Hassaniya): an irrigation channel (Monteil); maçref, pl. mçāref (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a channel, ditch, gutter ; 2. a little passage, crossing, pass, way through (Leriche); mes ref, pl. ms aref (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a ditch or channel for surplus or waste water (Huyghe); lmeçeref, pl. lmeçaref (Kabyle): a canal, channel (Olivier); lmṣarf (Tamazight Berber): in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, a tertiary canal conducting water straight to the fields (Ilahiane1); maṣraf (Ar., Tunisia): an outfall or spillway in a dike or barrage (Ouessar); cf. Ar. maṣraf in Yemen, a special type of buttressing wall to prevent the banks of a channel being washed away by a torrent or flood ; from class. Ar. maṣrif, irrigation canal; drainage ditch mennfes (Berber, from Ar): in the Djebel Nefouza, a stone outlet or outfall made in a terrace for irrigation purposes; Oued Menfesse in Tunisia preserves the name of the Roman town on its banks, Menefessi, which represents the Libyco-Berber word memfes; in Algeria, Enfous, a spring on the route from Aflou to Laghouat (Pellegrin); mennfes (Nefusa, western Libya; from enfes, to release, let flow, a liquid; to wet, moisten : a spillway; in this region, when too much water flows onto a terrace to be irrigated, the volume is controlled by means of an ingenious system and with a mennfes, that is to say a solid spillway made of masonry (Laoust3); in toponymy: Oued el Mennfes, in Safaqis, Tunisia; manfes, menfess, mennfes (Ar., Tunisia): a spillway or outfall, often constructed of stone, in a jesr or tabia, a dike or barrage (Ouessar); from Ar. manfadh, manfidh, a thoroughfare, a place one passes through; a road, way; a gateway, entrance way or exit; a passage; an opening in a wall mermez, pl. mrāmez (Hassaniya, Mauritania): at Ouadane, an irrigation channel for leading water from the howdh or tank to the palm-trees (Taine-Cheikh) ouk dou, pl. ik diin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a ditch, trench, drain; the proper sense is hole, pit (Motylinski3) r āzer / ghāzer, pl. r ezrān / ghezrān (Berber, Ghadamès): a ditch, trench (Motylinski2); also tidjemmi rjeyl / ržeyl, dim. of rjel / ržel (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a route, way, road, path, trajectory, direction; by ext., an irrigation channel or ditch in the gardens (Taine-Cheikh); perhaps from Ar. rajila, to go on foot, walk ṛṛbeṭ, pl. ṛṛbtaṭ (Demnat, Ntifa): sluice gate; a plug of earth, twigs and rags used to stop or regulate the flow of water in the irrigation channels or in the beds; the word is Arabic; Berber synonyms are tireft, asder, iġinn, aginan, aseggaru (Laoust7, p.412) sagia, pl. sagiat and suagi (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): an irrigation canal, channel or ditch (Huyghe); saqia, pl. saqiath and souaqi (Kabyle): a conduit, channel, ditch (Olivier); sêgya, pl. swāgī (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): a seguia, an irrigation channel in a 75 garden (Battesti); sāgīa, pl. swāgi, dim. swīgiyya (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania); 1. a river, stream; e.g. Sagia l-(amra, the red river , a territory in the extreme west of Mauritania, and one of the two territories that formed the Spanish province of Western Sahara; the Seguiet el Hamra of the maps is an error; 2. an irrigation canal or channel (Leriche); ssāgye, pl. sswāgi (Hassaniya): a séguia or irrigation canal; also a river, stream; e.g. the Seguiet ElHamra (Monteil); sāgīa, pl. souāgī (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region; from sgā, to give to drink : an irrigation canal or channel; at Agorgot, parallel furrows traced in the slabs of salt to determine the width of each slab (Poussibet); sāgye, pl. sāgyāt or swāgi (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. in the north only?, a river, stream; 2. see sāqye, an irrigation channel or ditch; at Tijikja and in Assaba, little canalisations in clay leading water to the foot of each date-palm (Taine-Cheikh); same as class. Ar. and widespread in Arabic dialects sāqiya, rivulet; irrigation ditch, irrigation canal . See key term sāqiya shāfye / šāfye (Hassaniya, Mauritania): in Tichitt and Chinguetti, little canals made of flat stones leading irrigation water to the foot of each date-palm (Taine-Cheikh, citing Dubié) taba Siwan : an irrigation canal, channel or ditch; Orel and Stolbova s (amito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary , , relates it to Hamito-Semitic trou, fosse , but this is questionable; cf. rather to Akkadian attap-, small canal , Aramaic tappā, stream, canal (DRB, I, 8); cf. Berber abadou, tabadut, tabut tabadut, pl. tabadutin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): an aqueduct (Mercier); tabadut (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a wooden channel made from a hollowed out tree-trunk placed across a deeply-embanked river or stream for the passage of irrigation water; Tabadut is the name of a village of Glawa, and the name of a place of Aït Wauzgit; the word has a number of other meanings, as abadu: a bank of earth which delimits a cultivated bed or plot; the edge of an irrigation channel; in Touat, an irrigation channel leading water from a tank to the cultivated plots; abada: in the Ahaggar, the foot of a slope, in any terrain; a low region which extends to the foot of the slopes (Laoust3); see also abadu, abadou, taba, issil tabàng, pl. teebówèn (Siwan): an irrigation ditch or channel (Walker) tahaft, pl. tihaffīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): an irrigation canal or channel (Foucauld) tah ammalt Tamazir t or Zenati Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): a canal, channel (Provotelle) tālūlā (Siwan): an aqueduct (Basset4) tānded, pl. tīnidwen Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : an irrigation canal that leads to one side, or serves one side, of a plantation (Leriche) targa (Tamazight Berber): in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, a main canal which draws water from a diversion dam built out of earth, sticks, and stones; the canal is considered the property of the village or villages that use it and maintain it (Ilahiane1); targwa, pl. tiruggwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a canal, channel, ditch, trench, 76 drain; see also asaru (Mercier); targwa (Tashelhit, Aït Ouagrou): an irrigation ditch or channel (Laoust5); targa (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a canal, channel, irrigation channel or ditch, drain; also a ravine, torrent (Boulifa); targa (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): a seguia, an irrigation channel between or among the gardens (Battesti); targa, pl. tirga (Tachelhit Berber), tarja, pl. tirja (Tamazirt): a channel, canal (Kaoui); targua, pl. tirugguin (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): an irrigation channel, and sometimes also the garden which it irrigates; assaru, pl. isūra: a secondary canal or channel of a garden or a field (Destaing1); targa, pl. targiwin also taregwa (Tashelhit, Sous): a principal canal of an irrigation system; by ext., a garden, or all the gardens irrigated by the same canal; at Tiznit targa is an irrigated garden, as opposed to reddam, a non-irrigable garden (Laoust7, p.411); targa and targua, pl. tirugguin (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a principal canal or channel of an irrigation system, distributing water from a reservoir dam or diversion barrage; by ext., the collection of gardens supplied by the canal; in the High Atlas a number of villages bear this name: Targa Uzru, Canal of the Rock , of the Glawa; Targa )gudlān, Canal of the Pasturage , of the Aït Wauzgit; Targa Tasseltant, The Royal Canal , of the Saktana; Targa n )zergān, Canal of the Mills ; also Akhferga, with ikhf, head , thus (ead of the Targa , a village of Demsira; the word is widespread among the Berber languages, with its guttural modified to ž or y in some dialects; among the Touareg of the Ahaggar it is taharġé, a very small channel in the ground which becomes a temporary streamlet when it rains ; the word belongs to root RG from which come a number of derivatives such as arg and whose connection with Latin rigare, acc. to Schuchardt, seems probable; G. Marcy however seems to think it is Berber, as in the etymology he proposes for Thumiateria, the first establishment set up by Hanno (Laoust3); targa (Berber, Central Morocco); an irrigation channel or ditch; tarwa: an irrigation channel (Laoust2); targa, pl. tireguīn (Berber, Beni-Snous): a canal, irrigation channel, ditch (Destaing2); tarza / targua (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): an irrigation canal or channel (Destaing3); targua, pl. tireggwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): an irrigation ditch or channel; a canal (Mercier); targa, and taria, pl. tirgua (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a stream; an irrigation channel; a conduit of water; a channel or furrow in a plot or bed (Huyghe); targa, also taria (Berber, prob. from Lat. rigare): a drain, trench, channel, ditch, small canal; also derived from the same Latin, afareg, taferka: an enclosed piece of ground, a garden (Pellegrin); tharia (Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, N.W. Algeria , tharja, pl. thirijouin (Haraoua), aria, pl. iriad in A chacha : a canal, channel; tharga, pl. thirgoua (Zouaoua, Great Kabylia): a canal, channel (Basset3); tharga, pl. thirguuin; also tharža / tharīa / thaāia (Rif dialects): a canal, channel, ditch, esp. for irrigation (Biarnay2); tharga, pl. thiregwa (Kabyle): a conduit; a gutter of rain; a rill (Newman); tharga, pl. thirgoua, also lmeçeref, saqia (Kabyle): a canal, channel, conduit, ditch (Olivier); tarja (Zenati, Mzab), targa (Ouargla), pl. targīouīn: an irrigation canal (Basset2); targa, pl. targiouin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): an irrigation ditch, channel, canal; ikhef n terga: the end of the channel; imi n terga: the beginning of the channel; aseggarou n terga: a stoppage, barrier to block the channel (Biarnay); targa, pl. targiwen (Touareg, Niger): an irrigation canal; Targa, the name of Fezzan, in Libya (Ghubayd); at Tabelbala in Western Algeria, the word targa or seguia designates the main irrigation channel which runs from the tizemt or majen, tank , to the gardens; targa also designates the land irrigated by the water of a foggara; also the distribution system of a foggara as a whole, from where the water emerges from the underground channel (Champault); targa (Northern Berber): an irrigation ditch or canal; in the 11th C. El-Bekri noted Targa n Oudi, name of the water channels or conduits situated in the ruins of Bechilga, 77 to the south of Msila (Chaker, p. 146); harga, pl. hirgiouin (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): an irrigation channel, ditch, drain (Laoust1); zarga, pl. zirgiwin / zargwin (Rif Berber, Buqoia), zarya, pl. zarywin (Guelaia): an open acequia, irrigation canal or channel; a rivulet, small stream, brook (Ibañez); aria, pl. iriad in Zenati Berber, A chacha, N.W. Algeria , tharia (Bel ( alima , tharja, pl. thirijouin (Haraoua): a canal, channel (Basset3); targa, pl. tiregwin (Figuig): an irrigation channel (Kossmann); targa, pl. tiragwin (Tmazight Berber): in Figuig, S. E. Morocco, a surface irrigation channel that distributes water from underground channels in the qanāt system; Berber targa is equivalent to Arabic saqīya/seguia. Toponymy and Etymology: The word targa is said to be the origin of the name of theTwareg/Touareg people (sing. Targa/Targui): The ethnonym Twareg is generally interpreted linguistically as the Arabic plural of the toponym Targa, a Berber and Twareg designation for the Fezzan, latinized as Targa Regio by Leo Africanus, from targa, irrigation canal , Arabic segiya, and thus by extension, irrigated region . However for Ritter and Prasse this etymology remains unsatisfactory for ethnohistorical reasons, since the Fezzan region had no particular importance for the Twareg nomads during the era of the Arab conquest and, further, Targa seems to be a rather common ethnonym and toponym (Ritter, H. and Prasse, K.G., Dictionnaire Touareg, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009, p. 833). [However the Berber name Targa for the Fezzan region of central Libya is interesting since the remains of extensive irrigation works in the form of subterranean qanats or foggaras are found there, associated with the Garamantian kingdom which thrived 500 BCE to 600 CE.] In the (igh Atlas a number of villages bear this name: Targa Uzru, Canal of the Rock , of the Glawa; Targa )gudlān, Canal of the Pasturage , of the Aït Wauzgit; Targa Tasseltant, The Royal Canal , of the Saktana; Targa n )zergān, Canal of the Mills ; also Akhferga, with ikhf, head , thus (ead of the Targa , a village of Demsira; the word is widespread among the Berber languages, with its guttural modified to ž or y in some dialects; among the Touareg of the Ahaggar it is taharġé, a very small channel in the ground which becomes a temporary streamlet when it rains ; the word belongs to root RG from which come a number of derivatives such as arg and whose connection with Latin rigare, acc. to Schuchardt, seems probable; G. Marcy however seems to think it is Berber, as in the etymology he proposes for Thumiateria, the first establishment set up by Hanno (Laoust3) [Several scholars see a probable derivation of Berber targa from Latin riganda, irrigation canal , or similar, i.e. from rigo, irrigo, to lead or conduct water to a place , one of several supposed instances of a Latin source for a key term in the language of Berber agriculture] tasaylalt (Figuig): an installation for conveying water from a channel to a garden at a higher level (DRB, III.759); tsaylalt, pl. tisaylalin (Berber, Figuig dialect): an installation for conveying water in a channel to a garden at a higher level (Kossmann) tasghunt, pl. tiseghwan (Figuig): a dam or plug in an irrigation channel (Kossmann); [a little dam or plug of earth, mud, stones and cloth that is placed in or removed from an irrigation channel to close, open or divert the flow of water in it] 78 tat ouent, pl. tit ouna (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a brook, stream; a water conduit, irrigation channel, canal (Motylinski3); the plural seems to be composed of tiṭ, eye , and una, well , signifying the source, origin or point of emergence of the wells of a foggara, for example; the word is related to Ntifi ṯuanī, tank in which oil from the press accumulates (Laoust7, p.412); cf. Siwan tat tazeft, pl. tchizif (Tamadjek, Ghat): a canal, channel, water conduit (Nehlil) tazulikht / tazulight (Kabyle, Irjen): a ditch to take away waste water; a sump (Picard); possibly a variant of Touareg tezoregit, with the same meaning teg ouhamt, pl. tig ouhamin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a water channel, irrigation channel; a channel leading water from a spring or foggara into a tihemt or cistern; abadou, pl. abadouin: a channel leading water from the cistern, tihemt, to the various irrigated plots, agemoun; Arabic seguia (Motylinski); teġouhamt, pl. tiġouhāmīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): an irrigation canal or channel (Foucauld); teġuhamt (Touareg, Ahaggar): an irrigation canal (DRB, III.751); tedjouhamt, pl. tidjouhamin (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a canal, channel, conduit for water (Masqueray); in contrast to amezzar tezoregit, pl. tizoregiten (Touareg, Niger): a ditch, trench, drain (Ghubayd); possibly a variant of Kabyle tazulikht/tazulight , with the same meaning tfizza, pl. tifizzaouin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a large deep ditch which collects surplus water; a drainage ditch in the palm-gardens (Biarnay) tharga, pl. thirguuin; also tharža / tharīa / thaāia (Rif dialects): a canal, channel, ditch, esp. for irrigation (Biarnay2); tharga, pl. thirgoua (Zouaoua, Great Kabylia): a canal, channel (Basset3); tharga, pl. thiregwa (Kabyle): a conduit; a gutter of rain; a rill (Newman); tharga, pl. thirgoua, also lmeçeref, saqia (Kabyle): a canal, channel, conduit, ditch (Olivier); tharia Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, N.W. Algeria , tharja, pl. thirijouin (Haraoua), aria, pl. iriad in A chacha : a canal, irrigation channel; tharia, pl. thiriouin (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a stream, brook (Basset3); see main entry targa tiflit (Chleuh): a spring rising in the bed of a watercourse; a canal leading water from an oued to the cultivated lands (DRB, III.560); tifelit, pl. tifelatin (Tashelhit, Sous): a diversion canal or channel; a head-race, penstock (Laoust4); tifelit, pl. tifelatin (Oued Noun, Aït Baamran Chleuhs of Sous, Id Ou Brahim): a canal leading water from an oued to the cultivated plots; this word derives from the verb efel in Ahaggar, to leave, part from , and by extension, overflow, brim over , from which nfel among the Zouaoua, overflow, pour, flow, go over the side , and sfel among the Tlit, overflow , and in the same dialect, asfel n-tfraut, a little channel dug out in the wall of a cistern by which it overflows when full ; the name asfalu is frequent in toponyms (Laoust7, p. 415); see also efeli/ifli under Qanats tiγuni (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): irrigation channel, seguia (Bellil) tidjemmi, pl. tadjemmīouīn (Berber, Ghadamès): a drain for the outflow of water (Motylinski2); also r āzer/ghāzer 79 tilugguit (Middle Atlas, Morocco; from ĕlui, to lead, convey, conduct : the name given to a bridge of branches ingeniously constructed by the inhabitants of the Middle Atlas (Laoust3); tiluggwit, pl. tilugga (Central Tamazight, Ntifa and Izayan): a bridge (Laoust5); tilugguit (Central Morocco): a little aqueduct constructed to lead water over a ravine or gully (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII, 178); cf. Tashelhit azzguer timeswit, pl. timeswa (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a higher or principal irrigation canal of a field divided into igemmun or plots (Mercier); timessouit, pl. timessouatin (Tashelhit, Sous): a little irrigation channel between two plots or beds, tasarout or tallought (Laoust4); see also targa, asarou tireft, pl. tiraf (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a plug or bung of stones and clods used to stop or control the flow of water in an irrigation channel (Mercier); tireft, pl. tiraf (Tashelhit, Sous): a water-gate; also a clod of wet earth and brushwood used to stop or divert the flow of water in an irrigation channel (Laoust4); also asder, iġinn, aginan, aseggaru, ṛṛbeṭ tisenbedt (Berber, Mzab): a hole or gap for the passage of water; a covered canal or water channel; tisenbedt (Ouargla): a gap, hole; a tunnel in an irrigation canal; both from ebed, to make a hole, perforate, bore (DRB, I. 26); tissenbot Mzab : At the base of the garden walls, and in the lanes, are openings whose width and height are meticulously defined by means of stone slabs with cut-out sections [à section tranchante]; these conduits are called tissenbot; in the oasis there is a man called the cheikh tissenbot who knows all their fixed dimensions; he is the only one who knows the precise rules which determine the size of the opening according to the the situation of the garden and its size; all these rules were prescribed a long time ago; when one builds one of these water supply points, one must always refer to the authority of the cheikh (MercierM, p. 199) tizum (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): an irrigation canal raised above the level of the land under cultivation, leading water from a tekarkart or draw-well to the plots (EB, III, A124) tōres, pl. tōrsān, dim. tweïris (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a road, way, track, route; tōres el mā: a canal or channel which conducts water from a tāmûrt to a derivation basin or khobra; twāres: in Algeria, public places (Leriche); tōrès, pl. touārès or torsān, dim. toueīris (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a road, route, way, track, path for animals or vehicles; achayf et-tōrès: way-marks, khcheb, rjeïmāt, along the routes (Poussibet) tufarext / tewfarext, pl. tifiragh (Berber, Ghadamès): an opening, entrance, sluice of an irrigation channel through the enclosing wall of a garden in the palm-groves; perhaps from efregh, to be twisted, turned, bent , thus the bend or elbow of a channel? (DRB, III.637) wād, pl. awdya, in the south wīdān, in Tagant and Adrar ûdyān (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. in its principal meaning, a wooded valley; its opposite is thus bat.ha; 2. in Adrar, a canalisation, channel, ditch, etc. for the irrigation of crops; 3. sometimes, a watercourse, stream; 4. rarely, a river; in Moorish, this is usually bḥar; dim. ûdeï, pl. ûdeyyāt in Adrar and Tagant, weïd, pl. weïdāt in Trarza (Leriche); variant of class. Ar. wādi, a river valley, watercourse or drainage system in an arid region, often dry 80 zarga, pl. zirgiwin / zargwin (Rif Berber, Buqoia), zarya, pl. zarywin (Guelaia): an open acequia, irrigation canal or channel; a rivulet, small stream, brook (Ibañez); variant of targa which see žowlagh / žowlaq or jowlagh / jowlaq, pl. žwālegh / žwāleq or jwālegh / jwāleq (Hassaniya, Mauritania): in the east of the country, a ditch, irrigation channel, reservoir; a bed in the market-gardens (Taine-Cheikh) 81 Cisterns, Tanks, Reservoirs, Pools and Watering Troughs Cisterns or tanks may be fed directly from rainfall or run-off, in which case they lie at the lower point of an impluvium or catchment area. Irrigation systems fed from continuously-flowing streams, springs or qanats often incorporate cisterns or tanks to regulate the flow and store water for when it is needed. Where the flow from the source is meagre, cisterns allow a head of water to accumulate so that more distant plots can be irrigated. They provide a convenient place where water from a common source can be divided and allocated among the shareholders. They may also act as sedimentation basins, especially if they supply drinking and domestic water, and serve as bathing pools and laundries, while troughs provide water for livestock. _________________________________________________ abahbuh (Kabyle, Irjen): a hole in the ground that is wider than it is deep (Picard); lbehbuha (Berber, Figuigi dialect): in Haut Figuig, a water distributor; equivalent to iqudas in Lower Figuig; however, the lbehbuha differs from the iqudas in certain respects for it furnishes only a single channel from the underground spring to the palm gardens (Kossmann); [However, according to the texts appended in Kossmann, the word bahbouha signifies a large underground cistern or tank of water near the source of a foggara, which serves as a public bathing place or hammam and was originally made by enlarging one of the access shafts; there are separate bahbouha for men and women, the latter also serving as a laundry where clothes are washed] abeibara, pl. ibeibarāten (Touareg, Ahaggar): a watering-trough for animals, made of masonry (Foucauld) agday / agwday (Chleuh): a small lake, pool or reservoir (DRB, III.737); aguday (Tashelhit, Sous): a small pool or reservoir, corresponding to Arabic ssāriž (Destaing, quoted in Laoust3); perhaps related to Chleuh agdi, hole, pit, quarry agermam, pl. igermamen, dim. zagermant, pl. zigermamin (Rifian Berber, Buqoia), ayermam, pl. iyermamen, dim. zayermant, pl. ziyermamin (Guelaia): a natural pool formed by the accumulation of rainwater; an artificial pool or basin to collect and store water for livestock, an alberca (Ibañez) agerraw (Ouargla): a basin, reservoir, that collects the water drawn from one or several springs by means of a shadoof or aɣṛuṛ n ižbad (Delheure) aggelûgel (Ida Gounidif Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas): a small reservoir where irrigation water is divided and measured; the gardens are watered by water derived from an oued which accumulates slowly in a great cistern called tanudf; from there it runs into a small reservoir, aggelûgel, where it is divided and measured with the aid of an instrument, asqul, which see (Laoust7, p.415) aghlal, pl. ighlalan (Touareg, Niger): 1. a large receptacle or trough for watering animals ; 2. by extension, a valley; dim. taghlalt, pl. tighlalen: a small valley, dell (Ghubayd); aghlal, pl. 82 ighlālen Touareg, Ahjaggar , large eating bowl or plate ; by ext., a flat and sterile desert without water or pasturage, of any size; a natural basin or bowl in the terrain, of any size, in any ground, with or without vegetation (Foucauld) aja (Berber, Central Algeria): a basin dug next to a spring for the watering of livestock (DRB, III. 701); ajja (Zenati Berber, Haraoua, N.W. Algeria): a pièce d eau , pool, pond; cf. Mzab aja, leather water bucket or receptacle (Basset3); aza, pl. azā en (Berber, Beni-Snous): a tank, basin dug near a spring to water animals (Destaing2); see aga/aja under Water Receptacles and Ropes ajedlaou, pl. ijidlaouen (Zenati, Ouargla), also imoul (Djebel Nefousa): a cistern, tank (Basset2); ajedlaoua, pl. ijedlaoun, also djelmām, and asāfi, and talā, pl. talīouīn (Zenati Berber, Mzab): a reservoir; a cistern, basin, tank of a noria (Basset2) akerfāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a reservoir that receives the overflow of one or several streams [?] (Leriche) amdun (Kabyle), also h ud, pl. h uad (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a pool, basin, tank, reservoir; a swimming pool (Huyghe); amdun, pl. imdūnen (Kabyle): a ditch or cave; a reservoir (Newman); amdun, pl. imdunan (Kabyle, Irjen): a basin dug into the ground to receive water that runs down the walls (Picard); amd oun, pl. imd ounen (Kabyle): a puddle, pool, pond; a pit, hole, trench, ditch full of water (Olivier); related to tamda/tanda, a natural pool, pond, lake, waterhole in a stream or river anefif, pl. inefīfen (Berber dialect of Touat): a flat stone, slab or board pierced with a hole serving as a water-gate of a reservoir (Foucauld); anfif (prob. Zenatia Berber, Tidikelt): the opening, outlet, of a magen, a cistern or tank, in the foggara system at Tidikelt Lō ; anefif (Touareg, Ahaggar): a flat stone with a hole through it, to regulate watering (Nicolaisen) aougoug (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a basin, cistern, tank; a barrage? (Boulifa); see Berber uggug under Dams, Dykes and Barrages aqezrab (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a cistern, tank; taqezrabt: a small cistern or tank for storing water (Destaing3) asāfi, also djelmām (Zenati Berber, Mzab): a cistern, basin, tank of a noria (Basset2); asafi (Mzab), asfi (Berrian): a small reception basin of a well; without doubt from èffi, to pour among the Ntifa, Touareg, etc. (Laoust7, p.413) asaridj, pl. isaridjen (Kabyle): a watering place, drinking-trough, basin; a reservoir (Olivier); a variant of Ar. ṣihrīj/ṣahrīj; see ssarij asaġ (Berber?, Tripolitania, Libya): a reservoir or cistern for the collection of rainwater or floodwater from the oueds; identical to the tanutfi of the High Atlas, Morocco (Laoust3); asegh / aser , pl. isaghghen / isar r en (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a cistern, tank, pool (Motylinski3); aseġ, pl. asaġġen (Djebel Nefousa): reception basin (Laoust7, p.413) 83 azeqqur (Berber, Figuig): a thick stick or pole, often a section of the trunk of a palm-tree, which serves to block the opening in a basin or sahrīj (el Jattari); azeqqur (Kabyle): a great log; the trunk of a tree; in toponymy, El-Bekri mentions Awzeccour, Ouazeccour, a spring which is shaded by a great tree and carries the name of Ouazeccour (Chaker) bahbouha (Berber, Figuig dialect): a large underground cistern or pool of water near the source of a foggara, serving as a public bathing place or hammam; perhaps originally made by enlarging one of the access shafts of a foggara (SGFH); abahbuh (Kabyle, Irjen): a hole in the ground that is wider than it is deep (Picard) djelmām, also ajedlaoua, pl. ijedlaoun, and asāfi, and talā, pl. talīouīn (Zenati Berber, Mzab): a reservoir; a cistern, basin, tank of a noria (Basset2) eleg, pl. elgan (Touareg, Niger): a basin or cistern having an intake channel (Ghubayd) fergaga (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a holed stone which serves as a sluice or gate between a basin and the rest of the irrigation system (Teine-Cheikh, quoting Corral, unconfirmed) ḥowdh, pl. in the east aḥwādh, pl. in the south-west aḥyādh (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a basin or tank open to the sky; a drinking-trough; a feeding-trough, manger; a pirogue, canoe; 2. in topography, a basin between dunes, etc.; a large region in the form of a basin, from which the name of the eastern region of Mauritania el-Howdh or Hodh which is divided into el-ḥowdh el-gharbi, Western Hodh (Aïoun, Tamchakett, etc.), and el-ḥowdh eš-šarqi, Eastern Hodh (Néma, Oualata, Basikounou, etc.); acc. to Leriche the name comes from the fact that water is relatively abundant there; 3. dim. ḥweydh: acc. to Leriche an important population of žell, Salsola fœtida, and of āskāf, Nucularia perrini; 4. ḥweydh men hādh, acc. to Poussibet little depressions in which grows hādh (Taine-Cheikh); ḥawḍ, pl. ḥyãḍ (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a great extent of country in the form of a basin; e.g. the region of Hōd; 2. an important growth of jell, Salsola foetida, and askāf, Nucularia perrini (Leriche); ḥaouḍ, pl. aḥouāḍ, and more rarely aḥyāḍ, dim. aḥoueïḍ (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): 1. a skin watering-trough; 2. a population of ḥādh, see boura; 3. Duveyrier, p. xxx, gives, a basin between dunes , a sense not known around Timbuctu; 4. more particularly, a small ring of green pasturage growing round the edge of an animal pat or urination spot whose centre is burnt and bare, forming a green aureole (Poussibet); lḥooḍ, pl. leḥyāḍ (Hassaniya): a leather watering-trough (Monteil); h aoudh Zenāga, Mauritania, from Ar : a cistern, basin, tank (Basset); ḥauḍ, pl. ḥiāḍ Zenāga : a drinking trough; a cistern; a small pirogue (Nicolas); h uḍ, pl. h uaḍ (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a pool, basin, tank, reservoir; a swimming pool (Huyghe); same as class. Ar. ḥawḍ, a cistern or artificial tank for storing water, a reservoir, pool; a drinking trough for animals, of cemented stones beside a well; a depression, a sea or river basin; anywhere where water collects ; in Egypt, an area of land flooded for irrigation ; in Maghrebi Ar., a pond, pool, mere; a depression that forms a basin or bowl between dunes; also a cistern, reservoir or tank ; see also ḥauḍ under Cultivated and Irrigated Places ḥofra, pl. ḥofrāt, coll. ḥofer, dim. ḥfīra, pl. ḥfīrāt (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a pit, hole; a groove, rut; 2. in general, a hollow in the ground, a depression; e.g. Hofret Wadān; 3. ḥofret el mā or ḥofra men el mā: a cistern, tank (Leriche); ḥofra, coll. ḥofr (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a rock basin retaining rainwater (Pierret); 84 aḥfur, pl. iḥfran / i fran (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pit, hole, excavation, hollow; an abyss, chasm (Mercier); from Ar. ḥafar/ḥafr/ḥufra, a dug pond, pool, excavation iferd (Tashelhit, Sous): a pool or pond with no natural outlet, unlike a tanda or amda (Laoust4); iferd, dim. tifert (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a basin, reservoir, tank, small artificial pool or pond, esp. one constructed at the foot of a slope to collect rainwater; two villages here carry this name, among the Tifnut and the Aït Semmeg; related to the same word is Ferth, the name given to the central part of a closed geological basin in the region of Melilla on the northern coast of Morocco which is covered after heavy rain with a thin layer of water brought down the converging valleys; also Fert al-Bīr, a dry doline or sinkhole in the massif of Zerhun near Moulay Idris (Laoust3); ifrd (Chleuh): an artificial pond or lake, for the watering of livestock; a hole or pit full of water, a pool or puddle of water; a natural pond, pool or mere; a cistern; tifertt (Central Morocco), tifert (Ntifa): a basin dug at the foot of a tree to hold irrigation water (DRB, III.617); tifert, dim. of iferd (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a basin, reservoir, tank, small artificial pool or pond, esp. one constructed at the foot of a slope to collect rainwater (Laoust3); [note that among the Ntifa, iferd has another meaning, as a wide strip free of cultivation between two rows of olive-trees ] ifri, pl. ifran and ifraten (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): usually, a grotto or natural cavern; however, in the High Atlas it especially designates an artificial reservoir or basin, or pit, made to receive water from a spring; it is also a small settling tank in which suspended matter is deposited before incoming water enters a cistern; in toponymy, Ifri is the name of five villages among the Aït Semmeg and Tuggana, and an azib, Ifri u Gmār, Basin of the (orse , or of the Marsh , among the Urika; the dim. tifrit, pl. tifratin is also the name of an azib among the Gedmiwa; more curiously one finds Aufrit as the name of a mountain in the land of the Aït Talemt, no doubt called thus because it is riddled with grottoes (Laoust3); ifri, and tifrit (Chleuh): a hole, cavity, grotto, cave; a basin, cistern; an opening, inspection hole, into an underground gallery of an irrigation sytem; tufri: a cave gouged out of the rock by the action of waves; ifri, pl. ifran, also tifrit (Ntifa): a natural cave or grotto, where straw is stored (DRB, III.601); ifri, pl. ifran, ifraten, dim. tifrit, pl. tifratin, also afri, pl. tifran (Berber): a cavern, grotto, and in the High Atlas, a hole or artificial basin that receives water from the mountains (Pellegrin); ifri (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla) a hole, grotto, cave, cavern; ifri mmr zou: grottoes of the ifri , the name designating the two artesian wells of Ouargla; ifraouen: gardens irrigated by means of these two springs (Biarnay); ifri Tamazir t or Zenati Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): grotto, cavern (Provotelle); ifri, pl. ifran (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): cavern (Laoust1); ifri (Berber, Central Morocco): a grotto, cave, rock shelter (Laoust2); ifri, pl. ifran, dim. tifrit, pl. tifratin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a cave, cavern, grotto, hole (Mercier); ifrí, pl. ifran (Rif dialects): a grotto, cave, cavern, hole (Biarnay2); iferi, pl. ifaran (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect), ifri, pl. ifran (Guelaia dialect): a cave, cavern, grotto; a cavity in a rock or cliff (Ibañez); ifri, pl. ifriun (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a hole; a cave, cavern (Huyghe); ifri (Kabylie): an escarpment; a precipice; a steep, sheer rock or rock wall; a cave, cavern; a rock shelter (DRB, III.601); in Tunisia, a precipice; a gulf (NITunisia) imoul (Zenati, Djebel Nefousa), also ajedlaou, pl. ijidlaouen (Ouargla): a cistern, tank (Basset2) 85 inazzin (Siwan Berber): a pool; equivalent to Ar. birka (Stanley) irīji, pl. arwāja, dim. arweïji Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga : a basin or cistern into which flows the water of a gettāra, and by extension, the gettāra itself (Leriche); iriji, pl. arrouaji, dim. arouiji (Mauritania): a perennial spring at the foot of a great dune or of a koedia (Ech-Chenguiti); in toponomy: Khneg Irīji, a gorge in northern Mauritania; Irīji, springs, near Rachid; Irīji Niaoui, Irīji el Ksaïb, Irīji Aoueïnet Kellembar, )rīji Abdaoua, Dāya Irīji in central Mauritania; Taghada Iriji, an oasis in Assaba, south-east Mauritania; also Iriji, a town in the Kayes region, Mali; aoradh, i redhi Zenāga : a little tiyert or interdunal valley; cf. Hassaniya iriji, a perennial spring in low ground = getāra (Nicolas); see also gettāra khobra and khibra, pl. khber (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a small watering hole; 2. a diversion basin into which water flows from a tamoûrt or pool, lake; 3. a small basin dug on the side of a dhāya or temporary pool, surrounded by a margin of straw, into which water is led and is thereby filtered, for the watering of animals (Leriche); khobra, pl. khber (assaniya, Timbuctu region : quotes Leriche s definition above (Poussibet); lkhobra, pl. lekhber (Hassaniya): a channel leading to a watering-trough (Monteil); khebra, pl. khber (Hassaniya, Mauritania): same as Leriche above (Taine-Cheikh); variant of Ar. khabra , a loam-bottom where winter rain is ponded , a natural depression where water collects , a stone reservoir (Groom) maḥbes, pl. mḥābes (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): in Adrar, a closed collector basin; a culde-sac where an oued is lost or disappears [?]; in North Africa, Beaussier has, a basin or tank to hold water (Leriche); lmeḥbes (Hassaniya): a cul-de-sac where an oued loses itself (Monteil); related to Hassaniya ḥabāse, in the Timbuctu region, a place where water of an oued accumulates (Poussibet); from class. Ar. maḥbas/maḥbis, reservoir, cistern mṣabb, pl. mṣābb (Hassaniya): a stone onto which water drawn from a well is poured and from where it runs into a basin – an inclined slab or stone apron; a spillway; the slope of a mountain; sometimes a gutter (Taine-Cheikh); cf. Arabic maṣabb, . place where water flows from high ground into a valley; 2. river mouth, estuary; 3. canal; 4. sink-hole (Groom) netfiyya, pl. netfiyyât (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. a natural reservoir of water whose edge is bare of vegetation and whose water persists for five or six months ; 2. a cistern, basin, tank; in lit. Arabic nutfa, a more or less large quantity of pure, clean water (Leriche) nnhiret, pl. nnhayer, nnhirat (Berber, Figuig dialect): closing apparatus of an irrigation basin (Kossmann) ssarij, pl. id. ssarij (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a reservoir, tank, cistern (Mercier); ssarij (Tashelhit, Sous): a basin or cistern where water drawn from a well collects or into which water is led from a spring or from a barrage; also tafraout, tanoudf (Laoust4); ssārīz, pl. ssuārez, dim. tsarīs, pl. tisarīzīn (Berber, BeniSnous): a cistern, basin, tank (Destaing2); ssehridj, also ssarij, pl. sswarij (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a basin, cistern, tank (Mercier); aṣaridj, pl. iṣaridjen (Kabyle): a watering place, drinking-trough, basin; a reservoir (Olivier); imi uṣarij (Kabyle): the aperture, opening, intake of a pool or reservoir (Huyghe); ccarij, pl. 86 ccwarej, also tcaricc, pl. ticarijin (Berber, Figuig dialect): an irrigation tank (Kossmann); [but also a cistern of water deep underground near or at the source of an ifli or foggara]; zeṣariŷz, pl. ziṣariŷin (Rifian Berber): a small alberca, tank or pool; essariŷ, pl. esswareŷ (Rif Berber): an alberca, reservoir, tank, pool; essariŷ (Guelaia dialect), ṣaariŷ (Buqoia dialect): an azud, an irrigation dam in a river, with a sluice or floodgate (Ibañez); essarij / essehrij, pl. id essarij / id essehrij (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a reservoir, tank, cistern, basin (Mercier); chcharij (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a cistern, tank, basin (Justinard); Berberized variants of class. Ar. ṣihrīj/ṣahrīj, a watering-trough or tank, like a ḥaudh, in which water collects; a tank or cistern for rain water . See article on ṣihrīj tabut (Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt): a sluice-gate or water-gate in the form of a board or plate for closing a cistern, tank or reservoir (DRB, I, 8) tafesqit (Berber, Djerba): a square or rectangular cistern or reservoir of water (DRB, III.662); prob. from Ar. fasqīya, cistern, pool, basin tafrawt (Chleuh): a basin or cistern where water drawn from a well or led from a spring or barrage is collected; a press, grape press; a bee-hive; a valley; tafrawt (Central Morocco): a portable or masonry basin or trough for livestock; a reception basin of a well; a collection basin for a water-mill; a depression of the land; a clearing, an open place in a wood; a beehive (DRB, III.645); tafraout, pl. tiferouin (Tashelhit, Sous): a basin or cistern where water drawn from a well collects or into which water is led from a spring or from a barrage; also ssarij, tanoudf (Laoust4); tafraut (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a retaining dam or barrage at the head of an irrigation canal, targa, and by ext., the basin, tank, pool, of varying depth, in which the water collects upstream; also a large depression or basin with wooded flanks where people sometimes gather (Laoust3); tafraout (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a barrage, diversion dam; an intake or outlet of water, and the place where this is effected; a basin, reservoir, cistern, tank (Boulifa); tafrawt, pl. tifrawin (Ntifa): a basin, reception basin of a well; a hollowed out trunk in the form of a trough where the goats and sheep come to drink; taflawkt (Rif dialects): a watering-place for livestock; tafrawt (Figuig): a viaduct for an irrigation channel; a manger, feeding-trough (DRB, III.645); tafraut (Northern Ntifa, Bezou): a reception basin built at the edge of the well between the two pillars, and tafraut ntġetten is a hollowed-out tree trunk in the form of a trough where the goats and sheep come to drink; thafraut (Aït Seghrouchen), afrau (Ibouhassousen): a trough made from a tree trink, placed near the well (Laoust7, p.413); tafrawt, pl. tifrawin (Berber, Figuig dialect): a place where two irrigation channels meet, and one passes under the other (Kossmann); tafrawt ( Gourara, Touat, Tidkelt): a trunk of a palm-tree hollowed out and used as an irrigation channel in the gardens; tafarawt (Touareg, Ahaggar): a piece of hide serving as a watering trough for livestock; taferawt (Ghat): a watering-place, drinking-trough (DRB, III. 645); tafaraut (Touareg, Ahaggar): a piece of hide serving as a portable trough to water the animals and, by extension, any trough, of any material or size, portable or of masonry (Laoust7, p.413); taferaout, also tihemt, pl. tihemin (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a reservoir; taferaout, pl. tiferouin: a watering-place, drinking-trough (Masqueray); taferaout, pl. tchifraouin (Tamadjek, Ghat): a watering place (Nehlil); cf. afraw, pl. iferaouan (Berber, Tamaceght): a watering place for cattle; e.g. Iferaouan, a small town in Niger; and Feraoun, gallicization of Iferaouen, the name of an oasis in Gourara (Weghlis); zaferauxz, pl. 87 ziferawin (Rif Berber): a watering-place, for livestock (Ibañez); tafraut and its variants should be referred to a root FR from which afer, to hollow out , and tiaufert/taufrit, hole, hollow at Sened, Tunisia; perhaps if ar, pl. if arauen, ditch, channel , at Ghadamès, and ifri, grotto, cave , in most dialects. Synonyms: jjâbit, tamjuašt, tihemt, aseġ, asafi (Laoust7, p.413) Toponyms: tafraut, fallen into disuse in a great number of dialects, is among the most frequent toponyms, e.g. Ain Tafraut, literally the spring of the basin , near Sidi Kacem in Gharb, N.W. Morocco (Laoust7, p. 413); in the (igh Atlas, Morocco: pl. Tifruwīn, and the masc. form Afrau, pl. )ferwān, the names of azībs of the Mesfiwa; the reduced form afra is the name of several villages among the Tifnut, Mesfiwa, and Glawa; also )ġzer Afra, the name of a torrent of Urika; the word, by another route, is widespread in the toponymy of the Anti-Atlas and Middle Atlas where it designates a large depression or basin with wooded flanks where people sometimes gather, for example on the occasion of a collective marriage or a feast of allied tribal groups, and by ext., it also means an alliance among the Aït Izdeg, and a fantasia or equestrian display among the Ntifa and Aït Messad (Laoust3); note also tàfrawt (Tamazight Berber): 1. a flat place, depression; from which has developed several meanings: a race-course; an alliance, from the fact that tribal representatives used to meet at such places to make their alliances; e.g. Tafrawt, the name of a town in Sous, Morocco (El Fasi) tafulqa (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), imi uṣarij (Kabyle): the aperture, opening, intake of a pool or reservoir (Huyghe) tagre, pl. tagerin Zenāga, Mauritania : a tank, cistern, basin (Basset) tamjuašt (Aït Atta, Dads, Tafilalt, Dra): reception basin at a well (Laoust7, p.413); synonyms: tafraut, jjâbit, tihemt, aseġ, asafi ṭamẓa, pl. ṭmāẓi Zenāga, and Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania : 1. the front of a drinking fountain, street-fountain ; 2. the area in front of a tigedda, a basin into which the water from a well is poured, from which the animals drink; 3. by ext., a muddy place around a well; syn. of merja (Leriche); ṭamẓa, pl. ṭmāẓi (Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. mud, esp. that around a well; 2. wet clay, a syn. of ṭīn; 3. in the east, a large leather container used to receive water drawn from a well (Taine-Cheikh) tanafugt (assaniya, from Zenāga : in Adrar, a pièce [divisor?] by which the water of a basin is directed or discharged (Taine-Cheikh, citing Leriche, unconfirmed) tanudfi / tanutfi (Chleuh, Southern Morocco): a basin, tank or cistern in which water drawn from a well or led from a spring or a diversion dam accumulates; tanudfi (Central Morocco): a cistern or water reservoir; tanutfi (Ntifa): a cistern, tank (DRB, III. 450); tanutfi / tanudfi, pl. tinutfiwin (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a cistern or reservoir of masonry constructed to receive rainwater or spate water from the oued; in toponymy, Tizi n Tanutfi, The Pass of the Cistern , of the Mesfiwa; in Tripolitania [Libya], an identical type of reservoir is called asaġ (Laoust3); tanudf (Ida Gounidif Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas): a large cistern; the gardens are watered by water derived from an oued which accumulates slowly in a great cistern called tanudf; from there it runs into a small reservoir, aggelûgel, where it is divided and measured with the aid of an instrument, asqul, which see (Laoust7, p.415); tanoudf, pl. 88 tinoudfiwin (Tashelhit, Sous): a basin or cistern where water drawn from a well collects or into which water is led from a spring or from a barrage; tanotfi (Tashelhit, Sous): a cistern; domestic water tank (Laoust4); tanotfi (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a cistern (Laoust5); also ssarij, tafraout taqezrabt (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a small cistern or tank for storing water; aqezrab: a cistern, tank (Destaing3) tcaricc, pl. ticarijin (Berber, Figuig dialect): an irrigation tank (Kossmann); [but also a cistern of water deep underground near or at the source of an ifli or foggara]; variant of ssarij, which see tegdeh / tegdah, pl. tegdūn (Zenāga : the place where one pours water from one place to another at a well; a wooden drinking-trough; elsewhere Nicolas gives 1. enclos de puits pour animaux ; a basin for animals at a well?; 2. a basin, tank, pl. tegdēin (Nicolas); tegedda (Aïr, also Tawllemmet): a natural rock hollow; a spring of salty water issuing from a natural underground hollow (Starostin); tigedda (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a basin into which the water from a well is discharged and from which the animals drink (Leriche); tīgedde (Hassaniya): a basin into which is poured water drawn from a well (Monteil) tifert, dim. of iferd (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a basin, reservoir, tank, small artificial pool or pond, esp. one constructed at the foot of a slope to collect rainwater (Laoust3); variant of iferd, which see tihemt, pl. tihemin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a water reservoir, tank, cistern; equivalent to Arabic madjen (Motylinski); tihemt, pl. tīhmīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): an artificial reservoir or cistern, for water (Foucauld); an irrigation basin (Nicolaisen); tihemt, pl. tihemin (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a reservoir (Masqueray); see also taferaout tilmas, pl. tilmamis (Berber): underground reservoirs in the beds of rivers (Knox); variant of talmest, tilemsi, well, waterhole , see under Wells timerkidut (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a cistern, reservoir (Laoust3); also tanutfi tisemt (Touareg, Ayr): an irrigation basin (Nicolaisen); tizemt, pl. tizemen (Touareg, Aïr, Niger): an artificial reservoir, cistern or tank for water (Ghubayd); at Tabelbala in Western Algeria, tizemt, also called by the Arabic word majen, is a shallow collection basin or tank, some 0.25 – 0.5 m deep, fed by the mesref or main channel of the foggaras; a main distribution channel, targa or seguia, runs from the tizemt to the gardens (Champault) zaferauxz, pl. ziferawin (Rif Berber): a watering-place, for livestock (Ibañez); variant of tafrawt, which see zanda, pl. zandiwin / zindwin (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zamda, pl. zamdiwin (Quebdana dialect): a pool, pond or lake; a reservoir; a dam or dike across a river; a marsh, fen, swamp, morass; also a deep pool or spot in a river (Ibañez); a variant of tamda, tanda, pool, pond, lake, waterhole in a stream or river 89 zeṣariŷz, pl. ziṣariŷin (Rifian Berber): a small alberca, tank or pool; essariŷ, pl. esswareŷ: a reservoir, tank, pool (Ibañez); variant of Ar. ṣahrīj, see ssarij 90 Irrigation Across all the Berber dialectsthe word to irrigate comes from the same root s”. The Hassaniya word is from the common Arabic saqā, to give to drink, to water, irrigate . _____________________________________________ asessu (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): to water the land, irrigate (Huyghe); essouou, essouir , issoua, h. essoua (Kabyle): to water, irrigate (Olivier) sesou (Touareg, Tamahaq, from esou, to drink : to water; said of persons, animals, gardens, etc. (Motylinski); amsu, pl. imsuten (Touareg): a watering-place in a river; a water-hole; e.g. Tim-misaou and Esoueni, valleys and water-holes of Adgag (Pellegrin) ssu, p.p. ssuy, issu (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): to irrigate; assaru, pl. isūra: a secondary canal or channel of a garden or a field (Destaing1); souou (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): to water, irrigate, make drink (Boulifa); ssu (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): to irrigate; tissi, pl. tissiwin: irrigation; an irrigation (Mercier); s ssu / se ssu / ise ssu, etc. (Rif dialects): to make drink; to irrigate a land (Biarnay2); ssew (Berber, Figuig dialect): to irrigate (Kossmann); ssew (Kabyle, Irjen): to water, to irrigate (Picard) Toponyms: anciently in Tunisia: Sua, now Chouach; Missua, now Sidi-Daoud; Thimisua, now Hr. Tazma; Aïn-Choua, Ec-Çou; in Algeria: Suadurusi, a location in the Peutinger Table, situated in Algeria but unidentified; )gzern Etsouit, Ravine of the Watering-Place (Pellegrin) timessuit (Demnat, Ntifa): an irrigation; from ssu, to irrigate ; the )da Gounidif reserve the word for a little vegetable garden surrounded by fig-trees, established on irrigable land ; the plural timessua correspomds to urtan; they use tissi for an irrigation (Laoust7, p.411) tisissi (Berber, Tachelhit), tasgout, essegouet (Tamazirt): irrigation; sessou (Tachelhit), esgou, semmesgou (Tamazirt): to irrigate (Kaoui); tissi (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), tissit (Kabyle): an irrigation, of land or field or garden (Huyghe); tissi, pl. tissiwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): irrigation; an irrigation (Mercier); tissi (Tashelhit, Sous): irrigation (Laoust4); thissith (Kabyle): irrigation; essouou: to irrigate (Olivier) sge, yesgi, masdud segi (Hassaniya): to water, to make drink, give water to, irrigate, etc.; segi, more rarely segu: coll., an irrigation (Taine-Cheikh); variant of common Arabic saqā, to give to drink, to water, irrigate , siqāya, irrigation 91 Turns, Shares, Divisors, and the Measurement of Water addula Kabyle : one s turn [in the irrigation cycle](Newman1); cf. Spanish dula (c.981 duulla, from vulg. Arabic d”la, turn , from Ar. dawla, change, rotation, alteration : a portion of land which receives irrigation by turn (Pellegrini); in Sho ”b, modern Yemen, the irrigation turn is called daulah, which is the expression used by 11th C. geographer al-Bakrī to describe the irrigation turn at the oasis of Touzer, now in Tunisia; d”la means turn in the Canary )slands, and d”la as a measurement was also used in colonial San Antonio, Texas, whose irrigators had emigrated from the Canaries in the 18th C. (Glick1); the word d”la is an arabism found localized in a discrete area of south-eastern Spain – in Gandia and Elche, where it means irrigation turn , and in Alicante where it has the connotation of an aliquot portion of water (Glick4); no doubt the same as Ouargla and Kabyle dalt, which see äidur, pl. aidurāden Zenāga : a nouba of water; each time the delou is lowered into the well to draw water; it is also the name of the captive or slave who is charged with drawing water (Nicolas) algam n aman n tala (Ouargla): the water statute of a spring; it is the list of owners and renters of the waters of a spring with their rights of use and hours and times of irrigation (Delheure) andaw tanettawt (Berber, dialect of Figuig): one day in every fortnight when the irrigation water belongs to common charitable institutions such as the mosque and qoranic school (Kossmann) anefif, pl. inefīfen (Berber dialect of Touat): a flat stone, slab or board pierced with a hole serving as a water-gate of a reservoir (Foucauld); anfif (prob. Zenatia Berber, Tidikelt): the opening, outlet, of a cistern or tank Lō ; anefif (Touareg, Ahaggar): a flat stone with a hole through it, to regulate watering (Nicolaisen) aqesrey, pl. iqesray (Berber, Figuig): a type of pitcher; a unit of measure for wheat (Kossmann); aqesri and taqesreyt (Figuig): the aqesri and taqesreyt at Figuig constitute a water clock or clepsydra for measuring an amount of irrigation water by time; the aqesri is a copper bowl, of about a litre and a half capacity, pierced with a hole; inside are graduated marks indicating parts of a tighirt – thirds, quarters, eighths; taqesreyt: a large earthenware jar placed next to the outlet of a bassin or sahrij; at the moment the water is released from the sahrīj, the asrayfi places the aqesri or bowl on the surface of the taqesreyt which is full of water; the water penetrates the aqesri little by little and it begins to sink until it is totally immersed, marking the consumption of a tighirt; the asrayfi retrieves the aqesri, empties it, and replaces it in the taqesreyt; the asrayfi is thus obliged to stay at his post until the last turn of irrigation, and for this reason other methods of measurement have been devised (el Jattari); taqesrit (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): a peigne or divisor for the distribution of water shares (Bellil); see also Figuigi tighert, asrayfi asqūl, pl. isqālen (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a gauge or scale to measure the depth of water in a water storage basin (Laoust3); asqoul (Tashelhit, Sous): a wooden rule 92 used to measure water; it is divided in 60 parts called lhabbet (Laoust4); asqul (Tlit Chleuhs, Ida Gounidif): from sġel, to measure ; an instrument to measure volume of water; it is a kind of ruler whose length is equal to the depth of the cistern or basin from which water is distributed; one of its sides is marked with notches, at intervals, made with a knife, and called tagzain, pl. of tagzit, from gzi, to cut, incise ; the space between two notches corresponds to a certain volume of water in the basin, designated by the Arabic word lḥabt, pl. lḥabāt; the instrument measures the outflow of water; it allows a more equitable distribution of water than the tanast which determines the time during which the irrigator has use of it (Laoust7, p.414); see also tanast, segfa axdur, pl. ixdar (Berber, Figuig dialect): a plug or stopper in an irrigation tank; axdur n uellem: a water measuring stick or rod (Kossmann); axdur: a stick, two or three meters long, made from a palm stalk without leaves; it is marked by incised rings or small pieces of knotted palm fibre; these marks indicate the level of water measured at the beginning and end of each turn of irrigation (el Jattari); cf. azeqqur dalt, pl. dalat (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): a turn in rotation, like that for the distribution of irrigation water (Biarnay); dalt (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), tadnilt (Kabyle): a turn, turn in succession (Huyghe); probably a variant of Kabyle addula, from Ar. dawla, change, rotation, alteration ; see above fergaga (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a holed stone which serves as a sluice or gate between a basin and the rest of the irrigation system (Teine-Cheikh, quoting Corral, unconfirmed) izmaz (Tashelhit, Sous): a sun-dial used to deterine the time during which one has use of the water; this instrument is composed of a horizontal slab assegword, in the middle of which another stone is fixed perpendicularly; the length of the shadow cast by this stone determines the different periods of the day; the day-time is divided into 60 habbat corresponding to 60 divisions indicated by marks on the base of the instrument, 30 for each side of the stone casting the shadow (Assif n-Iissi); izmaz is above all known in the sense of a fine ; it is a plural whose singular azemz signifies, delay, time allowed, time (Laoust4) kharouba Mzab : The parts of water are named kharouba; the kharouba is equal to one sixteenth of the flow of a well which does not dry up; these last wells are called ouarouara (MercierM, n. 2, p.201); karrouba (Ar., Algeria): a water-clock; a copper vessel with a hole in it, floating in a container of water, which slowly fills up, measuring the period of time that the cultivator has the use of irrigation water (NIAlgeria); the bowl that serves as a water-clock called tanast by Moroccan Berbers is called kharruba at Figuig, meškuda in the oasis of Zab, and qadus at Ghadamès (Laoust7, p. 414); in Figuig the quantity of water is calculated in kharrouba, a unit of measure which corresponds to 45 minutes of the discharge of the source; in modern Morocco a kharrouba is a unit of capacity equal to 40 liters (Boilère) [prob. nothing to do with Arabic kharr”b, the carob or locust-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, also known as the St. John s-bread tree, or its seed, but from Arabic khurba, pl. khurab, khur”b a hole, perforation or bore (Lane), such is made in the base of the vessel that serves as a waterclock] 93 lḥabbat (Tashelhit, Sous): a unit of measurement used to determine the time during which one has the use of water; there are 5 ḥabba in an hour, 60 in a day of 12 hours corresponding to one half a tiremt (Laoust4); ḥabba (Tidikelt): the unit used to measure the outflow of water from a foggāra (Lo, pp. 155-56, with explanation); variant of Arabic ḥabba, a grain; the weight of a grain of barley; a well-known weight (Lane) meškuda (Zab): the bowl that serves as a water-clock called tanast by Moroccan Berbers is called kharruba at Figuig, meškuda in the oasis of Zab, and qadus at Ghadamès (Laoust7, p. 414) muulli, pl. muullin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): tour de role, a turn in rotation (Mercier); etymologically amalīl, terraces and its variants derive from the verbal root ilāl, found in Touareg in the sense of to follow , and whose reciprocal form miellel means to follow one another, to pass in single file, one behind the other, either in space or in time , like the disposition of agricultural terraces in steps one above the other; derived from the same root ilāl are other words such as témelilt, pl. timelilen, a turn, successive rows or lines, alternate order ; elsewhere in Morocco: umlila in the S”s, in successive rows or lines, a turn in rotation , unmila in Ntifa, mulli and mullit among the Beni Mtir, etc. (Laoust3, p. 280) nibt, pl. nuaib (Oued Noun, Ithamed Chleuhs): corresponding to Berber tawala and Arabic nuba, turn , the nibt is a right of water usage whose duration is determined by the filling of six tanast or water-clocks (Laoust7, p.414); probably berberized form of Ar. nuba, which see nuba, and nubet, pl. nubat (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a turn in rotation (Huyghe); annuba (Kabyle, Irjen): order of succesion, turn (Picard); ennouba (Kabyle): a turn in rotation (Olivier); nnubet, pl. nnubat (Figuig): a turn in the irrigation cycle (Kossmann); nuba in Arabic, tiremt in Berber, a turn of water, is a term widely used across southern Morocco and constitutes the masterpiece of the collective organization for the distribution of water (Humbert); from Arabic nauba, change, alternation, rotation, one s turn ; e.g. in the irrigation terminology of Lahj, South Arabia, nawbah is a unit of time and of volume of water determined by custom; also the sharing of irrigation water by turns; each co-owner having a day or so many hours during which he alone deflects water onto his land; this is also known as muhāy ah (Maktari); from class. Arabic nawba, pl. n”ab, a turn which comes to one, or which one takes; the time at which, or during which, anything is, or is to be, done, or had in succession ; also niyāba and nawba, a coming to water, etc., one time, or turn, after a former time, or turn (Lane) qadus, pl. iqudas (Figuig): a water distributor or divisor; a unit of measurement, about 3 inches; iqudas: the principal divisor of the waters of the Tzadert spring; in Haut-Figuig the term lbehbuba is used for the equivalent feature (Kossmann); equoudas (Ar. or Berber?); in Figuig, S. E. Morocco, water switching stations that divide and regulate the flow of water from an underground gallery or khattāra; the principal canals, atoual, extend from equoudas to the pools; these canals may go through several switching stations and diminish in size accordingly (Meszoely); gadous (Berber, Ghadamès; from Arabic): a measure for water (Graberg, given in Motylinski2); the bowl that serves as a water-clock called tanast by Moroccan Berbers is called qadus at Ghadamès, kharruba at Figuig, and meškuda in the oasis 94 of Zab (Laoust7, p. 414); qadus, pl. quades (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a canal, irrigation channel; the pipe of a fountain (Huyghe); qadus, pl. iqudas (Rif Berber): a water pipe, conduit, drain, sewer, covered channel for water, Sp. arcaduz; an earthen jar or pitcher, or scoop, bucket, of a noria or water-wheel (Ibañez); from Arabic qād”s, usually one of the earthenware jars tied to a sāqiya, sāniya or dawlāb water-raising machine placed over a well , directly or indirectly from Greek kados or from Latin cadus, large water jar ; thus in Arabic and Berber also a measure of water , and [earthenware] water pipe see below ; derived from the Arabic are Spanish arcaduz, Valencian alcaduf, Catalan caduf, Maltese katusa, Sicilian catúsu, and Portuguese alcatruz, with similar meanings, and from the latter, English albatross. See complete listing for Arabic qād”s A variant (or plural) of the same word has a related but different sense: aqādus, iqudās (Berber, Beni-Snous, from Ar.): a water conduit or channel (Destaing2); aqadus, pl. iqadusen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a water-conduit, waterpipe (Mercier); aqidous (Tashelhit, Sous): a clay or ceramic pipe; equivalent to Berber inifif (Laoust4); aqad ous, pl. iqad ousen (Kabyle): an aqueduct (Olivier); aqadus, pl. iqadūsen (Kabyle): a tube (Newman1); lqadus, pl. lqwades (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a water conduit or pipe (Mercier) rba n-waman (Central Morocco, Gheris): in the Gheris, the system of dividing and distributing irrigation water by volume, by means of little water-gates disposed along the collector canal and secondary channels (Laoust6, p. 142) šegfa (Touat and Tidikelt): an ingenious apparatus used to measure the outflow of a foggara; it is a cylindrical copper plate pierced with round and square holes, each one of a determined size corresponding to the unit of measurement, ḥabba, or one of its multiples; the instrument is carefully placed at the outlet of a foggara by the water-measurer, kiel el-ma, and fulfills the function of a water meter; cf. L. Voinot, Le Tidikelt, p.136, and E. Gautier, Oasis Sahariennes, p.337 (Laoust7, p.414); chegfa (Tidikelt): a device used to measure the flow of a foggara, consisting of a cylinder of copper pierced on the side with holes of different diameters representing units of measurement, their multiples and sub-divisions, and open at both ends (Lô, 1954, pp. 155-56, with description of use and photo); see also tanast, asqul ṣerref (Figuig): to divide, apportion, distribute water (Kossmann); from Ar. ṣarafa, in this sense, to draw off water, cause to flow off ; see asrayfey, sraïfi under Water Masters sġel, sġal (Demnat, Ntifa): to measure irrigation water (Laoust7, p.423) tadermist (Berber, Ghadamès): a time-measure for irrigation during the night; cf. Ar. tirmisā, obscurity, darkness, dimness, gloom , tarmaša, to be dark, dim, obscure (DRB, III.487) taggurt2 (Central Morocco): a parcel of land; a portion or part of a collective holding or common land (DRB, III.853); taggurt (Central Morocco): among the Aït- Atta, a complete holding or property consisting of a house, a garden, fields and a threshing-ground; among the Aït -Izdeg it is rather applied to a part or unit of water; the word is arabised as taggura in the sense of a share or portion or lot of palm-trees at Bou Denib (Laoust6, p. 140); taggurt, pl. tiggurin 95 (Tamazight Berber): in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, a unit of land measurement and a system of land apportionment; taggurt is a portfolio of land and water in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of a river, estimated to provide the annual subsistence requirements of each takat or household; it is of variable size and its dimensions are subject to a host of ecological variables such as location, annual precipitation, and the amount of labor needed to extend and develop the land; taggurt has survived to this day and still remains the preferred local and traditional unit of water repartition and defines the expenses and duties of each owner in the operation and maintenance of the irrigation network of the ksar (Ilahiane2) tamezdaght, pl. timezdagh (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a share of water (Mercier) tanast, pl. tanassin (Berber, Southern Morocco), tanassa in Arabic: a clepsydra consisting of a metal bowl with a small hole pierced through the bottom floated on a larger container or basin full of water, in which it slowly sinks as it fills up (Humbert, p.321, with photo); tanast (Tashelhit, Sous): a water-clock, a small copper bowl used to determine the duration of irrigation (Laoust4); tanast: in the irrigation systems on the Ziz and Gheris, a water-clock for measuring the time during which any irrigator has usage of the water (Laoust6, p. 142); tanast (Oued Noun, Ithamed Chleuhs): a water-clock comprising a copper bowl pierced with a little hole, which is placed in a receptacle full of water, afešku; it fills through the hole in the bottom and sinks when it is full, marking a unit of time proportional to the capacity of the bowl and the size of the hole pierced in the bottom; the person employed for the division of water (sometimes a child) retrieves it and sets it afloat again, marking each immersion with a knot tied in a palm leaf, afrau ugejjuf; among the Aït Isaffen, the tanast has a capacity of about two litres and takes two hours to fill; this procedure is well-established in Berber-speaking regions – the bowl called tanast by Moroccan Berbers is called kharruba at Figuig, meškuda in the oasis of Zab, and qadus at Ghadamès (Laoust7, p. 414); see also rba n-waman, asqul, šegfa tawaja / tawajadh Zenāga : a turn, nouba, of water, etc. (Nicolas); also äidhur tawala (Tashelhit, Sous): a turn, nouba (Laoust4); tawala n-waman (Demnat, Ntifa): a turn of water in the irrigation cycle; also tiwîli, cf. euel, to turn, go round in circles , in Ahaggar (Laoust7, p.413) taxerrubt, pl. tixerrubin (Figuig): a measure of irrigation water; a taxerrubt is equivalent to 45 minutes of irrigation water every fortnight (Kossmann); in Figuig the quantity of water is calculated in kharrouba, a unit of measure which corresponds to 45 minutes of the discharge of the source; in modern Morocco a kharrouba is a unit of capacity equal to 40 liters (Boilère) thikkelt, pl. thikkel (Kabyle): a turn or time (Newman1) tighirt, pl. tighirin (Figuig): baton, stick, rod, for measuring the water; a measure of water, equivalent to 45 minutes (Kossmann); at Figuig, The volume of water distributed to the users is calculated in tighirts or parts of water , each tighert corresponding to the volume of water collected in the time of a kharrouba; a turn of water varies with the season – every 8 days in summer and in winter (Boilère) 96 tiremt waman (Tashelhit, Sous): a division or share of water; a period of 24 hours during which one has use of the water (Laoust4); tiremt n-waman (Demnat, Ntifa): a part or division of water; the time during which one has use of the water; a unit of time used to determine parts of water; this is 24 hours at Demnat, as it is in Marrakesh, where the Arabic word nuba, turn , is used instead; a demi-nouba there is called ferdiia. The Illaln distinguish the tiremt nuzäl, day turn , from the tiremt n-tèduggwat, night turn ; each of them corresponds to a right of usage of 12 hours. At Timgissin (Tlit Chleuhs), and in a number of other oases in the extreme south of Morocco, the tiremt, a unit of time (one night and one day and also a part and turn of water, corresponds to a unit of area called iḍ, pl. aḍan; by iḍ is meant a parcel of land that it is possible to irrigate during one tiremt. Each garden has the right of usage of water equivalent to a fraction of a tiremt - ½, ⅓, ¼, ⅕ etc.; this fraction is itself called tiremt, regardless of its value. Generally, a garden is bought with its tiremt attached; nevertheless, some proprietors sell the land without relinquishing the right of tiremt so that the cultivators, who are often poor working people, are held under their dependence. Water itself is subject to ownership, independent of the land; any proprietor can rent, sell or mortgage his tiremt; several cultivators can join together to acquire a tiremt and divide the water according to their investment (Laoust7, p.413-14); see also nibt, tanast, asqul, lḥabt, šegfa tisenbedt (Berber, Mzab): a hole or gap for the passage of water; a covered canal or water channel; tisenbedt (Ouargla): a gap, hole; a tunnel in an irrigation canal; both from ebed, to make a hole, perforate, bore (DRB, I. 26); tissenbot Mzab : At the base of the garden walls, and in the lanes, are openings whose width and height are meticulously defined by means of stone slabs with cut-out sections [à section tranchante]; these conduits are called tissenbot; in the oasis there is a man called the cheikh tissenbot who knows all their fixed dimensions; he is the only one who knows the precise rules which determine the size of the opening according to the the situation of the garden and its size; all these rules were prescribed a long time ago; when one builds one of these water supply points, one must always refer to the authority of the cheikh (MercierM, p. 199) 97 Water-masters, Water-guardians and Well-diggers adour ai, pl. idour aien (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a well-digger (Biarnay) amazal (Berber, Southern Morocco): literally, runner, chaser ; a water-master, responsible for the global distribution of water in a community; he is an important and respected person for he is often the only one who has knowledge of the whole system; the amazal is indispensable, in particular, when a strict gravitational logic is not respected; he must know the order of succession of the properties concerned, and the exact moment that a water-gate must be closed by taking account of the time it takes to empty a channel irrigating a plot whose turn has finished; moreover the amazal becomes absolutely essential when the water and the land are not bound together, which is often the case, for the system is in a state of perpetual reorganization and the hours and schedule vary according to the buying and selling of parts of water in a nuba and especially the location of that water (Humbert, pp. 315-16); amazzal n-waman (Tashelhit, Sous): an appointed water-guardian responsible for the division and distribution of water (Laoust4) amghar n-tiruggin, or amghar n-waman (Tamazight Berber): in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, the chief of the irrigation network, who supervises the cleaning and maintenance of the canals and dams (Ilahiane1); amġar n-tarugua: a water cheikh responsible for the upkeep of the barrage, ugguy, and the main canal, tarugua; he mobilizes the labour to undertake the annual cleaning of the canal and repairs to damage caused by floods; he also oversees the equitable distribution of the water, and in particular, makes sure that the water-rights of the poor are respected (Laoust6, p. 141-42); amṛar n efeli (Touareg): chief of a foggara (Nicolaisen) amghaz, pl. imghazen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a well-digger, well-sinker (Mercier) anagam (Tashelhit, Sous): a drawer of water; from agoum, to draw water (Laoust4) anfgur, amfgur (Chleuh): a guardian, keeper, caretaker, overseer of the gardens, the division of the water, and the collection of fines (DRB, III. 542); anefgour, amfegour, amhaiz ntergoua (Tashelhit, Sous): an individual appointed to watch over the gardens (Laoust4); anefgur (Ida Gounidif): an individual appointed to watch over the gardens and the distribution of water; particular to the dialects of the Anti-Atlas; amfegur (Illaln Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas): an individual charged with the surveillance of the orchards and gardens during the time that they are out of bounds, tafgurt; each clan or afus appoints its own amfegur; tafgurt: derived from the same root, and localised among the same dialects, this designates the ban on entering the gardens and fields during certain hours and at certain times of the year, particularly when the cereals and fruits came to maturity. As long as the gardens are under tafgurt, the owner cannot make use of his produce; he is forbidden from harvesting any fruit, even from gathering those that have fallen. This ban is of variable length, from one to three weeks. It is imposed on all the principal fruit-trees – the fig, olive, date and even the Barbary fig. The Achtouken, among others, have a tafgert u-tkanarit, a 98 jema a or council that announces the ban and lifts it; these decisions are sometimes announced to the people by criers in the markets. The jema a also appoints guardians to enforce its decisions; they are called amfgur among the Ida Gounidif, amzuar, pl. imzuaren or amḍif, pl. amḍaf among the Tlit, ammazzäl wwaman with the Ida Oukensous, and imzurfa with the Ntifa. They confiscate any livestock grazing freely in the gardens, and denounce at the jema a any individuals who have violated the ban; the delinquents are punished with a fine. Similar practises are observed in all Berber-speaking regions (Laoust7, p.416) asrayfey, pl. israyfiyen (Berber, Figuig dialect): the chef or controller of an irrigation basin or ṣahrīj (Kossmann); sraïfi: aguadier or water-guardian (Boilère); serref (Figuig): to divide, apportion, distribute water (Kossmann); the French word aiguadier is given as celui qui préside à la distribution des eaux , in Émile Littré s Dictionnaire de la langue française of 1872-77; from Ar. ṣarafa, in this sense, to draw off water, cause to flow off cheikh tissenbot Mzab : At the base of the garden walls, and in the lanes, are openings whose width and height are meticulously defined by means of stone slabs with cut-out sections [à section tranchante]; these conduits are called tissenbot; in the oasis there is a man called the cheikh tissenbot who knows all their fixed dimensions; he is the only one who knows the precise rules which determine the size of the opening according to the the situation of the garden and its size; all these rules were prescribed a long time ago; when one builds one of these water supply points, one must always refer to the authority of the cheikh (MercierM, p. 199); tisenbedt (Berber, Mzab): a hole or gap for the passage of water; a covered canal or water channel; tisenbedt (Ouargla): a gap, hole; a tunnel in an irrigation canal; both from ebed, to make a hole, perforate, bore (DRB, I. 26) doura , pl. idoura īn (Zenati, Ouargla): a well-sinker (Basset2) enagam, pl. inagaman (Touareg, Niger): a person who extracts water from a well (Ghubayd); aġem (Touareg, Ahaggar): to draw water from a well, with a rope and bucket (Foucauld) ettābe (Hassaniya): a series of stones, of trees, etc.; an indication of groundwater for the welldiggers (Taine-Cheikh) faguir, pl. fegagir Mzab : The blacks of the abattoir, and also the water-carriers, seggui, are for the most part, descended from former slaves; in contrast, there are other blacks, those employed in the digging of wells, who are not the descendants of slaves; they are inhabitants of Gourara who have emigrated to all the oases of the Sahara and are specialists in the tricky profession of sinking wells; due to their place of origin they are called Gourari; they have too an amine, who is the cheikh El Gouarir; they are also called faguir, pl. fegagir, beacuse they dig the underground drainage channels of the type called foggāra (MarcelM); from Maghrebi Arabic foggāra, pl. fgāgir, fegāgir, fegāguir, an underground water channel or filtration gallery , prob. from class. Arabic faqara, to pierce, bore, perforate , or fajara, to cleave, dig up; to make an outlet or passage for water; to let water flow or pour forth imijij (Mauritania): Grewia bicolor, usually a many-stemmed shrub, occasionally small tree up to 7 m in height; fruits edible, sweetish, but also astringent; multiple medical uses; twigs from the tree are used by water diviners to locate underground water; in Arabic it is known 99 elsewhere as abu inderaba, abu umm drab, abu underab, basam, basham al-bayad (AFT Database, World Agroforestry Center) izmimem (Ouargla); a scribe or kind of book-keeper responsible for the register of a spring in which are written the names of the co-owners and renters with their rights and times of irrigation (Delheure) jahhār el ḥassīān (Moorish, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a well-digger (Pierret); jḥīr / žḥīr (Hassaniya, Mauritania): to dig a well; jahhār / žahhār: an excavator of wells, a good well-digger (Taine-Cheikh); žḥar (Hassaniya): to dig a well; žahhār: a welldigger, well-sinker (Monteil); cf. class. Arabic juḥr, burrow, hole, etc. kiyal-al-ma (Arabic, Gourara): he who measures the water (Bellil); kial el ma (Tidikelt): the water measurer, whose office is usually hereditary, establishes the outflow of water from a foggara by means of his chegfa (Lo, p.156-57, with photo); see chegfa mafaman (Central Tamazight): a water-diviner; from af, to find , and amān, water ; unknown among the Ntifa but familiar in the dialects of the extreme south; among the Amanouz, the mafaman also searches for copper (Laoust5); mafaman (Tashelhit, Sous, High Atlas): a water diviner; the Chleuhs exploit the hidden groundwater by calling upon the services of a sourcier or water diviner whom they call mafaman, the finder of water ; the latter uses a staff with which he strikes the ground, where, according to the indications, the first well is dug; this serves as the head of the underground gallery or khottara; on a pile of stones which has been set up on the spot, the people offer a sacrifice; the practices of the diviner lie in effect in the domain of magic; to facilitate his work he is offered a small meal composed of tagulla, a kind of very thick porridge eaten with oil or butter poured into a depression, taurda, made in the middle of the dish; this condiment represents the sought-for groundwater; the dish is presented so that this little well of nourishment is covered over; the diviner plunges in his hand after pronouncing the bismillah and discovers there the condiment/dressing/seasoning reqired for his meal; this practice is auspicious (Laoust8) sraïfi: aguadier or water-guardian (Boilère); see asrayfey ṭawwāy (Hassaniya): a specialist in the lining of wells; ṭwe, yeṭwi, masdud ṭayy: to coffer or line a well; ṭayye, pl. ṭayyat: a coffering or lining of a well (Taine-Cheikh); twœ, yetwi (Hassaniya): to coffer or line a well (Monteil) 100 Water Mills Only two indigenous Berber words for water-mills are recorded: both, apparently, transferred from the meaning hand-mill azerg, pl. izergan (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a hand-mill, which is found in all the houses; also a water-mill established on a small watercourse, or preferably on a diversion channel or head-race; in toponymy: Targa Tinezergan, canal of the mills , the name of a village of the Mesfiwa (Laoust3); azreg n ouaman (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a watermill (Boulifa) rh a, pl. rh auat (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a water mill (Huyghe); from Arabic raḥan, raḥā , mill; mill-stone ; in al-Andalus, mills were likewise known by a universal term: raḥa, pl. arḥâ', which applied to all kinds of water mills, as well as to windmills and hand querns (Glick3) tisirt (Kabyle): a water mill (Huyghe); tisirt, pl. tisirin, tisar (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a water mill (Mercier); tissirt (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): equally [as izergan], in the speech of the North, a hand-mill; the word is no longer used in Tashelhit but is preserved in toponyms such as Adrar Tissirt, Mountain of the Tissirt , perhaps where mill-stones were extracted (Laoust3); thasiarth n uaman (Rif dialects): a water-mill (Biarnay2) 101 Cultivated and Irrigated Lands: Gardens, Groves, Orchards, Fields & Plots aārgoub (Kabyle, Zouaoua): a cultivated field; a piece of land (Basset5); aārqoub, pl. iārqiab (Kabyle): a field (Olivier); a erqub, pl. i erqab (Kabyle, Irjen): a ploughed field without any fruit-trees (Picard) abandil (Berber, Ghadamès): cultivated land; arable land (DRB, I.77) abdduz (Ntifa, Demnat, Igliwa), amdduz, pl. imddäz (Tafilalt, Tazerwalt, Ida Ou Zikki, Aït Baamran, Tlit Chleuhs, etc,): a manure heap (Laoust7, p.272); see also amazir, loġbar abeddih (Berber, Central Morocco): a field (Laoust2); abettih, pl. ibettihen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a field (Mercier); also iger, tagemmunt, taghzut abeles, pl. ibelessāten (Touareg, Ahaggar): a cultivated place; by ext., a cultivable place, a place suitable for cultivation; an old word, little used (Foucauld); abeles, var. édeles (Touareg, Ahaggar): a cultivated place; a cultivable place (DRB, I.66); in toponymy, Abalessa, cultivated place , a village of Ahaggar, km. east of Tamanrasset, not far from the celebrated tomb of the Touareg ancestress Tin-(inān (EB, I, A3) abughla, pl. ibughluten (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a fertile garden; taghult, pl. tighūla: land next to a house cultivated alternately with cereals and vegetables (Destaing1); see also Tachelhit urti, turtīt, ibhīr, tibhīrt achekrach, pl. ichekrach (Touareg, Adrar): a garden, enclosed or not; an artificially watered field, enclosed or not; not used in the Ahaggar; azekrih, pl. izekrah (Touareg, Ahaggar): a garden, enclosed or not by a wall, fence or hedge; a field watered artificially, enclosed or not; today it is used only in the first sense (Foucauld) adarr (Kabyle), also tasbakt, pl. tisbakin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a plot or bed of vegetables (Huyghe) afanghal, pl. ifanghalen (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): a cultivated bed in an irrigated garden, about two meters square (Bernus); éfenṛal (Touareg, Ayr): a garden bed (Nicolaisen) afaraġ, pl. iferġān (Touareg, Ahaggar): an enclosing wall, fence, hedge, etc., of any material or size; by ext., a hedge of dry branches, etc., forming an enclosure or not; also, an enclosure, a space enclosed by a wall or fence or hedge; a garden, whether enclosed or not; an irrigated field, whether enclosed or not (Foucauld); afarag (Touareg, Ayr), afaraġ (Ahaggar): an enclosure for kids and calves; a garden (Nicolaisen); afarag , pl. ifer gan (Touareg, Tamahaq): a field, cultivated place, garden (Motylinski); afaradj, pl. iferdjan (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a garden; ploughed or cultivated land; also, agriculture, cultivation; from the sense of to enclose, enclosure (Masqueray); afaghadj, pl. ifaradjan (Targui dialect, Djanet, 102 Tassili n Ajjer : a garden in a palm grove (Battesti); afarag, pl. ifergar (Touareg, Niger): an enclosure; a garden (Ghubayd); afaraǵ, pl. ifarǵan, iferǵan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a fence; an enclosure (Sudlow); afaradj, pl. iferdjan (Tamadjek, Ghat): a place of cultivation; a garden; an orchard; a field a field (Nehlil); afareg, taferka (Berber, prob. from Lat. rigare): an enclosed piece of ground, a garden; also derived from the same Latin, targa, also taria, a drain, trench, channel, ditch, small canal (Pellegrin); afrag (Kabyle), afraie, pl. ifragen (Chaouia Berber, Eastern Algeria): an enclosure, fence; a sheepfold, animal pen (Huyghe); afräg (Demnat, Morocco), afräj (Aït Seghrouchen), afray (Aït Warayn, Zkara, Beni Iznacen), ifrig (Aït Baāmran : a dry hedge of thorny branches (Laoust7, p.3); aferay, pl. iforay (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), aferag, pl. iforag (Buqoia dialect): a fence, hedge, of an orchard, garden, meadow, paddock, etc. (Ibañez); afarag, pl. fergān Zenāga : an enclosure for livestock (Nicolas); afarag, pl. ifergan (Touareg): this term designates, in the first place, an enclosure, an enclosing hedge; in the pastoral zones without agriculture, this is a hedge of cut thorn branches which form a natural impenetrable barrier; all the acacia species, tamat or Acacia flava, afagag or Acacia raddiana, tiggart or Acacia nilotica, tazzeyt or Acacia laeta, and orof or Acacia seyal, are used as well as other thorny trees such as tiboraq or Balanites aegyptiaca and tabakat, Ziziphus mauritiana; in the encampments, hedges surround the sheep and goat enclosures, and sometimes also the cows; in some cases, hedges surround the tents to separate them from the livestock; the iklan or captives were sometimes called Deffarafarag, behind the hedge , for in the encampments, their tents were usually installed beyond the livestock enclosures; in the district of Téra in the west of Niger, a tribe bears this name, transcribed by the administration as Dufarafarak; in the irrigated agricultural regions, afarag designates a garden, and by extension, that which it contains; the hedges of the gardens are made of thorny branches in the same way, supported by trunks of tirza or Calotropis procera, which also sometimes frame the entrance gates; in the pre-saharan and saharan zones the search for wood for enclosures has led to serious deforestation around the cultivated areas; at In Gall, the nearest trees are found in valleys some 6 or 7 km distant; in the south-sahelian agricultural zone, a hedge which surrounds rain-fed fields to protect them from livestock also bears the name afarag; by contrast, such a field, which only receives rainwater for a short season, is called tawgest, pl. shiwugas, as opposed to the irrigated field or afarag, pl. ifergan (EB, II, A77); in Aïr, an irrigated garden is called afarag, pl. ifergan, as is its enclosing hedge made of thorny branches and the stems/trunks of tirza, Calotropis procera (EB, III, A124); The Berber afrag/afarag has been adopted into Hassaniya and Maghrebi Arabic: afarag, pl. afarig (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region; from Zenāga efé ri, an open enclosure : an enclosure of thorny branches of the zeriba type, but without a gate or barrier for closing up the entrance; cf. Nicolas, Tamesna , afārag: an enclosure for livestock, sheep-pen; a walled or fenced garden (Poussibet) afrag: in Morocco the word has passed into Arabic dialect designating an enclosure of cloth, which screens the encampment of the sovereign and his suite from the rest of the camp (Laoust7, p.3) afeddan (Beni Snous): a field of great extent; the word is originally Arabic; feddan is current in Morocco to designate, a field of cereals (Laoust7, p.259); from Arabic faddān, a measure of 103 land; a yoke of oxen , presumably the amount of land that could be ploughed in one day by a pair of oxen aferdu, pl. iferda (Berber, Figuig, Ksar Zenāga): a look-out in the palm-gardens; a round tower built of adobe or limestone, with stairs inside, used to watch over the gardens during harvest time (Kossmann) afers (Beni Menacer): a piece of land cleared and ready for cultivation; from èfres, to prune; clear (Laoust7, p. 259) afrad (Chleuh): a ploughed or cultivated field; a patch of cleared bush ; cf. pan-Berber fered/efred, to sweep, clear, clean out ; tifrdi: pasture, pasturage, pasture-land; iferd (Ntifa): a large strip of land, free of cultivation, between two rows of olive-trees (DRB, III.614); afrad, pl. iferdan (Tashelhit, Sous): a large plot or patch of cultivable or cultivated land (Laoust4); afrad, pl. iferdan (Tazerwalt): a ploughed field; from ferd, to clear [land] ; originally Arabic (Laoust7, p.259) afrukh (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a palm-garden, palm-gardens, plantation of date-palms, palmery (Mercier); see tafrukht, date-palm afurar, pl. ifurar (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a higher spot, raised place, in a field which irrigation water is unable to reach (Mercier) agadir (Ntifa): thick drystone walls that retain terraced gardens established on hill slopes; called iġrem among the Ida Gounidif, Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas (Laoust7, p.409); Berber agadir, pl. igudar, igoudar, cf. Phoenician gadir, is an escarpment, rampart, fortification , bestknown as a fortified collective granary , found especially in the south of Morocco among the Chleuh group of sedentary Berbers; the word is widespread across the Maghreb, pronounced ajdir in Tamasigt and Zénatia; it is the same word as Arabic jidar, a wall ; the basic sense of agadir is defensive wall, enclosure ; in which the Berbers deposited the products of their labour (El Fasi); from Phoenician/Punic; see agadir under Draw-wells aġan, dim. taġant (Ras el-Oued, Algeria): a garden (Laoust7, p.410); perhaps from Ar. janna, pl. jinān, garden ; see jnan agdhal (Beni Iznacen, Metmata, Beni Snous): pasture, pasture-land; agudäl (Demnat, Ntifa): a meadow; agudal (Tlit Chleuhs): a protected meadow on the banks of an oued and surrounded by an enclosing stone wall called taderṣa n-uzru; augdhal, agdhal and aḡudhal (Zouaoua): pasture, meadow, any land reserved for hay; gdhel (Beni Snous): to pasture animals on grassland; under the form gdal or gdil, the expression is used in the Arabic dialect of Algeria also in the sense of pasture, pasture-land, whereas in Morocco the Berber form agdäl, with the prefix a , refers especially to a vast meadow enclosed by a wall and contiguous to the sultan s palaces in the imperial cities of Fez, Meknes, Rabat and Marrakesh (Laoust7, p. 260) agemmun (Berber, Central Morocco): cultivated land disposed in basins, in furrows, or in beds in such a manner as to receive irrigation water; a field; a bed, plot; a grove; dim. tagemmunt, 104 tayemmunt: a ditch around a tent to lead water away; a grove of trees; agmmun (Chleuh): the side of an irrigation canal or channel; ayemmun (Figuig): a field; agemmun (Gourara, Touat and Tidikelt): a plot of cultivated ground in the palm-gardens disposed to receive regular irrigation water by means of a channel (DRB, III.808); agemmun, pl. igemmunen (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): a plot of cultivated land (Bellil); agemoun, pl. igemmounen (Touareg, Tamahaq): an irrigated plot or bed (Motylinski); agemmun, pl. igemmunen (Touareg, Ahaggar): a garden bed (Nicolaisen); agemmoun, pl. igemmounen (Berber dialect, Touat): a small bed or basin of cultivated ground about 2 meters square, set out to receive water regularly by means of a channel (Foucauld); agemmum (Touat): a small square bed, within a larger plot, formed as a basin in order to retain irrigation water; synonyms andun/amdun, lḥud, uzun; the word occurs also in the Moroccan dialects as agèmun (Tlit Chleuhs): side of an irrigation canal; agemmun (Zemmour, Izayan): ridge of earth which surrounds a tent and protects it from run-off; cf. agmun (Zouaoua): a hillock, hill (Laoust7, p. 410); agemmun, pl. igemmun, dim. tagemmunt, pl. tigemmunin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a cultivated strip or bed within a plot of land; a field; tagemmunt, pl. tigemmunin: a cultivated plot, bed, strip, etc.; a small field (Mercier); guemoun (Berber, Tidikelt): a cultivated bed of about 6 m2 in the oasis gardens Lō ; but cf. Kabylie agemmun: a heap, pile; a mound of earth; a mound, hillock, hill (DRB, III.808) Also, the related words: tagemmi, pl. tigamma (Zenati, Ouargla): a palm-grove; a forest (Basset2); tagemmi, pl. tigemma (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a palm-grove watered directly with water from an artesian well; from agem, aorist iougem to draw water (Biarnay); tağemmi / tajemmi (Mzab): an irrigated garden; tagemmi (Ouargla): a palmeraie, palm-gardens; a planted and irrigated garden which takes up water slowly; teğemmi / teğemma (Nefousa): a garden; tigemmi (Kabylie): wealth, riches, fortune consisting of livestock and especially in fields and gardens; a large extent of cultivated land (DRB, III, 794); tedjemmi, pl. tedjemmiouin, tedjemma (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a garden (Motylinski3) tigemmi (Berber): in several Moroccan dialects, a house or douar (Pellegrin); tigemmi: wellknown as a house among the Chleuh speakers, and as a douar among the pastoralists of the Middle Atlas (Laoust3); tiğemmi / tijemmi / tiyemmi (Central Morocco): a douar, group of tents pitched and arranged in a circle; a part of a tribe; a house; a group of people disposed in a circle; a central place in a village or a douar; a halo around the moon; (DRB, III, 794); among the Kabyles of Djurdjura, and therefore Sanhadja, ṯigemmi designates wealth or property in the form of livestock and, especially, fields and gardens ; at Ouargla, tagemmi is a palmery or collection of palm-gardens ; in the Aurès, tažemūt is a garden; in Ahaggar Touareg aḡama, pl. iḡemāten, designates the country, as opposed to the villages , land where there is no town or village , or the sahara, in opposition to the qsour ; it seems that tigemmi evokes the idea of ground, land on which the sedentary establishes his house, garden or orchard, and the nomad his douar and livestock (Laoust6) [elsewhere Laoust connects tagemmi, palmeraie at Ouargla with tajemmi, bush, shrub at Mzab, igem, pole, rod, cane , among the Touareg, and tagmut, branch , at Taroudant, surmising that the most ancient meaning of tigemmi seems to have been that of bush , the 105 thickets and scrub of the mountains and forests providing the shade, shelter and safety for habitation (Laoust7, p.1); however it seems more likely that tagemmi/tigemmi is connected with the pan-Berber agem, to draw water , as Biarnay suggests above, for it is especially associated with irrigated lands and gardens, the douar where the livestock were gathered was the place where they were watered, and habitations would have been sited at or near a water supply]. See agem under Drawing Water aghufa, pl. ighūfer (Touareg, Beni Musa): a garden (Newman) aḡudu (Zouaoui): place where manure is put; a manure heap (Laoust7, p. 273) ajeruf, pl. ijerufen (Rif Berber): fallow land; land which has not been sown for one or two years (Ibañez); also assiki, isiki amalīl, pl. imalīlen (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): an agricultural terrace; sometimes the retaining wall itself; a term of the mountain zones where, because of a lack of flat, cultivable land, farmers have built a series of terraced fields up the slopes, arranged like steps one above the other, sometimes as many as 30 rising up as far as the crest; the flat bottoms of larger valleys are also terraced with small walls constructed of stones taken from the bed of the torrent, which itself is often canalised; these terraces are called amalīl, pl. imalīlen, in the Urika; the form tamalilt designates a group of such terraced fields, retained by small drystone walls which collapse easily and must be repaired each year; words for the walls themselves vary among the regions: amilīl in the Tifnut; imiri, amra and iġerm already noted; aġān in the Aġbar; taġuni in the Anti-Atlas, where the terrace itself is called imiri and allāl, a form which explains tiġunatin, a small irrigated field , in the Tifnut; etymologically amalīl and its variants derive from the verbal root ilāl, found in Touareg in the sense of to follow , and whose reciprocal form miellel means to follow one another, to pass in single file, one behind the other, either in space or in time , like the arrangement of agricultural terraces in steps one above the other; cf. for example, the toponym Wimlīlen, the name of a summit, the Dome of )fni , at an altitude of m., detached from the south-east of Tubkal, admired from afar for its striations, alternatively whitish and yellow, like imlilen or terraces; derived from the same root ilāl are other words found in toponyms: telilt, pasturage ; is”lāl, flat, open desert, without well-marked valleys and far from the mountains, scattered with numerous patches of pasture of small extent ; témelilt, pl. timelilen, a turn, successive rows or lines, alternate order ; related words attested elsewhere in Morocco are umlila in the S”s, in successive rows or lines, a turn in rotation , unmila in Ntifa, mulli and mullit among the Beni Mtir, etc.; in High Atlas toponymy several villages of the Tifnut, Gedmiwa and )d au Mahmud are called )mlīl; also Tizi n )mlīl, a col or pass in the Gundafa; Rās u )mlīl, a summit, of the Gedmiwa; the fem. form Timlilt is also the name of a village of the Gundafa; as a determinant one finds it in the name of a ravine, )ġzer Timlilt of the Gegaya, and of a river, Asif n Timellilt in the Wanukrim massif; Talat n Temel”l is the name of a ravine; the masc. pl. )mlīlen designates a village of the )d au Mahmud, )ġzer )ger n )mlālen, an azib, and Augdāl n Waumlīlen, an agdal; among other variations one finds a form with t suffixed, attesting to its antiquity, Mlelt and Mlillet, the names of two villages, one of the Aït Wauzgit, the other in the Tifnut (Laoust3); see also imel; cf. amalal 106 amāziz, pl. imazīzen (Chleuh, Tlit): land bordering a wadi and fertilized by floods; alluvial deposits of great fertility (Laoust7, p. 259) āmedā (Berber, Ghadamès): a collection of gardens, an oasis; tamadā, pl. tamidouīn / temedouā: a garden (Motylinski2) ametoul, pl. imetlan (Tashelhit, Sous): a parcel or plot of land; a large bed set out to receive irrigation water (Laoust4); amtul, pl. imtûlen (Ida Gounidif and Tazerwalt): a piece of ground; a garden; amètul (Aït Baamran): a small bed spanning four or five parallel furrows which is first sown (?), then ploughed; ametul, pl. imettlan (Ida Gounidif and Tazerwalt): a long bed given over to vegetables and set out for irrigation; The Ntifa work their garden with the [ard] plough then divide it into large rectangular beds about 6 x 10 [metres] with a hoe, separated by furrows or channels, asaru, also made with the hoe; these beds are called azaglu with the Ntifa, tagezzumt with the Ida Oukensous, tala, pl. talawin aming the Illaln, ametul, pl. imettlan in Tazerwalt and the Ida Gounidif (Laoust7, p.259, 410); see also ill, tala, tasarout, tallouht andoun, pl. indounen (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a bed or plot of vegetables (Biarnay); andun/amdun (Ouargla, Mzab, Berrian): a small square bed, within a larger plot, formed as a basin in order to retain irrigation water; amdhun (Zouaoua): a basin dug to retain water; synonyms lḥud, uzun, agemmum (Laoust7, p.410) arabad (Kabyle), tagraut (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a dry-stone wall (Huyghe); ar alad , aghaladh, pl. ir oulad , ighouladh (Kabyle): a dry-stone wall; enceinte (Olivier); also Kabyle abeghli/aber li areqqaï, ireqqaïn Tamazir t or Zenatia Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): a garden; also asanit (Provotelle) ar erour (Zenati, Ouargla): a garden (Basset2); agherour / ar erour, pl. ighouar / ir ouar (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a beam or pole of palm wood; to draw water for irrigating the garden, the gardener uses a sweep or swipe composed of a long pole of palm wood, ar erour, which pivots between two pillars set in the ground; by extension ar erour also signifies the kitchen-garden irrigated in this way; dim. tar erout, pl. tir eroutin: a small garden (Biarnay); aġerūr: this apparatus, known in the Dra and the Algerian Sahara, bears the name aġer”r, and that of amwasin or ašeilal in Mauritania, and aghoudid among the Touareg (Laoust3) arriaḍ, pl. arriaḍaz (Rif Berber): a garden (Ibañez); from Ar. riyāḍ, pl. of rawḍa, a garden ; see Hassaniya raïda ašekreš, pl. išekraš (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a cultivated field (Sudlow); also tawagost asiyef, pl. isiyfen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): unploughed land; fallow, fallow land (Mercier); also isiki, assiki atil (Siwan Berber): a field (DRB, III.464); ateel (Siwan): a small garden (Stanley); atêêl, pl. ateelûn (Siwan): a garden (Walker); athil (Siwan): a garden (Basset4); cf. Arabic atīl, prop. 107 atīl, in North Africa, fallow land, wasteland; the term designates, among certain Arab cultivators, land which has been ploughed but which has remained fallow for less than four years (Parmentier); note that atil in Hassaniya is the tree Maerua crassifolia atingagh, pl. itindjaghen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a land , space between two water furrows; a bed (Battesti); atenġar, pl. itenġāren (Touareg, Ajjer): a bed of cultivated land about 2 meters square laid out to receive regular irrigation from a canal; a word not used in the Ahaggar (Foucauld) awgelli / augelli / o gulli Zenāga : a field; a garden (Nicolas; DRB, III.772); see ogoulli ayemmun, pl. iyemmunen (Berber, Figuig dialect): a field (Kossmann); also Figuigi iyran; see agemmun aylas (Central Algeria): a cultivated area around a house; (DRB, III.786); ailas (Beni Menacer): area cultivated around a house; connected either with agulas, barley cut green , or from Touareg abeles, a cultivated place , by extension, a cultivable place , and edeles, with the same sense; an ancient word, little used (Laoust7, p.259); see aglas under Cultivation azaglu, also izugla (Demnat, Ntifa): a large bed given over to vegetables and set out for irrigation; The Ntifa work their garden with the [ard] plough then divide it into large rectangular beds about 6 x 10 [metres] with a hoe, separated by furrows or channels, asaru, also made with the hoe; these beds are called azaglu with the Ntifa, tagezzumt with the Ida Oukensous, tala, pl. talawin among the Illaln, ametul, pl. imettlan in Tazerwalt and the Ida Gounidif… each azaglu is divided into small squares, lḥuḍ [or elsewhere uzun] separated from each other by little ridges of earth, placed below the channel, asaru, from which irrigation water is led into them (Laoust7, p.410) azekrih, pl. izekrah (Touareg, Ahaggar): a garden, enclosed or not by a wall, fence or hedge; a field watered artificially, enclosed or not; today it is used only in the first sense; achekrach, pl. ichekrach (Touareg, Adrar): a garden, enclosed or not; a field watered artificially, enclosed or not; not used in the Ahaggar (Foucauld) bḥira, also abḥīr, tabḥirt (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a vegetable garden, kitchen garden (Destaing3); abḥīr, also bhira and tabhirt (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a vegetable-garden, kitchen-garden (Destaing3); abḥīr is Arabic; it designates a garden planted with melons, squash, marrows, courgettes, watermelons, etc.; in High Atlas toponymy: Ahbir, a village of the Glawa; Khla Tibhart, a place-name of the Aït Wauzgit; Adrär Tibhrin, a name given to two summits, at 3887 m. and 3885 m. dominating the western spur of Imuzzer (Laoust3); ibḥīr, pl. ibḥīren (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a kitchen-garden, cultivated in summer; equivalent to Arabic lbehīra (Destaing1); abehhar, pl. ibehharr (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a gardener (Mercier); abh ar, pl. ibh aren (Kabyle): a gardener (Olivier); from Arabic buḥaira, a small sea; a lake; a fertile area; an irrigated garden; a vegetable garden; land near water; a low-lying plain also the diminutive form: 108 tibḥirt, pl. tibḥirin, also tabḥirt, pl. tibḥirtin (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a kitchen-garden, vegetable garden (Huyghe); tibḥirt, pl. tibḥirin (Kabyle, Irjen): a kitchengarden, a plot of ground next to or far from a dwelling and given over to vegetables (Picard); thibh irth, pl. thibh irin (Kabyle, Zouaoua): an orchard, kitchen-garden, garden (Basset5); tabḥirt, pl. tibḥirin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a kitchen-garden, vegetable-garden (Mercier); tabahhirt (Berber, Central Morocco): a garden (Laoust2); tibehhirt (Tashelhit, Sous): an irrigated garden; an orchard (Laoust4); tabehhirt (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a garden (Laoust5); tabḥirt (Demnat, Ntifa): a kitchen-garden, esp. for melons, watermelons and squash, etc. (Laoust7, p.410); tibḥīrt, pl. tibḥīren, and ibḥīr, pl. ibḥīren, and turtīt, pl. turtīten / turtāten, dim. of urti (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a kitchen-garden, cultivated in summer; equivalent to Arabic lbehīra (Destaing1); tabḥirt and bḥira (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a vegetable garden, kitchen garden (Destaing3); zabḥirz (Rif Berber): an orchard; a fruit and vegetable garden; huerto; smaller than an orzu; variant of tabḥirt (Ibañez) bûr (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. with pl. bāra, cultivable land; cultivated land; 2. noun of unity bûra, pl. bûrāt: an important area of ḥādh, Cornulaca monocantha; see also hweīdā; from which place-name Buret Abdat in the region of Awana (Leriche); būra (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a plot of cultivated land, from which, by ext., clay (Taine-Cheikh citing Clauzel); bur, without pl. (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): land once wooded or wasteland, cultivated for the first time (Huyghe); lbur / elbur, pl. id elbur (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): uncultivated land; wasteland; non-irrigable land (Mercier); lbour (Tashelhit, Sous): unirrigated or unirrigable land (Laoust4); lbūr (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): an Arabic word preceded by the remnant of the article designating non-irrigated land given over to the cultivation of barley, sorghum or rye; the harvests from b”r lands are never reliable and depend on the regularity of the rains; in toponymy: Lb”r, villages of the Glawa and the Mesfiwa; Lb”ran, a village of the Aït Semmeg; Agadir Lb”r, of the Aït Semmeg; Talb”rt )gīsen, a village of the Saktana; Talb”rin, a village of the Aït Semmeg; Talbārin, a village of the Mesfiwa; Aït Lb”r, the name of a fraction of the Duiran; Dulb”r, a village of the Aït Wauzgit, with du, under , and lb”r; the corresponding Berber term is taugest, pl. tiugās, a field cultivated without irrigation, by rainfall only (Laoust3); elbur (Kabyle, Irjen): uncultivated land that has remained fallow for some time (Picard); from Arabic b”r, uncultivated land; fallow ; in Tunisia, fallow land, stubble land, or land which has never been cultivated (Parmentier); in the Gezira of Sudan, resting land, generally in a rotation (Tothill); also l asi, isiki, tawagost çara, pl. içura (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect): a garden (Ibañez); also Rifian arriad demna (Djebel Nefousa): cultivable spaces between the ksour and olive plantations (Laoust7, p.410); d mme th, pl. dmani (Rif dialects): a small field cultivated in front of a dwelling; cf. Demnat, the name of a Moroccan town at the foot of the Great Atlas; in literary Arabic, damāna, pl. damnā, dunghill, manure heap; the vicinity of a house, usually covered with manure (Biarnay2); ḍemnèth (Temsaman, Rif): same as above (Laoust7, p.259); from Ar. damana, to fertilize, manure, dung djenan (Kabyle): a garden (Olivier); see jnan 109 ebda , lebda , pl. lebdu at (Ouargla): a small garden, small palm grove (Delheure) efanghal, pl. ifanghalan (Touareg, Niger): a small bed or plot about 2 m square set out to receive irrigation water from a channel (Ghubayd); éfenṛal (Touareg, Ayr): a garden bed (Nicolaisen); afanghal, pl. ifanghalen (Touareg, Niger, Aïr): a cultivated bed in an irrigated garden, about two meters square (Bernus) elmezra (Tamazight, Central Morocco): the collection of plots irrigated by a single derivation canal, corresponding to Berber ifsan; sometimes there is a single mezra for one ksar, but this is exceptional in the Ziz and Ghir valleys where a mezra generally belongs to several allied or friendly ksars (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII, 139); cf Arabic mazra a, field under cultivation, farm, plantation , from zara a, to sow, plant, till, cultivate erāaresz or erāarsez, pl. erāarasi (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), also orzu, pl. orzan (Buqoia dialect): an orchard; a place abounding in fruit trees; cf. Sp. huerta (Ibañez); orzu is a variant of urti, which see erḥwaḍ, pl. ereḥwaḍ (Rif Berber): a square bed in which vegetables are grown; reḥwaḍ (Rif Berber): a vegetable patch, garden plot (Ibañez); from Ar. ḥauḍ, water basin, tank, cistern, garden bed ; see ḥauḍ etakas, pl. iteksan (Touareg, Niger): a small personal field within the larger cultivated land of an extended family (Bernus) etteridet (Berber, Ghadamès): a rectangle of garden not divided into beds (DRB, III.484); synonym usarim gabit (Kabyle): a garden (Newman); ghabet (Mzab): a garden (Basset5); lghabet, pl. leghwabi (Berber, dialect of Figuig): palm-gardens; a palm grove (Kossmann); from Ar. ghāba, a wood, forest, copse; thicket; bed of cane or reeds ; see lghabet garka (Touareg, Niger; from Hausa): basin cultivation in the low lands (Bernus) ghars, pl. aghrās (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a field (Taine-Cheikh); ghers, without pl. (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a plant, a tree; pl. aghras: a planted place, plantation (Huyghe); aghras, pl. only (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a planted place, plantation; ghers, without pl.: a plant, a tree (Huyghe); erġars, pl. erġerus (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect): a garden or orchard full of trees; the fig-tree; a place where figs have been planted; a fig plantation (Ibañez); lghers, pl. leghrus (Kabyle, Irjen): a plantation of fig-trees; tameghrust: a fig-tree (Picard); cf. Maghrebi Ar. ghars, in Morocco, a garden , ghors, ghoress, in Tunisia, a plantation , gharsa, in the south of Algeria, a garden ; ghrāsa, pl. ghrāīs, a plantation, grove ; class. Ar. maghris, pl. maghāris, a place of planting, plantation, nursery ; from gharasa, to plant gona (Touareg, Niger; from Hausa): rain-fed fields (Bernus) gorira, pl. gorirat (Berber, Zagora, Morocco): a bed for cultivation (Battesti) 110 grâra, pl. graïr, dim. greïra (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a basin, lowland; a zone d épandage of a river; [an inland delta in an arid region] where a river, arriving at a plain, spreads out and loses itself in its alluvium, and where cultivation is possible; and thus by extension, cultivated land; permanent pasture or grazing; similarly Monod defines grâra as an alluvial fan with more or less clayey soil situated where a oued emerges from the mountains onto a plain, subject to flooding, and providing a temporary cultivable area for growing sorghum, water melons, and Vigna or cowpeas; in literary Arabic, low land where rainwater collects (Leriche); graïr (Mauritania): defined by Abdallah Ould Khalifa as cultivation or cultivated land on terrain d epandage depending entirely on rainfall ; grāra (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a plain covered with herbage (Pierret); grâra, pl. grâïèr, dim. greyra (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): acc, to Duveyrier, p. xxx, low ground in which an oued loses itself ; a basin, low ground, which remains moist for some time, often with green pasturage; by ext., pasture in low ground which remains green for some time; in toponymy, l Grâèr, a well situated to the W. of Anéfis (Poussibet); legrāra, pl. legrār (Hassaniya): a low, flat clay island in the reg that supports a complex woody vegetation based on Rhus tripartitum, of an elliptical shape due to the wind and whose centre is often cleared in order to sow barley; e.g. the grara of the Spanish Sahara (Monteil) guemoun (Berber, Tidikelt): a cultivated bed in the oasis gardens Lō ; variant of tagemmi, which see h ail (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): fallow land; fallow (Motylinski3); also assiki, isiki ḥarth (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a field; ḥrīthe, pl. ḥrāyeth: a field; a garden; maḥrûth: sown, planted, cultivated; rarely, ploughed (Taine-Cheikh); ḥérītha, pl. ḥarāïth (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a field; a garden (Poussibet); h arith Zenāga, Mauritania, from Ar : a garden (Basset); ḥarith, ḥariz Zenāga : a garden (Nicolas); ħrītha (Hassaniya, Mali): a cultivated field (Heath); ḥarrāth (Moorish, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a gardener, cultivator (Pierret); ḥarrāth (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a peasant, cultivator (Taine-Cheikh); from class. Ar. ḥarth, cultivated field , from ḥaratha, to plough, cultivate, till ; also Zenāga tirith, ourthou hattiat (Siwan Berber): a large garden; also ateel: a small garden (Stanley); cf. Ar. ḥaṭiya/ḥaṭṭiya, in western Cyrenaica, a depression in which there is grazing, with, usually, vegetation on hummocks (Evans-Pritchard); hatia implies a spot which possesses, in a slight degree, the power of fertility, and produces a few small stinted shrubs, scattered at intervals, on which camels way make a scanty meat or travellers a fire (Lyon, 1820) ḥbel (Hassaniya, Mautritania): a measure, of about 5 or 6 meters, of cultivable land; not apparently in use outside the barrage lands (Taine-Cheikh); from class. Ar. ḥabl, rope , but also rectangular strip of land , long, narrow field ḥaud, pl. reḥwaḍ (Rif Berber): a nursery, for young plants (Ibañez); lḥuḍ, pl. laḥawaḍ (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a bed or plot of vegetables (Laoust5); within a larger plot or azaglu, a lḥuḍ is a small square bed formed as a basin in order to retain irrigation water; synonyms uzun, andun/amdun, agemmum (Laoust7, p. 410); also from the same Arabic word, reḥwaḍ (Rif Berber): a vegetable patch, garden plot; erḥwaḍ, pl. ereḥwaḍ (Rif Berber): a square bed in 111 which vegetables are grown (Ibañez); from class. Ar. ḥawḍ, ḥauḍ, a cistern or artificial tank for storing water, a reservoir, pool; anywhere where water collects ; in Egypt, an area of land flooded for irrigation ; see ḥowdh, under Cisterns and Tanks ḥet, pl. ḥayot (Berber, Zagora, Morocco): an adobe wall around the gardens; also ados de planche de culture (Battesti); lḥid, pl. leḥyud (Figuig): a wall (Kossmann); lh edh, pl. lh ioudh (Kabyle): a wall; a defensive wall (Olivier); lḥáet (assaniya , wall : the cliff of Adrar in Mauritania (Monteil); ḥid (Siwan Berber): a fence (Stanley); from Ar. ḥā it, wall hurthuth (Chenoua), urthu (Bett., Rif): a fig-tree (Laoust7, p. 410); hourthouth, pl. hourthathen (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): the fig-tree; ourthou, pl. ourthan: a little field of fig-trees (Laoust1); cf. urti/urtu, garden, orchard ; see under Cultivated Places id, pl. adan (Berber, Ntifa): a parcel of land which is irrigable during a tiremt (a unit of time, as a part and turn of water ; id/it means night in nearly all dialects (DRB, III. 436); id yyer (Berber, Figuig dialect, archaic): a garden (Kossmann) ifend, pl. ifenden Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a raised or banked plot or bed for cultivation (Battesti) iferd (Ntifa): a wide strip free of cultivation between two rows of olive-trees; afrad (Chleuh): a ploughed or cultivated field; tifrdi: pasture, pasturage, pasture-land (DRB, III.614); [note that iferd, dim. tifert, is a basin, reservoir, tank, small artificial pool or pond , in the Tashelhit of the High Atlas, Morocco] ifsan (Berber, Central Morocco): the collection of plots irrigated by a single derivation canal, corresponding to elmezra , the more usual term in the Ziz and Ghir valleys (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII, 139) iga, pl. igran, ij an (Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt): a garden; a field; palm gardens, pl. (DRB, III. 846); see iger iger, pl. igran (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): a field (Laoust1); iger nezzīt (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): an orchard of olive-trees; an olive grove (Destaing1); iger, dim. tigert (Berber, from Lat. ager): notably in Kabyle, a field (Pellegrin); iger (Kabyle): a field; cultivable ground; as in Latin, Hebrew and Amharic; dim. thigerth: a fenced field (Newman); iger, pl. igran (Kabyle, Irjen): a sown field (Picard); ager, iger, pl. igran (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a field (Justinard); iger, pl. igran (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a field; a parcel of land; a large cultivated field or piece of land; cf. tagemmunt, pl. tigemmunin, a smaller cultivated plot or field; a plot, bed, strip of cultivation , abettih, pl. ibettihen, a field , lbur, pl. id lbur, an uncultivated field; a field lying fallow , isiki, pl. iskaten, a field in fallow; an unploughed field (Mercier); iger, pl. igran (Tashelhit, Sous): a field; takiout iger: tress of the field , a small plot which is harvested last according to special rites (Laoust4); iger (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a field; in the absence of flat land the mountain-people establish their parcels of land on the flanks of the mountains and protect them from being washed away or eroded by building retaining walls; the Sektana give the name of igrān to a group of these miniscule fields; in toponymy: Iger n Tznar, a place-name of 112 the Aït Semmeg, the field of dwarf-palms ; the dim. Tigert, a village of the Gedmiwa; the pl. form )grān, villages of the Tifnut and the Aït Semmeg; Tigemmi )grān, a village of the Aït Wauzgit (Laoust3); iger, pl. igeran (Rif Berber, Boqoia dialect), iyer, pl. iyeran (Guelaia dialect): a field; a parcel of land; country property (Ibañez); iger / iyer / ijer (Central Morocco): a field; a ploughed and sown field; a parcel of land, property, estate; iger (Ntifa): a field of cereals; iyer (Beni Iznacen): a field; igr (Chleuh): a field, of wheat or barley; iger (Senhadja de Sraïr): a field; igar, and iyaa, pl. iyran (Rif dialects): a field; yyer (Figuig): a garden; igran / iyran: a field (DRB, III 846); iyran, pl. iyranat (Berber, Figuig dialect): a field (Kossmann); iger, pl. igran (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a field, cultivated land, ploughed land (Boulifa); ižer / ijer (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a field (Destaing3); iger and igidd (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a field (Laoust5); îgěr, pl. igran (Demnat, Ntifa): a field of cereals; known in most of the southern dialects in the sense of a field ploughed and sown, esp. with cereals ; the word is used extensively across Morroco; one notes also iger among the Zouaoua [Djurdjura, Algeria], iḡr and iier, cultivated land in the Aurès, idjer, a field of cereals in Metmata, Tunisia (Laoust7); iger (Kabyle): a field ploughed and sown with cereals – wheat, barley; a field of green cereals, or in the ear; iger (Eastern Kabyle): a field; tigert: a sown parcel of land; iger / iyer (Chaoui): a field with a standing crop; cereals standing or cut but not yet threshed; harvest, crops; iger (Chenoua): a field; tiyert (Central Algeria): a parcel of land; ager / iger: a field of cereals; iga, pl. igran, ij an (Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt): a garden; a field; palm gardens, pl. (DRB, III. 846); igr, pl. igran (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a cultivated field; a sown field (Huyghe); iger, pl. igran (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): a garden (Bellil); igr, pl. igran Tamazight Berber : in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, a field ; ideally each field incorporates upstream land irrigated by the main canal, other land irrigated by tertiary and secondary canals, and finally land extending over the slopes above the valley and outside the irrigation network, a zone called amardul; fields thus extend from the river to the mountains, giving rise to the oft-quoted Berber expression establishing the rights of taggurt as sag islman ar udadn, from the fish to the mouflons (Ilahiane1, 2); ager, pl. igran (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a field (Justinard); ager / iger (Northern Berber): a field; in the 11th C. El-Bekri mentions agguer an oouchan, prob. ager n wuššann, field of the jackals , on the route from Derā to the desert; also agguer tendi, a body of water, prob. ager n tenda?, the field of the pool , on the route from Tamédelt to Aoudaghast (Chaker, p. 142) [Berber iger/ager, cultivated field , has been referred to Latin ager, cultivated land , in which case it must also be connected to Greek agros, field, tilled land , both deriving from a protoIndo European *agro-s, field . As an alternative to a Latin derivation Laoust suggests the Berber verb ger, to give fruit among the Zouaoua, but etymologically to throw at Ntifa, Tazerwalt, Sous, etc., and by extension, to sow in the Tafilalt and among the Aït Baamran and Aït Ouirra (Laoust7, p.258); Starostin notes hardly from Latin ager ; Note Akkadian ugāru, a meadow , and also Sumerian a-gàr, an irrigated field ] Also the diminutive form: tiggert (Berber, Kabyle): a field (Knox); tiggurt: a unit of irrigated land (Beaumont); thigerth (Kabyle): a fenced field; dim. of iger, a field; cultivable ground (Newman); thigerth (Zouaoua, Great Kabylia): a little field (Basset3); diminutive of Berber iger 113 igidd (Demnat, Ntifa): a bank of earth; the side of a vegetable patch (Laoust7, p.410); but see also iggid under iġrem igmir, pl. igmiren (Kabyle, Irgen): a field planted with olive-trees (Picard) iġrem (Ida Gounidif, Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas): thick drystone walls that retain terraced gardens established on hill slopes; the narrow strip of land between two terraced gardens is called iggid, pl. igaddiun; the terrace walls are called agadir at Ntifa (Laoust7, p.409) ill, pl. illen (Touareg, Tamahaq): a rich pasturage, green and abundant (Motylinski); ill, pl. allioun (Tashelhit, Sous): a plot or parcel of land; a large bed set out to receive irrigation water (Laoust4); also ametoul, tala, tasarout, tallouht imel (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a terrace wall, the retaining wall of a terraced field; also amalīl in the Tifnut, and tamālt among the Sektana; the semantic connection between amalīl, imlīl and imel is strengthened by the existence of a form taula, pl. tauliwin found among the Beni )znassen meaning land in steps on the side of a mountain , and perhaps tala, pl. taliwin in the S”s, a garden plot or bed set out to receive irrigation water , or again tawāla, a turn , familiar to most dialects; in (igh Atlas toponymy one finds )mel, a place-name of Tifnut; Imel, an azib of the Gundafa; Talat Inmel of the Gundafa; Temmel for Tinmel, a village of the Mesfiwa; and Tinmel, pronounced Tinmāl, a village of the Gundafa where the mahdi Ibn Tumert established his residence, built a mosque and where he is buried, written Tanmallalt and Tinamallal by Arab and European authors, but formed from ti + n + mäl, that is to say, those the places of the cultivated terraces , indeed where the mountain farmers have established their olive groves and their cultivations on terraces retained by supporting walls of stone parallel to the banks of the river (Laoust3); see amalīl imiri, dim. timirit (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a pile of stones; a drystone wall; these kerkours are often set up near passes; e.g. Tizi n )miri, Pass of the Stone Pile ; amra: the retaining stone wall of a terraced field (Laoust3); imiri (Tashelhit, Sous): a heap or pile of stones (Laoust4); imīri, pl. imāriun (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a heap of stones (Laoust5); where the word igherm designates a cultivated terraced plot, the retaining wall is called imiri, a word used also for a pile of stones, kerkour , and related to tamri of the Aït -Ouarain and timrit of the Zouaoua, stone (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII); see also agharram, akerkour, tawarAït īneg (Demnat, Ntifa): a parcel of ploughed land divided into 4 or 5 tisīrit, which see (Laoust7, p. 263) isegyak (Touareg, Niger): pl., fields, area of cultivation; agayak: cultivation, agriculture; egyek: to cultivate, plough, harrow (Ghubayd; DRB, III.921) isiki, pl. isakaten (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): fallow; fallow land; a fallow field; unploughed land (Mercier); isiki (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): marshy land on the bank of a river; a river bank; fallow land, waste land (Boulifa); isiki (Central Tamazight, Izayan): land that has not been cultivated (Laoust5); issīki (Demnat, Zemmour, Ichqern, Ida Ou Qaïs), issuχi (Aït Baamran), assīki (Ida Ou Zikki), asuki 114 (Zouaoua): land left fallow; assiki (Tafilalt): land left fallow for several consecutive years then cultivated and cropped for one year, whereas lbernisht, from Arabic, designates, land left fallow every other year ; fallowing is practiced among the indigenous Berbers especially on poor, light lands; those at rest are called ragda, sleeping , and long fallows are called mouatala (Laoust7, p.261); isiši (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): fallow, fallow land; unploughed land; waste land (Destaing3); assiki and issouki (Tashelhit, Sous): unploughed land, fallow land (Laoust4); amsuki, without pl. (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), asuki (Kabyle): fallow land (Huyghe); amsuki (Aurès): land in fallow (Laoust7, p. 262); asuki, and ādia (Kabyle), talkhalit (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): empty, vacant land, uncultivated (Huyghe); see also tagemmunt izekraz (Touareg): a garden; an irrigated field (Ghubayd); cf. Kabyle ikerrez, to plough ižer / ijer (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a field (Destaing3); variant of iger/ager, which see jjerda, pl. jjradi (Berber, Figuig dialect): a garden (Kossmann); cf. Arabic jerīd, djerīd, in Tunisia at least, palm-trees ; jarīd: a palm frond jnan, pl. jnanat (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): a garden in a palm-grove (Battesti); jnan, pl. jnanat (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a garden; an orchard (Huyghe); djenan (Kabyle): a garden; ldjenan n tchina: an orangery; an orange grove (Olivier); also perhaps from the same Arabic word, aġan, dim. taġant (Ras el-Oued, Algeria): a garden (Laoust7, p.410); jnān / žnān (Hassaniya, Mauritania): regional and rare, an orchard (Taine-Cheikh); jenéyyèn (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): an ogda, a group of palm-trees; a copse of any trees, isolated from others; a line of scattered trees; jenéyyèn akhdar: an expanse of green which one comes across suddenly on mounting a height, in contrast to the trāb medjouba [arid land] all around; in toponymy: Jeneyyen, a grove to the N.W. of Achencod; Jeneyyen, a grove km to the south of El Khatt; Djenien, on the map of Taoudanni at W. and N. (Poussibet); from Arabic janna, pl. jannāt, jinān, a garden, esp. a walled garden, of trees or palm-trees kella (Moorish/(assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga ogulli, pl. ugullen): the entirety or whole group of cultivated lands; that which in Poular/Peul/Fulani is called kolengal (Leriche); see also Zenāga ogoulli l arsa (Berber, Central Morocco): a garden (Laoust2); lārsa, pl. lārasi (Kabyle): the Barbary-fig cactus (Olivier); from Arabic, in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, a garden, orchard (Groom; NITunisia) l asi (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): land not irrigated; non-irrigable land (Mercier); in Moroccan Arabic, al- asi, stretches of infertile land, used for grazing; in the Ziz valley, this land is found outside the palm groves in the nearby hills and surrounding mountains and plateaus (Ilahiane); equivalent to Tamazight Berber amardul; see also lbur 115 l azib (Demnat, Ntifa): a farm (Laoust7); tiazibin (Berber, Kabyle): farms (Knox); from Maghrebi Arabic azīb, in Morocco, a transhumant encampment in the High Atlas ; also a farmstead, country house, farm l ezla (Kabyle, Irjen): a plot or part of a field that has been sown separately (Picard) lfāiže, pl. lefwāiž (Hassaniya, Tekna): a strip of cultivable land lying between two lines of heights; e.g. the feija of Bani (Monteil); variant of Ar. faidja, in Tunisia, a pass, defile (NITunisia); féidj, faidja, in the Sahara, a passage between dunes; a sand-free corridor in the Sahara (Parmentier) lghabet, pl. leghwabi (Berber, dialect of Figuig): palm-gardens; a palm grove (Kossmann); lġabet (Mzab): palm gardens (Laoust7, p.410); lġabt (Berber, Central Morocco): a forest (Laoust2); lghabt, pl. idlghabt, lghabat (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a wood, forest (Mercier); lghābet (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a forest (Destaing3); lghabt (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a forest, wood (Boulifa); ghabet, pl. ghabat (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a wood, forest; under-wood, scrub; a copse (Huyghe); lghaba, pl. lghwabi (Kabyle, Irjen): a forest (Picard); from Arabic ghāba, collectively ghāb, a wood, forest, copse, thicket, bed of cane or reeds (Groom, Wehr); in North Africa, acc. to Richardson, 1845/46, ghabah distinguishes cultivated Sahara, sometimes a portion of the oases, but mostly where there are no inhabitants; so near Touat, there is a cultivated place called Ghabah, and without inhabitants; however the people of Ghadamès call their gardens ghabah (Richardson, I, p.162) Only in the Touat and Mzab in Algeria, Ghadamès in Libya, and at Figuig in Morocco is ghāba applied to cultivated areas (palm-gardens); elsewhere, and in Hassaniya Arabic, ghāba refers only to natural woodland, forest or scrub: ghāba, pl. ghābāt, dim. ghwība (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): 1. brushwood, underwood, scrub; a thicket, brake; 2. a wood, forest; in the south, a wooded place, esp. with irwār or Acacia senegal, and ṭalḥa or Acacia raddiana; ghāba muzmiyya: a dense forest (Leriche); in toponyms: Ghab, a large wooded valley in Affole province, Mauritania (EchChenguiti); ghābè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a very dense wood or forest, in contrast to dienkè (Pierret); lġābœ / lqābœ, pl. lqīb (Hassaniya): a forest; the bush (Monteil) lghers, pl. leghrus (Kabyle, Irjen): a plantation of fig-trees; tameghrust: a fig-tree (Picard); from Ar. gharasa, to plant ; see (assaniya ghars l gligue (Hassaniya, Eastern Mauritania): a modified wetland area, whose name implies the presence of a barrage; they are relatively deep, with only a small proportion of shrubby cover; cultivation usually occupies a large area and market-gardening is frequent, associated with modern fenced enclosures; here there are a great number of traditional wells which allow the extraction of water near the surface due to the effect of the barrages; animals are watered here only in the wet season (Kirsch-Jung) 116 lḥuḍ, pl. laḥawaḍ (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a bed or plot of vegetables (Laoust5); from class. Ar. ḥauḍ, a cistern, tank for storing water, pool; anywhere where water collects ; see ḥauḍ ljali, pl. ljouali (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): a place where date-palms grow without being irrigated (Biarnay); possibly a variant of Zenāga ogoulli lwaḥet, pl. lwaḥat (Figuig): an oasis (Kossmann); from Arabic al-wāḥa, pl. wāḥāt, an oasis; a place in a desert where water comes to, or comes close to, the surface, supporting vegetation growth and cultivation; in Cyrenaica, a word little used by the Bedouin (Evans-Pritchard); in Egypt, ouāh, wāha; this word, as used in the East, is unknown in Algeria, where it is replaced by ghāba (Parmentier) ma louma, as in trâb ma louma (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): fertile land, with good pasturage (Poussibet) marabût, marâbyet (Siwan): an acre (Walker) marja or marž , pl. imarž n (Rif dialects): a plot of land; a very small field; a space which can be ploughed without the oxen having to turn round (Biarnay2); from Arabic raja a, to come back, return melk (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): possession in land; a field, property, domain (Huyghe) mṣowni (Hassaniya; from Poular sogni): adj. of land that has not been irrigated, that has not been flooded (Taine-Cheikh, citing Leriche, unconfirmed); [or, more likely, from Arabic mā sawāni, not irrigated ] ogoulli, pl. ogoullen Zenāga, Mauritania : a field; ougelli, pl. ougellan: an orchard (Basset); e.g. )n Daougalla in Mauritania, which comes from Zenāga )n Dhougollen – ougollen signifying The Gardens (Youra); ogoulli, pl. ogoullen Zenāga, Senegal : a garden; ogoullou: a cultivated field; an enclosure (Faidherbe); ogulli, pl. ogullen (Zenāga): a field; augelli / ugelli: an orchard; of indeterminate etymology, perhaps from agellu, plough , or from Latin agellus, little field (Laoust7, p.258); awgelli / augelli / o gulli Zenāga : a field; a garden (Nicolas; DRB, III.772); perhaps also ljali, pl. ljouali (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): a place where date-palms grow without being irrigated (Biarnay) orzu, ourti, ourthou: see urtu ouzoun (Tashelhit, Sous): a small cultivated bed (Laoust4) raâçib, pl. raâçabi or eraâçayeb (Rif Berber): a farm, farmhouse; the land and house of a farm (Ibañez) raïḍa (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a garden; a green pasture; a very good place of pasturage; Monteil in his Contribution à l Étude de la Flore du Sahara occidental, t. II, p. 73, gives errēiḍa: a garden, meadow, flower-bed (Poussibet); reydha, pl. reydhāt (Hassaniya): green 117 pasturage; good pasturage; a place where the pasturage is good; an excellent pasturing place; ragbet er-reydha: new vegetation of a pasturage after rain (Taine-Cheikh); ruuḍa (Rif dialects; from Arabic rawdha): a large garden (Biarnay2); arriaḍ, pl. arriaḍaz (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect): a garden (Ibañez); from Ar. rawḍa, pl. riyāḍ, a garden, meadow reddam (Tiznit): a non-irrigable garden; as opposed to targa, an irrigated garden and the principal canal which irrigates it (Laoust7, p.411) rég a, pl. rgāï (Moorish/Hassaniya, Mauritania): a small plot or patch of ground cultivated by a third party on the property of another; a gore; an enclave (Leriche); reg a / reg a men ettrāb (Hassaniya): a parcel or plot of land; Poussibet gives reg a men l-ukīl: a round patch of pasturage; reg a mā fī-he sebbe: a round patch without pasturage (Taine-Cheikh) reḥwaḍ (Rif Berber): a vegetable patch, garden plot (Ibañez); from Ar. ḥawḍ, ḥauḍ, a pool; anywhere where water collects ; see ḥauḍ r rs th, also r ās th, pl. r rasi (Rif dialects); a kitchen-garden, vegetable garden; cf. rghars, figtree, fruit tree (Biarnay2) sania (Berber, Ghadamès; from Arabic): a garden (Graberg, in Motylinski2); Arabic sāniya, here probably, as in Morocco, a garden watered by means of a noria; an irrigated garden taāzzult (Kabyle): a little field or plot, reserved, for example, for the benefit of a widow (Lacoste-Dujardin) tabernict (Central Morocco): fallow land; land that has just been cultivated; from bernec, to leave land fallow; to be in fallow (DRB, I, 114); also assiki, isiki tabḥirt / tibḥirt: a kitchen-garden, vegetable-garden; dim. of bḥira, which see tadunt, pl. tiduna (Berber, Beni Iznacen, Northern Morocco): a cultivated terrace on the side of a mountain (DRB, III. 473) tafentitt, pl. tifentidin (Kabyle, Irjen): a plot or parcel of land (Picard) taferka (Kabyle), timezriāt, pl. timezriāin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a sown field (Huyghe); taferka (Kabyle): a distant field (Lacoste-Dujardin); taferka (Kabyle): a field; a parcel or plot of land; land or property independent of the crops it carries; Boulifa, , gives, a rectangular plot of land marked out by plough, prior to sowing ; taferka (Chleuh): a parcel or strip of land; tefarka (Rif dialects): a small plot of land (DRB, III.627) tagemmi / tedjemmi / tagemmunt / tigemmi: see agemoun tagezzumt )da Oukensous : a large bed given over to vegetables and set out for irrigation; The Ntifa work their garden with the [ard] plough then divide it into large rectangular beds about 6 x 10 [metres] with a hoe, separated by furrows or channels, asaru, also made with the hoe; these beds are called azaglu with the Ntifa, tagezzumt with the Ida Oukensous, tala, pl. 118 talawin aming the Illaln, ametul, pl. imettlan in Tazerwalt and the )da Gounidif (Laoust7, p.410) taggurt2 (Central Morocco): a parcel of land; a portion or part of a collective holding or common land (DRB, III.853); taggurt (Central Morocco): among the Aït- Atta, a complete holding or property consisting of a house, a garden, fields and a threshing-ground; among the Aït-Izdeg it is rather applied to a part or unit of water; the word is arabised as taggura in the sense of a share or portion or lot of palm-trees at Bou Denib (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII, 140); taggurt, pl. tiggurin (Tamazight Berber): in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, a unit of land measurement and a system of land apportionment; taggurt is a portfolio of land and water in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of a river, estimated to provide the annual subsistence requirements of each takat or household; it is of variable size and its dimensions are subject to a host of ecological variables such as location, annual precipitation, and the amount of labor needed to extend and develop the land; taggurt has survived to this day and still remains the preferred local and traditional unit of water repartition and defines the expenses and duties of each owner in the operation and maintenance of the irrigation network of the ksar (Ilahiane2) taghouzi (Tashelhit, Sous): non-irrigable land that has been cleared for cultivation (Laoust4); taġuzi (Ras el-Oued, Algeria): a small garden on the mountain; tiġuzza (Illaln Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas): gardens divided into large beds called tala (Laoust7, p.410) taghult, pl. tighūla (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): land next to a house which is cultivated alternately with cereals and vegetables; abughla, pl. ibughluten: a fertile garden (Destaing1); taġult, pl. tiġûla (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a garden (Laoust5); taġūlt (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco; from aġul, to return, come back : the word is applied to a small cultivated bed or strip between two lines of olive-trees, at Ntifa, or to a plot close to the house grown alternately with with cereals and vegetables such as beans, turnips and onions; in toponymy: Taġult, a village of the Urika; Taġult n Ubukād, field of the blind man , a place-name of the Gedmiwa; pl. Tiġ”la, the name of villages of the Mesfiwa and the Gedmiwa (Laoust3); synonym iferd and variant: taghullit (Zenāga : a bed laid out for irrigation (Nicolas); taghlūlīt, pl. tighlūlāten (assaniya, Mauritania; from Zenāga? : a bed or seed-plot under the palm-trees; tāqlūlīt, pl. tīqlūlāten (assaniya; from Zenāga : a bed for sowing under palm-trees (Taine-Cheikh); note also Hassaniya taghallīt, the large white millet, Andropogon sorghum, which see taghzut, pl. tighza (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a very fertile field (Mercier); taġzut (Berber, Central Morocco): low land, low ground, a hollow (Laoust2); taġzut (Beraber; unusual in Demnat): a valley (Laoust5); taġzut (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the name of several villages of Tifnut, Gundafa, Mesfiwa and the Id au Mahmud; it occurs in the toponymy of most Berber-speaking regions in the sense of a basin, lowland, bed of a valley, etc.; it has been derived from eġz, to hollow out, excavate ; by ext. taġzut also designates in Tashelhit a fantasia , also called tafraut, from the name of the place appropriated for holding such races and games (from Laoust3); taghzut / taghzuit, pl. tighezza (Kabyle, Irjen): flat, cultivated land in a low bottom or plain (Picard); taghzuyt, pl. 119 tighuzza (Irdjen, Kabylie, Algeria): a cultivated plot on the flat damp banks of a tasift, a more or less perennial stream (Picard2); taghzut (Kabyle): a field beside a stream or river, where, often, the women cultivate vegetables (Lacoste-Dujardin); thaġzut, pl. thiġza (Zouaoua): a field of flat alluvial land; thaġzut (Aït Mjild): a small cultivated depression; a liitle valley; a little plain; thaġzuth, pl. thiġza (Aït Ndhir): flat land; thaġezzuth (Kabyle): alluvial land that is re-submerged each year by water; taġzut (Tlit Chleuhs): a place cultivated with beautiful gardens; the term occurs in toponyms: Taġzuth, the name of a place in Aït Yousi country (Laoust7, p.258); zaġçuz (Rif Berber): a parcel or small piece of land (Ibañez) takdait, pl. tikdaitin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a small palm grove (Biarnay) takerzaut, pl. tikerziwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a patch of ground under cultivation (Mercier) tala, pl. talawin )llaln : a large bed given over to vegetables and set out for irrigation; The Ntifa work their garden with the [ard] plough then divide it into large rectangular beds about 6 x 10 [metres] with a hoe, separated by furrows or channels, asaru, also made with the hoe; these beds are called azaglu with the Ntifa, tagezzumt with the Ida Oukensous, tala, pl. talawin among the Illaln, ametul, pl. imettlan in Tazerwalt and the Ida Gounidif; cf. thathulth, bed for cultivation with the Beni Snous, whereas tult, perhaps from the same root, signifies at Berrian, earth heaped up against the pisé walls of the gardens to retain the water and form basins; to m. high (Laoust7, p.410); note that tala is also a pan-Berber word for a spring of water talārst (Tashelhit, Sous): an irrigated garden; an orchard (Laoust4); tala arst, pl. tal arsin (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): an irrigated orchard, enclosed by walls, with fruit trees and vegetables (Destaing1); also ourti, tibehhirt, tourtit tallouht, pl. tillouha (Tashelhit, Sous): a large bed set out to receive irrigation water (Laoust4); see also ametoul, ill, tala, tasarout tamadā, pl. tamidouīn / temedouā (Berber, Ghadamès): a garden; āmedā: a collection of gardens, an oasis (Motylinski2); tamada and ameda (Ghadamès): an oasis (Laoust7, p.410); also sania tamazirt (Berber, Central Morocco): pays, country, land, district (Laoust2); tamazirt, pl. timizar (Tashelhit, Sous): a pays, region, district, locality (Laoust4); a word of diverse meanings - pays, country, land, field, orchard; in High Atlas toponymy: Tamazirt, the name of a village of the Gedmiwa; Tamazirt n Tifirt, Field of the Stone Slab , a village of the )d au Mahmud; pl. Timizār, The Lands , or the Little Fields , a village of the Gundafa (Laoust3); tamazirt, pl. timizer (Berber): a field; e.g. in Algerian toponymy, the localities of Tamazirt and Timezrit; in Tunisia, Tamezred (Pellegrin); tamazirt, pl. timizar (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a pays, region; land; tamazirt n waran or waman: irrigable land; tamazirt id afen: barren, unproductive land (Mercier); tamazirt, pl. timizär (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a pays, country (Laoust5); tamazight (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a pays, village, country; language or dialect spoken by the Imazighen (Boulifa); tamazirt (Kabyle): a garden (Chaker); tamazirt, pl. timizar (Kabyle, Irjen): a field near a 120 house, with or without fruit trees; also the name of a village of Irjen (Picard); tamazirt (Kabyles of Djurdjura): a garden or an orchard established close to a dwelling; the term has the same meaning in toponyms (Laoust6); tamazirt, pl. timizar (Kabyle): a field-garden, near the village, often planted with fruit trees, under which cereals and vegetables are grown (Lacoste-Dujardin); thamazirth (Kabyle): suburban cultivated land; equivalent of Arabic rīf (Newman); thamazirth, pl. thimizar (Kabyle): an enclosed plot of land; an orchard (Olivier); thamazirth, pl. thimizar (Zouaoua): a field situated close to the house; thamzirth, pl. thimizar (Beni Snous): uncultivated land on which animals are penned for some time; this land is well-manured and subsequently cultivated; thamzirth, pl. thimizär (Aït Warain): camp site; site of a tent; cf. tamahart in the Ahaggar, the abandoned site of an old encampment (Laoust7, p. 258); see related amazir tamurt (Kabyle): a parcel of land; a field (Huyghe); thamurth (Aït Warain, Aures): cultivable land; the word has the sense of blad in Arabic and corresponds to tamazirt among the Chleuh and Drawa, pays, country, region ; P. Basset classes thamurth among possible derivatives of urtu, irrigated orchard-garden , in which case the term would signify a group of gardens and fields cultivated next to an inhabited place, constituting a territory (Laoust7, p.258); zamorz, pl. zimora (Rif Berber): a country, region, land, territory, province, etc.; land ground, soil; a field; a farm, country house, estate, finca; zamorz neççitun, pl. zimora ...: an olive-grove; zamorz nwaman or entesessi: irrigated land; zamorz nerborr: unirrigated land (Ibañez); also tebba, tarāqit taneqqasht, pl. tineqshin (Kabyle, Irjen): a plot of land cultivated with a mattock (Picard) tarāqit, pl. tirāqaie [?] (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a field (Huyghe); also tamurt, tebba tar erout, pl. tir eroutin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a small garden (Biarnay); dim. of ar erour, which see targa, pl. targiwin also taregwa (Tashelhit, Sous): a principal canal of an irrigation system; by ext., a garden, or all the gardens irrigated by the same canal; at Tiznit targa is an irrigated garden, as opposed to reddam, a non-irrigable garden; similarly in the Tashelhit of the High Atlas, targa refers to the collection of gardens supplied by the main canal (Laoust7, p.411); see targa under Canals, Aqueducts and Irrigation Channels tarwa (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): irrigated land; the Aït Seghrouchen distinguish two types of land – tarwa or irrigated land, and lbur, dry land or rain-fed land (Destaing3); cf. tarza, targa tasarout (Tashelhit, Sous): a large bed set out to receive irrigation water (Laoust4); see also ametoul, ill, tala, tallouht tasbakt, pl. tisbakin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), also adarr (Kabyle): a plot or bed of vegetables (Huyghe) taseqqert / tasghert, pl. tiseqqar / tisughar (Figuig): a range, line or series of fields (Kossmann) 121 tasouert, pl. tisouerīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a step or terrace on a mountain-side (Foucauld) tasrara (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): a bed prepared for cultivation (Battesti) tasūki (Kabyle): fallow land; asūki: wild land (Newman); see assiki taugest, pl. tiugās (Berber, Ahaggar): a field cultivated without irrigation, by rainfall only (Laoust3); taougest, pl. tiougās (Touareg, Ahaggar): a field without artificial irrigation; land cultivated without watering except by rain or by the natural overflow or flooding of a watercourse (Foucauld); tawgest (Touareg, Ahaggar): a field cultivated without artificial irrigation (Nicolaisen); tawagost, pl. shiwegas / tyewgas (Touareg, Niger): a field watered by the rain alone (Ghubayd); tawgest, pl. shiwugas (Touareg): in the southern sahelian zone, a rain-fed field which receives rainwater for only a short season, as opposed to an irrigated field, afarag (EB, II, A77); tawgust, pl. tiwugas (Touareg, Niger): a field (Bernus); tawagost, pl. tiwgas (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): a farmed field (Sudlow); equivalent to Arabic b”r; see also ašekreš tayerza (Kabyle): a ploughed field; cf. Latin aro, or better French herser; in the latter case this is a late Romance loanword; Dallet derives this from root krz (Fournet); see ikerrez tazenigt (Demnat, Ntifa): a small area left in pasture between two ploughed lands; aznigt of the Aït Baamran; zneiga has the same sense among the rural population of Oran; zenneg is to put an animal out to pasture on the zneiga (Laoust7, p.262) tebba, pl. tebbat (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a parcel of land (Huyghe); also tamurt, tarāqit tedek, pl. tedken (Touareg): a stubble field (Newman) terassa, pl. tirassiouīn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a place planted with young date-palms; a plantation of young palms (Foucauld) thaazoult (Kabyle): a plantation (Olivier); also ouzzou thafrag, pl. thifargan (Rif dialects): a hedge; cf. Chenoua afrag: a hedge formed of lentisks and bushes (Biarnay2); thaferka, dim. of afrag (Kabyle): a little garden, orchard (Newman); see main entry afrag thaġda (Rif, Beni Snous): a field of a size that requires one or two days ploughing (Laoust7, p.258) thajerruiṭ (Zouaoua): a strip of land; dim. of ajerruiḍ, a track; a deeply marked line (Laoust7, p.258) themdha, pl. thimedhawin (Kabyle): a deep bed of a stream; also a marsh, pl. thimdiwa; a wellwatered place; in Ghadamès, a garden (Newman) 122 thiireth, pl. thiirathin Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, N.W. Algeria : a plot or parcel of land; from Arabic harith?; thigerth (Zouaoua, Great Kabylia): a little field (Basset3); thigerth (Kabyle): a fenced field; dim. of iger, a field; cultivable ground (Newman); tiggert (Berber, Kabyle): a field (Knox); tiggurt: a unit of irrigated land (Beaumont); see iger thizak k ar (Beni Menacer): fields (Basset6) thurthūth, pl. thurthathin (Rif dialects): a garden of cactus; dim. of urthu, an orchard of figs ; the fig of Barbary is called by the Ibeqqoien thar”mith (Biarnay2); see urthu, urta tiferṭ, pl. tiferḍin (Demnat, Ntifa): a basin or ditch dug round the foot of a tree to retain irrigation water (Laoust7, p. 410) tifnghin (Chleuh): fields; land under cultivation (DRB, III.583) tigelmamin, dim. of agelmam (Chaouia, Aït Frah, Aurès, Eastern Algeria): literally, a little lake, small pool, but among the Aït Frah the word signifies a cultivated place, prob. because in this quasi-Saharan region there are no lakes, or none for some considerable distance, so the word for a water feature has been transferred to a piece of land that retains some moisture in the soil and is therefore suitable for cultivation (Basset1948) tiggert (Berber, Kabyle): a field (Knox); tiggurt: a unit of irrigated land (Beaumont); thigerth (Kabyle): a fenced field; dim. of iger, field; cultivable ground (Newman); thigerth (Zouaoua, Great Kabylia): a little field (Basset3); diminutive of iger, which see tighi / tir i, pl. tighiouin / tir iouin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a field (Motylinski3); tiġi, pl. tiġiuin (Djebel Nefousa): cultivated land; a field (Laoust7, p.258) timessuit (Ida Gounidif): a little vegetable garden surrounded by fig-trees, established on irrigable land; the plural timessua corresponds to urtan (Laoust7, p.411) timezriāt, pl. timezriāin (Chaouia Eastern Algeria): a sown field (Huyghe); zùra, pl. luzurûhh (Siwan): a farm (Walker); cf. Arabic mazra a, farm, field , from Arabic zara a, to sow; till, cultivate tirith Zenāga, Mauritania, from Ar : a garden (Basset); tirit, pl. tiratin (Tashelhit, Sous): a strip of land between two furrows 4-5 strides wide (Laoust4); thiireth, pl. thiirathin (Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, N.W. Algeria): a plot or parcel of land (Basset3); see also tisīrit, Zenāga h arith tirizit (Middle Atlas, Aït-Messad): a plot of cultivable land cleared from the mountain forest (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII, 179) tirni (Kabyle, Irjen): a strip of land to be cultivated, marked out to begin with by the plough (Picard) 123 tisdayen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a palm-garden and plural of tasdet (Battesti); tisdei (Siwan Berber): date palms, general; igĭza: small date-palms, not bearing; weshka: palm scrub (Stanley) tisīrit, pl. tisīriin (Demnat, Ntifa): a patch of land between two furrows spaced 4 to 5 metres apart which is first sown with seed then ploughed; tirit, pl. tirātin: another form, also frequently used, among the Aït Baamran, Achtouken, and Tagontaft; this suggests a root R from which asaru, ditch, furrow ; synonyms thaferka among the Zouaoua, thimdhirt, pl. thimdhirin with the Aït Warain, tikuzan in the Tafilalt; allas, pl. allāsen of the Aït )saffen, a bed sown and ploughed (Laoust7, p. 263) tkatert, pl. titkatertin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a non-cultivated and non-irrigated area between irrigation channels in a palm-grove; tkatert, pl. tikitar: the bit of land between two irrigation channels where date-palms are grown (Biarnay) touat (Zenete, the Berber Amazigh spoken in Gourara): an oasis; e.g. Touat, a town located south of Gourara; Touat n Tebbou, Oasis of Tebbou , the name of an oasis in Gourara (Weghlis) ṭrek (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): aġer”r a path or lane in a palm-garden (Battesti); from Arabic ṭarīq, way, road, trail, track tuzzut, pl. tuzzutin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a planting; a plantation, grove, orchard (Mercier); tuzut (Kabyle, Irjen): a plantation (Picard) urti, pl. urtan (common to all the Berber dialects except among the Touaregs – see afaraḡ): a garden or orchard established on irrigable land; identified with Latin hortus; sometimes with a final i and sometimes with final u; urti, among the Ntifa and at Demnat, designates a garden planted with olives, and in the Sous, at Ras el-Oued, with almonds, figs and vines; urthu is a field of figs in Chenoua, and urthi, the same in Zouaoua; thurthuth is a garden of cacti among the Ibeqqoien, Rif; and by restriction, hurthuth among the Chenoua and urthu of the Bett., Rif, is a fig-tree (Laoust7, p. 410); urta, pl. urtan (Berber, from Lat. ortus): a field of figtrees; a garden (Pellegrin); urtan (Tamazight Berber): in the Ziz Valley, S. E. Morocco, walled gardens of fruit trees and vegetables located in front of the main gate and around the ramparts of the ksar (Ilahiane1, 2); urti, pl. urtan (Kabyle, Irjen): a garden, orchard, plantation of fig-trees (Picard); urti, pl. urtan (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a garden of palm-trees; urti, pl. urtān, urtāten (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a garden; land planted with trees, and under the trees, vegetables; an orchard, of trees and vegetables; equivalent to and deriving from Latin hortus (Destaing1); urti (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a garden and orchard; in toponyms: the dim. Turtit, the name of a village of the the Tuggana; the pl. urtan in Agerd n Uurtān, a village of the Urika; Warti, a village of the Gundafa (Laoust3); urtu (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): an orchard, with figs, sometimes mulberries, apricots, almonds and pomegranates (Destaing3); urti, pl. urtan, dim. turtit, pl. turtatin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a garden; an orchard (Mercier); urtu (Berber, Central Morocco): a garden (Laoust2); urti, pl. urtan (Central Tamazight, Ntifa), aurti (Tashelhit, Tazerwalt) a garden; from Latin [h]ortus (Laoust5); equivalent to Moroccan Ar. jnanat; see also Berber tabhirt, tala arst 124 also variants: ourti, pl. ourtan (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): a garden (Justinard); ourti (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): a field planted or sown; a garden; an orchard (Boulifa); ourti, pl. ourtan, dim. tourtit (Tashelhit, Sous): an irrigated garden; an orchard (Laoust4); ourthi, pl. ourthan (Kabyle): a garden, orchard; also ah riq, djenan, thamzirth (Olivier) ourthou, pl. ourthan (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): a little field of fig-trees; hourthouth, pl. hourthathen: the fig-tree (Laoust1); ourthou, pl. ourthan Zenāga, Mauritania): a garden (Basset); ourthou, pl. ourthan Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima and A chacha N.W. Algeria; also Chenoua, Beni Menacer): a garden; in Ouarsenis and Haraoua dialects, an orchard of fig-trees (Basset3); urthu, pl. urthan (Rif dialects): an orchard of figs; this tree is called rghars, from Arabic ghars, by the Ibeqqoien; dim. thurthūth, pl. thurthathin: a garden of cactus; the fig of Barbary is called by them thar”mith; uātha, pl. uāthan: the fig-tree; an orchard of figs (Biarnay2); urthi, pl. urthan (Kabyle): a garden (Newman) orzu, pl. orzan (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect): an orchard; a place abounding in fruit trees; cf. Sp. huerta; orzu, pl. orzan (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect): the fig-tree; a place where figs have been planted; a fig plantation (Ibañez) turtīt, pl. turtīten / turtāten, dim. of urti (Tachelhit Berber, Sous): a kitchen-garden, cultivated in summer; equivalent to Arabic lbehīra (Destaing1); tourtit, dim. of ourti (Tashelhit, Sous): a little irrigated garden; a small orchard (Laoust4); see also Tachelhit taghult, abughla see also tamurt, pays, country, land , a possible derivative of urtu The Berber urti/urtu is said to be derived from Latin hortus, garden, pleasure-garden, fruitgarden, kitchen-garden (Lewis and Short), or Late Latin ortus, which is also the source of Spanish huerto, with the same meaning, terreno de corta extensión, generalmente cercado de pared, en que se plantan verduras, legumbres y a veces árboles frutales (RAE); synonyms of urti include tedjemmi/tedjemma, garden , in Djebel Nefousa; demna, cultivable spaces between the ksour and olive plantations , in Djebel Nefousa; lġabet, palm gardens , at Mzab; aġan, dim. taġant at Ras el-Oued, and taġuzi, a small garden on the hillside ; tiġuzza, gardens divided into large beds called tala, among the Illaln Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas; tamada and ameda, oasis , at Ghadamès. usarim (Berber, Ghadamès): a rectangle of garden not divided into beds (DRB, III.484); also etteridet uzun (Oued Noun, Tlit Chleuhs, Ida Gounidif, Illaln, Ida Oukensous): a small square bed, within a larger plot or azaglu, formed as a basin in order to retain irrigation water; from zun, to divide, share ; uzun has the sense of frontier, limit, border among the Ntifa and at Denat; synonyms lḥuḍ, andun/amdun, agemmum (Laoust7, p.410) 125 zāb, pl. zībān (Berber or Ar., Tunisia, Algeria): an oasis; e.g. in the Saharan Atlas of Algeria, the fertile Zab or Ziban palm district composed of four groups of oases (NITunisia, NIAlgeria); Zab is also the name of two affluents of the Tigris, the Great and Litle Zab, or Zab-ala, Upper Zab , and Zab-asfal, Lower Zab , though there seems to be no linguistic connection zaġçuz (Rif Berber): a parcel or small piece of land (Ibañez); variant of taghzut/taġzut, which see zamorz, pl. zimora (Rif Berber): a country, region, land, territory, province, etc.; land ground, soil; a field; a farm, country house, estate, finca; zamorz neççitun, pl. zimora ...: an olivegrove; zamorz nwaman or entesessi: irrigated land; zamorz nerborr: unirrigated land (Ibañez); a variant of tamurt, which see zarb (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): a boundary fence of a garden, made of palm leaves (Battesti); zerb (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a hedge or fence of an enclosure (Huyghe); zriba (Zenāga, Senegal): a hedge, thorny enclosure (Faidherbe); zeriba (Hassaniya, Mauritania): esp. in Adrar, an area of land cultivated with date-palms and surrounded by a hedge (Ech-Chenguiti); ez z erb (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): an enclosing wall, fence or hedge; an enclosure, animal pen, sheep-fold (Boulifa); from Ar. zarība, zerība, pl. zarā ib, in Sudan, an enclosure of thorny bushes and branches etc., constructed to protect cattle at night and to prevent them straying (GAGT); in North Africa, an enclosure, sheep-fold (Parmentier); in Tunisia, an enclosure of thorny jujube branches (Pellegrin); in mod. lit. Ar. a zareba, cattle pen, corral, stockade, fold; a cattle barn; in North Africa, a hut made of branches (Wehr) zayçirz, pl. ziyçirin (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zagçirz, pl. zigçirin (Buquoia dialect): an oasis; a place in a sandy desert where there is vegetation and sometimes springs (Ibañez) zùra, pl. luzurûhh (Siwan): a farm (Walker); cf. Arabic mazra a, farm, field , from Arabic zara a, to sow; till, cultivate 126 Cultivation and Crops This listing is a prelude to a much-needed comprehensive lexicon of Berber terms relating to traditional cultivation and the names of cultivated plants. In particular the names of root crops, vegetables, herbs and spices are poorly represented, not because they don t exist but because they have yet to be added to this lexicon. The variety of ecological zones inhabited by the dispersed Berber peoples – high mountains with deep valleys, upland plateaux, foothills, desert oases, and the Saharan Sahel – can nevertheless all be characterized as dry lands where rainfed farming is always precarious or marginal and where irrigation agriculture is practiced to a greater or lesser extent. Some of the crops listed below are grown under irrigation in some places and in others not. As will be apparent, there are multiple names for each crop across the various Berber dialects, with few exceptions. _______________________________________________ Berber and Hassaniya Crop Names The relevant dialects, variants, sources and other information can be found in the alphabetical listing that follows: Cereals and Fodder Crops sorghums/millets: wheat: barley: maize: oats: rye: lucerne or alfalfa: green barley: abora, afez ou, idabideberen, illan/inele, bechna, chammâma, sâba, tafsut/ zafsauz, taghallît, zra elqama/gemh, ird/irden/iarden/ered/ert , imendi, tasharza farkasuba, sha ir/asharegh, t amzin/timzin akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît azkum, tamensikht/zamensijz ichenti, zašentixz/zišentiz adag, elfessa/tilfeẓt, el-qadeb aglas/agulās Principal Tree Crops date palm: olive: fig: agjjif, mizzid, nakhla/annkhal, tabinawt/taf inaout, tafrukht/tafrort, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt/ tašdayt/azday/thazd aith/thezedhaith/tasdet/tisdei/tezdit/tazzait/ tazey, tayni/n tini, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut male date palm: adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou zzitun/ezzoutin/tazzutint/tezitunt, tehâtimt, takatin, taleqqamt, tazemmourt/ thazemmourth agrur/tagrurt, hurthuth/urthu/orzu, rghars/tameghrust, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit/temot chit/timetcit, taneqlet/thanoqlets, tazart/thazarth/azar/tahart, temdit, thagelīt/thar lit 127 Other Tree Crops almond: apple: apricot: carob: cherry: chestnut: grapevine: lemon/citron: medlar: mulberry: oil palm: orange: peach: pear: plum: pomegranate: quince: walnut: chāchīden, lluz/tall”zt/thalouzeth adfu/tteffaḥ/et-tuffaḥ/tadeffouit/tatteffaḥt/tffaḥ/thatsefah th el-mishmesh/lmechmāch/temechmachet/tumishmîsht, etc., taberquqet/tberk ouk t/tiberkak, etc. akherrub/ takherrubt/ taxrrubt, ikīd/tikīda/takīdut, tisliugha/hasliugha, tišitt ardrim, hebb-le mluk/lemluk lqezt el, abelloudh ouroumi/erbellud/ ab urumi adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tafsent, tağizut, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tazourit/tezourit, tezzebibt, thara, thaferrath, thezairth, thizourin, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz kars /taqarest, lim/limoun/thalimets, llhāmed, zimbouah/zenbua azârur/taza rurt, azeghklo, meštehi ttut/thathouthets ktir achchina/lechin/ltšin/taltšint/thatchinats, tallimunt el-khugh/txuxet bu awīd, i-fires/lfiras/tifirest/thifires aberquq/taberquqt, etc. arman/erreman, taremmant/ terroummant, tarmoun ifires/čfiras, sferjel/tasferjelt, taktunya j”z/g”ž, lgirgâ Legumes beans: chickpeas: cowpea/haricot: lentils: peas: abau/ibawen, ababba, aw/awaw, llubya lḥamze/lḥaimez, ikiker tadlaxt ats/l ades, tilintit/tiniltit tinifin Vegetables aubergine: cucumber: fenugreek: garlic: carrot: chard: melon: onion: pimento, chili: badenža/bideljan leḫiar, aġessim, tamisa/tameksa tifiḍas tiskert ḫizzu/taḫizzut, tafesnaxt ḇliṯu agan, lebtiḫ, lmenun, tamisa/tameksa aẓalim/ẓalim/bẓalim,leḇṣel tifelfelt 128 potato: pumpkin, marrow, squash: tomato: radish, long: turnip: watermelon: baṭaṭa taḫsait/aḫsai, aberriw/taberriwt timiṭaš, ṭṭemṭem lefjel tagellät, tirekmin, lleft/tanèfin dellaḫ/taḍella t Other crops Barbary fig: cotton: flax: hemp, cannabis: sugar cane: madder: akermus, aknari, lārsa, tarumit/thar”mith, thazarth iroumien, z abul tabdok/abedouga, tafedoukht zifesz alqennab, elkerneb, erhašiš, lkīf, thifesth loksûb tarubya Wild crops (not cultivated but sometimes carefully tended and protected for fruits, nuts, oil, pollination, rootstock, etc.) arbutus: argan: caprifig: sidr: tamarind: wild olive, oleaster: asas/isisnu/sasnu argan/targant amersid/imersid âsder/sder aganat, basaso/bûsûsu, zamemmaixz aliw, azebouj/tazbbujtt, azemm”r [In the irrigated gardens of the Chleuhs in Demnat] the cultivation of the olive takes precedence over all other crops; that of vegetables is less important. They grow mostly turnips, onions, all the cucurbits, garlic, parsley, mint, peppers, artichokes, a few carrots, tomatoes and eggplants. Beans, peas and lentils are grown in the fields, but the maize called anseri, barley cut green [for fodder], and alfalfa are grown in gardens. The Berbers of the south add henna, cumin and sometimes also the cabbage called lqnorbi or azegzau. A well maintained garden can provide three harvests per year, one of turnips in winter, another of barley (agulas) in spring, and finally maize or squash in summer. It is this rotation that is generally observed (Laoust7, p.419) ______________________________________________ 129 ababba (Ghadamès), ababaw (Ghat): beans (Fournet); see abau abandu, pl. ibunda (Kabyle, Irjen): a tree owned by an individual on the land of another (Picard) abau, pl. and coll. ibawen (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the bean; in toponymy: Adrär bu )bawen, Mountain of the Beans , of Sektana (Laoust3); abaou, pl. ibaoun (Tashelhit, Sous): the bean; beans (Laoust4); ibaouene (Chleuh, Sous): beans, grown under irrigation (Louzimimene); bau, pl. ibawen (Rif Berber): the bean plant (Ibañez); ibaouen Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis, A chacha and (araoua, N.W. Algeria : beans (Basset3); ibau, ibui, pl. ibawen (Kabyle): the bean; beans (Newman); ibawn (Kabyle, Irjen): coll., beans (Picard); iḇawen (Kabyle), ababba (Ghadamès), ḇiw (Augila), ababaw (Ghat), awaw (Siwa): beans; cf. Latin fava; the phonetics of iḇawen is more Italic than Latin (Fournet) abedouga (Touareg, Taïtoq): the cotton plant (Masqueray); see tabdok abehhar, pl. ibehharr (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a gardener (Mercier); abh ar, pl. ibh aren (Kabyle): a gardener (Olivier); from Arabic buḥaira, a small sea; a lake; a fertile area; an irrigated garden; a vegetable garden ; see bḥira under Cultivated and Irrigated Lands abelloudh ouroumi, also lqezt el (Kabyle): the chestnut-tree (Olivier); ab urumi (Kabyle): the chestnut-tree; rarely planted (EB, VI, A260); esseŷerz nerbellud (Rifian): the chestnut-tree; erbellud: coll., chestnuts (Ibañez); also lqezt el abenrūs (Hassaniya): the palm-tree Phoenix dactylifera (Taine-Cheikh citing Monteil, unconfirmed) abeqqa (Berber, Central Algeria): common pasturage, common grazing-ground (DRB, I, 86) aberquq, pl. iberquqen, coll. berquq (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a plum; the plumtree (Huyghe); elberquq (Kabyle, Irjen): coll., the plum, tree and fruit (Picard); taberquqt, pl. tiberquqin, coll. lberquq (Kabyle): the plum-tree, which has a somewhat restricted area of cultivation (EB, VI, A260); thaberqouqth, pl. thiberqouqin (Kabyle): a plum-tree (Olivier); taberqaqašt (Demnat, Ntifa): the plum-tree (Laoust7, p.423); asklu n tber uqt (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): plum-tree (Laoust5); lberqūq, also ssferzel (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the plum-tree (Destaing3); lberqiqch (Tashelhit, Sous): the plum, tree and fruit (Laoust4); esseŷerz nerbarqoq (Rifian): the plum-tree (Ibañez); lberquq, coll. (Berber, Figuig dialect): plums (Kossmann); from Ar. barq”q, plum; apricot , app. derived from Lat. praecox; acc. to Kazimirski, Arabic barq”q designates plum in Africa, and apricot in Asia, but acc. to W. Mar ais, Textes Arabe de Tanger, , )n Andalusia and Maghreb, the word barq”q signified apricot during the time of Ibn Baitar in 13th C. and Ibn Luyun in 14th C. . Thus we find also: tberk ouk t, pl. tiberk ak (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): the apricot, apricottree (Biarnay); see el-mishmesh 130 aberriw/taberriwt (Ouargla): pumpkin (Delheure) *ā-b[i]ẓālīm (proto-Berber): onion; a Phoenician loanword; from Neo-Punic b.ʃ.l. (Malášková); see aẓalim abora (Touareg, Ahaggar): sorghum with large grains (Foucauld); abora (Touareg, Niger): sorghum; aboru n musur: maize; literally, Egyptian millet (Bernus); abora, pl. iboratan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): sorghum, Sorghum vulgare (Sudlow); aborak (Touareg): white maize (Newman); abora, pl. iboraten (Touareg, Taïtoq): large type of bechna; as opposed to ineli (Masqueray); see also inele, afez ou, idabideberen, bechna, chammâma, sâba, tafsut, taghallît, zafsauz, zra achchina, aččina (Kabyle, Irjen): coll., orange-trees, oranges (Picard); taĉinats, pl. tiĉintin, coll. ĉina (Kabyle): the orange-tree (EB, VI, A260); thatchinats, pl. thitchinthin (Kabyle): the orange-tree; ldjenan n tchina: an orangery; an orange grove (Olivier); tshina (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the sweet orange-tree (Battesti); letchin (Tashelhit, Sous): the orange, tree and fruit (Laoust4); ltšin, taltšint (Demant, Ntifa): the orange-tree (Laoust7, p.423); esseŷerz nellešin (Rifian): the orange-tree (Ibañez); all derived from aṣ-ṣīn, China in Arabic, the presumed origin of this fruit; also tallimunt adag, pl. adagan (Touareg, Niger): lucerne (Ghubayd); also elfessa/tilfzet, el-qadeb aderf, pl. iḍerfan (common to all Berber dialects except Touareg): a furrow (Laoust7, p.262); aderf, pl. iderfan (Chleuh, Morocco): a furrow (Justinard); adrf: tillage, ploughing, cultivation; a furrow; aderf / aterf (Central Morocco); a furrow; adrf (Ntifa): a furrow; adref (Kabylie): a furrow; a first furrow to delimit the parcels to be ploughed; derref / terref: to trace a furrow with the plough in order to outline the plot to be ploughed (DRB, III.485); aderf, pl. iderfan (Tashelhit, Sous): a furrow (Laoust4); Boulifa p. 375 thinks it may be derived from Arabic ṭaraf, ṭarf, end, limit, border, side , but Laoust believes it is an original Berber word; the corresponding word in Arabic is elheṭ , sometimes used, but rarely, among the Beni Snous (Laoust7, p.262) adfu, pl. idfa (Chaouia Berber Eastern Algeria), tatfaḥt (Kabyle): an apple; an apple-tree (Huyghe); adfu (Chaouia): apple; adfu (Djerba): coll., apple; deffu, pl. ideffa (Nefousa): apple; tadeffuyt: apple-tree; tadfuyt (Kabyle): white figs; all these are probable loans from Phoenician/Punic; cf. Hebrew tapp”aħ, Jewish Aramiac tapp”ħā, Ugaritic tpħ, Arabic tuffāħ (Malášková et al.); loans from Arabic are et-tuffaḥ, tadeffouit, tatteffaḥt, tffaḥ, thatsefah th; see tteffaḥ adīl (Zenati, Ouargla): the vine (Basset2); adil (Chleuh, Mzab, and Ouargla): the vine (DRB, III. 463-464); adil (Kabyle, Irjen): a grape; also, a vine (Picard); cf. Arabic dāliya, grapevine ; see dalia adjendhis, pl. idjendhas (Tamadjek, Ghat): the male date-palm (Nehlil); also adlic, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou 131 adlic, var. adnic (Berber, Ghadamès): the male date-palm (DRB, III. 466); also adjendhis, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou afaradj, pl. ifardjen Touareg, Taïtoq dialect : culture, cultivation; from the sense of to enclose, enclosure (Masqueray); see afaraġ under Cultivated and Irrigated Lands afellaḥ (Tashelhit, Sous): a cultivator (Laoust4); tafellaḥt (Berber, Central Morocco): cultivation; cultivated land (Laoust2); tafellaḥt (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): agriculture, cultivation (Mercier); tafellaḥt (Demnat): cultivation; growing crops (Laoust7); thafellah th Kabyle : agriculture; cultivation; afellah : a cultivator, farmer (Olivier); zafellaḥz (Rif Berber): cultivation, tillage, ploughing, farming, husbandry (Ibañez); a Berberization of Arabic fallaḥ, peasant, farmer , and filāḥa, farming, husbandry afez ou (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): millet (Masqueray); see tafsut agan (Demnat, Ntifa): the green melon; lmenun: mature, yellow melon (Laoust7, p.419); also lebtiḫ aganat (Hassaniya, Mauritania): the tamarind tree, Tamarindus indica; grows in the Chemama (Hamidoun); aganat, coll., sing. aganatè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): the tamarind, Tamarindus indica, a very tall tree, not thorny, with deep green very dense foliage; produces pods whose pulp has laxative properties (Pierret); a tree to 20 m high with a stout bole, often dividing into several trunks, low-branching, carrying a dense, dark evergreen crown with branches down to near the ground; edible pods, and pulp used in cooking; also Rif Berber zamemmaixz agayak (Touareg, Niger): cultivation, agriculture; egyek: to cultivate, plough, harrow; isegyak pl., fields, area of cultivation (Ghubayd; DRB, III.921) agelid Demnat, Ntifa : the king , the name given to the best reaper in a team (Laoust7, p.355) agelzim (Demnat, Ntifa): a mattock, hoe, pick; a word used in all the lands of Chleuhs, and outside Morocco with the Zouaoua, and in Djebel Nefousa and the Aurès; also dim. tagelzimt (Laoust7); proto-Berber *ā-gūsīm; a probable Phoenician/Punic loanword; cognates Hebrew garzεn, axe, pick-axe , Arabic karzan/m and kirzīm, large hatchet, axe (Malášková et al.); also amadir agerau, pl. igerawen (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect); agerwau, pl. igerwawen (Buqoia dialect): a stack, rick or pile of wheat or corn (Ibañez); also zaffa aġeṣṣim (Aït Ndhir), aġessim (Iguerrouan), aġsim (Izayan), auġsim (Aït Seghrouchen): green melon; cucumber; taġessinet (Touareg): squash (Laoust7, p.420); aγessim (Berber, Central Morocco): green melon; cucumber; aγessim (Boussemghoun): cucumber; aγessim (Mzab): the fruit of certain trees; taγǝssimt (Wargla): cucumber; a kind of courgette; a assim, pl. i ǝssîmǝn, nom. unit. ta ǝssimt (Siwa), coll. a ăssím, pl. i ěssîmen, nom. unit. ta ěssímt (Sokna): cucumber; essim and eṣṣim (Foqaha): cucumber; kšâim, nom. unit tekšâimt, pl. tekšāimîn (Augila): watermelon; cucumber; taγǝssimt, pl. tiγessîmîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): 132 cucumber; taksaimt, pl. čikswiam (Ghat): melon still green; axsim/aγsim/aγssim (Kwarandzyey): cucumber, small melon (Malášková, et al.); Laoust also gives see also tamisa, tameksa thus proto-Berber *ā-γ[i]ssīm, pl. *ī- γ[i]ssīm-an, coll. *ā- γ[i]ssā īm: melon, cucumber; from Neo-Punic *qš , cucumber ; cognates post-class. Hebrew qišš” ā, pl. qišš” īm, musk melon , Samaritanian qāšuwwǝm, Akkadian qiššû(m), pl. qiššāte, cucumber, melon, gourd , Aramaic qassayyā, Syriac qass”tā, pl. qassayyā, Arabic quttā and qittā (Malášková, et al.) agjjif, agjjuf (Chleuh): the date-palm (DRB, III.756); also mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht/tafrort, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut aglas / agulas (Chleuh): green, unripe wheat or barley; a field of green barley; barley sown and given as green fodder to livestock; agwlas / aglas (Central Morocco): green, unripe barley which is given to the animals to eat; a plant, especially wheat, barley, or maize; a field of wheat, barley or maize still green; agwlas (Ntifa): green barley; a field of green barley; barley sown and given as fodder to livestock (Laoust7, p.259); for barley, see also asharegh, farkasuba, sha ir, t amzin/timzin agnid, ajnid, ignid (Central Morocco): a clump of palmier-nain, false doum-palms, Chamaerops humilis; tagnnit (Chleuh): the male date-palm; tagnit (Ntifa): the false doum-palm; agnid, aygnid (Rif dialects): the false doum-palm; tagnit (Central Algeria): the false doum-palm (DRB, III.828); agnid n tini (Rif dialects): a date-palm which grows at a marabout or saint s tomb; agnid is the heart of a palm-tree; date-palms are very rare in the Rif and are found particularly around sanctuaries (Biarnay2); ağendis (Ahaggar and Ghat): the male datepalm (DRB, III.828) agrur (Kabyle): the fig-tree; agrur (Eastern Kabyle): a grove of fig-trees; tagrurt: the fig-tree (DRB, III.849); agrour, pl. igrouren (Kabyle): a clump of trees (Olivier); for fig see also hurthuth, rghars, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit, taneqlet, tazart, temdit, thagelīt agwdal (Berber, High Atlas, Morocco : taboo on entry, prohibition; When villagers are questioned about the prohibition against entry and grazing [in relation to the cemetery], they explain it in terms of the application of a category of legal prohibition in Berber customary law called agwdal, a sort of taboo on entry. Agwdal is most often invoked in relation to grain fields and is typically proclaimed by the village elders in mid-summer when the barley heads begin to form, for the purpose of keeping individuals out of the fields (including their own) at a time when there is little fieldwork to be done. The manifest function of the prohibition is to minimize the number of claims of theft or damage which the village elders have to sort out, an exhausting task for them in the mid- to late-summer period. The proclamation of agwdal eases their burden of work by the simple expedient of requiring everyone to to stay out of the grain fields. Agwdal remains in force in the grain fields until the first-fruits ceremony, following which every able-bodied person in the village can be expected to be out in the fields, harvesting from dawn until long after dark, and the likelihood of accusations of theft diminishes since, at harvest time, it would be nearly impossible to steal grain from the fields without being witnessed. Separate proclamations of agwdal may be made for the olive, 133 almond and maize crops as well in areas wher they grow under conditions of interspersed ownership (att, D.G. The Symbolic Landscape of the Berber Cemetery , Culture, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1992, p.30); see also tafgurt ah ammal, pl. ih ammalen (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): a plot or bed of potatoes (Huyghe) aḥamri (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): red land, red earth, red soil (Destaing3); aḥmar, fem. ḥamra (Hassaniya): red; also brown (Heath); from Ar. ḥamrā , red ; see also ḥamra ajerraf (Tagountaft, High Atlas): a large hoe used for clearing irrigation canals (Laoust7, p. 418); from Ar. jarrāfa, a rake, harrow akbal, pl. ikbālen (Kabyle): maize (Newman); akubal (Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): maize, Indian corn (Huyghe); also amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît akermus (Kabyle): the Barbary fig, Opunia; it occupies extensive tracts in the plains and regions of middle altitude; it is cultivated for its fruit, takermust, pl. tikirmusin, and for making impenetrable hedges against animals and marauders; it is propagated very easily and grows quickly; an important and dense plantation of Barbary figs is called l arsa, pl. l rasi, as in the region of Oued Zem and Boujad in Morocco (EB, VI, A260); akermus (Kabyle): cactus (Newman); lkermus (Kabyle, Irjen): the cactus or Barbary fig, plant and fruit (Picard); also aknari, lārsa, thar”mith, z abul akherrub, pl. ikherban (Kabyle, Irgen): the carob-tree (Picard); akheroub, also thakheroubth (Kabyle): the carob-tree (Olivier); takherrubt, also akherrub, pl. ikherban (Kabyle, Irgen): the carob-tree (Picard); thakheroubth, also akheroub (Kabyle): the carob-tree (Olivier); taxrrubt, pl. tixrrubin, coll. axrrub (Kabyle): the carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, also known as St. John s bread or locust bean; it grows spontaneously, and in the past it provided good forage for horses, asses and mules, and in times of famine, the pulverised pods provided flour; old specimens of the carob-tree are often considered to be sacred; in the villages, a clan is called an axrubb, that is to say, a group of people united and joined together like the seeds of a carob (EB, VI, A260); cf. Ar. kharr”b, kharrouba, the carob or locust-tree ; see also taxerrubt, as a measure of irrigation water; note that kharouba is also a hamlet, or a quarter in a village, forming the main social unit of the sedentary population among the Kabyle of northern Algeria (Despois, p.142); also ikīd/tikīda/ tisliugha, tišitt akhoummas (Tashelhit, Sous): a sharecropper for one fifth (Laoust4); current among all the dialects [1920], derived from Arabic khammās, sharecropper receiving one fifth of the crop as wages (Laoust7, p.273) aknari (Tashelhit, Sous): the Barbary fig or prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica, plant and fruit (Laoust4); introduced from the Americas by way of Spain in the 16th century; also akermus, lārsa, thar”mith, z abul 134 aleli (Berber, Ghadamès), eneli Tamahek : millet; called by the Arabs elgueçob el abiodh; at Djebel Nefousa one finds ilni for millet (Motylinski2); see inele alim (Demnat, Ntifa): chopped straw; the teben of the Arabs (Laoust7, p.354) aliw, pl. āliwen (Touareg): the wild olive-tree, Olea laperrini; attested in the Ahaggar as âléo, pl. âliwen, and in southern Touareg as aliw, pl. aliwan; Foucauld estimated that several hundreds to one or two thousand existed in the Ahaggar at high altitude; the word is certainly related to Greek elaiwā, olive-tree , elaiwon, olive oil , and to Latin oliua, oleum, olea; however it is not necessarily borrowed from either of these languages, rather it prob. comes from pre-Indo-European mediterranean stock; the word is another of the many traces of a mediterranean origin of the Touareg peoples; the olive here seems to be a symbol of fecundity, for the plural āliwen also denotes a particular poetic rhythm and ritual chant used in marriage ceremonies (EB, IV, A167); also azebouj/tazbbujtt, azemm”r alqennab, pl. alqennaben (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): hemp (Mercier); from Ar. al-qannab, hemp, flax, Cannabis indica , ult. from Lat. cannabis, Gk. kannabis ; see also elkerneb, erhašiš, lkīf, thifesth amadag (Demnat, Ntifa): a rick or stack formed of several tadla or sheaves (Laoust7, p.357) amadir (Demnat, Ntifa): pick, hoe (Laoust7); a probable Phoenician/Punic loanword; cf. Hebrew ma dēr, hoe, mattock , derived from ādar, to hoe , Arabic ma d”r, pickaxe (Malášková et al.); also agelzim amazir (Berber): to manure, in Tagountaft, Tafilalt, Ida Ou Qaïs, Ida Ou Zikki, Aït Baamran, and, the site of a camp or tent with the )guerrouan, camping place and manure heap , among the Aït Ndhir (Laoust7, p.272) amekraz (Tashelhit, Sous): a cultivator (Laoust4); see kerz, kerrez amersid (Demnat, Ntifa): the caprifig (Laoust7, p.422); imersid (Tashelhit, Sous): the wild caprifig-tree; also the male date-palm (Laoust4); a wild variety of Mediterranean fig, Ficus carica var. sylvestris, used in the fertilization of certain edible figs amezgur (Demnat, Ntifa): maize; introduced relatively recently, the great diversity of names for maize among the Berber dialects is in marked contrast to the uniformity of the terms irden, wheat and timzin, barley , cereals whose cultivation goes back to high antiquity Laoust7, p.266); also akbal, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît amud (Chleuh, Souss): seeds, of all crops, varying according to the fertility of the soil and the amount of rainfall ; given that the Souss is a semi-arid region this is commonly barley, tomzine, especially in mountainous areas, for it is fairly drought-resistant; also wheat, iredene, particularly hard wheat, which is also fairly resistant to dry conditions, and in certain irrigated zones or targa, maize, assengare, is also cultivated, along with lentils, tiniltite, beans, ibaouene, and chickpeas, lhamze (Louzimimene); in the Tafilalt the word is 135 synonymous with tairza, signifying, cultivation, ploughing, the season of ploughing, sowing ; Berber amud must be connected to Arabic mudd, known generally as a measure of volume for dry legumes and cereals (Laoust7, p.272) amzarfu, imzurfa (Demant, Ntifa): a guardian appointed to watch over the olive groves during the out of bounds period when the olives are ripe (Laoust7, p.415); see also anefgur amzuar (Demnat, Ntifa): an individual who inaugurates the ploughing season according to the old rites (Laoust7, p. 273) anakhedam, pl. inekhedamen (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): a cultivator (Masqueray) anderar, pl. inderaren (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), annar, pl. innorar (Buqoia dialect), anedrar: a threshing-floor (Ibañez); see also annar, and main entry anrar annar, pl. inurar (Kabyle): a threshing-floor, threshing ground (EB, III, A125); annar, pl. innorar (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect), anderar, pl. inderaren (Guelaia dialect), anedrar: a threshing-floor (Ibañez); see main entry anrar annkhal, coll. nakhla (Zenāga : the date-palm; the coconut-palm (Nicolas); variant of nakhla, which see anrar, pl. inrarn (Tamazight Berber, Ziz Valley): a threshing-floor, found in each ksar; used not only for agricultural activities but also for social functions such as marriages and communal rain prayers (Ilahiane); anrar, pl. inurar (Berber, Figuig dialect): a threshing-floor (Kossmann); anrar (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): threshing-floor (Justinard); anrar and arrar (Tashelhit, Sous): a threshing place, threshing-floor (Laoust4); anrar, annrar (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): a threshing-floor (Destaing3); anrär (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a threshing-floor (Laoust5); annar, pl. innorar (Rif Berber, Buqoia dialect), anderar, pl. inderaren (Guelaia dialect), anedrar: a threshing-floor (Ibañez); annar, pl. inurar (Kabyle), anrar, pl. inurar (Mzab), annrar, pl. innraren (Chleuh), anarar, pl. inarāren (Ghadamès): a threshing-floor, threshing ground; the Touareg use the word tigherghert, signifying elsewhere a flat, well-tamped surface , to designate a threshing-floor, but nevertheless know also anarar, pl. inûnâr: a strong enclosure, able to be closed; in the areas of cereal cultivation, two post-harvest operations take place on the threshing-floor – the separation of the grain from the husks and straw by threshing, and the separation of the grain from the chaff, and cleaning it of impurities, insects, etc., by winnowing; the threshingfloor is a smooth, flat surface, sometimes paved with stone slabs, often bordered by a circle of stones; its diameter varies between 6 and 7 m, but some are up to 12 and 13 m and even 20 m; they are located on flat ground that is exposed to the dominant wind at the right time of year and is as close to the harvested fields as possible; during the period of threshing and winnowing the threshing-floor is sacred ground, where it is forbidden to enter with shoes, where women not in a state of purity are prohibited, as well as young children, and where it is forbidden to whistle, sing, smoke, or utter words of evil augury; after this period of activity, the threshing-ground preserves a reservoir of baraka and is the scene of numerous rites connected with fecundity and growth; it is interesting that the word for threshing-floor is common throughout the greater part of the Berber domain, and furthermore it shows a very particular plural form in most dialects, indicating the antiquity of both term and technique; 136 Boulifa tentatively proposes the possibility of a Latin derivation from ārea, a piece of level ground, a vacant place; a threshing floor, among the ancients, an open space in the vicinity of the house (EB, III, A125); also arnan, ar rour ar aoutem (Tashelhit, Sous): the male date-palm (Laoust4); also adjendhis, adlic, azzai, doukkouar, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou arebba (Demnat, Ntifa): a gardener, cultivator; from Arabic arbā , four , a sharecropper who cultivates the gardens for a quarter share of the produce (Laoust7, p.417) ardrim, ant rim (Kabyle): the cherry-tree (Olivier); though EB says the wild cherry in Kabyle is called andrim or ardlim, and produces small, non-commercial fruits (EB, VI, A260); see lemluk/ hebb-le mluk argan (Berber): the argan-tree, Argania spinosa or Argania sideroxylon, which grows in the south-west of Morocco, esp. in the western Anti-Atlas, to an altitude of 1500 or 1700 meters; it is a shrub or tree 5 to 6 meters high, sometimes attaining a magnificant bearing when protected; the fruit is a green ovoid drupe about the size of a small plum; this tree, which has undergone intensive exploitation, forms open woodland and is often seen as an isolated specimen in a field of cereals, or more often, in grazing-land; certain argan-trees have remarkably horizontal branches, allowing goats to climb up into the trees and browse the leaves; it produces a hard, tough wood, but is above all valued for the oil that is pressed from the kernel; in cooking, argan oil plays the same role among the Chleuh as olive-oil does among the Berbers of the Tell; it is also valued in the traditional pharmacopoeia and was formerly used for lighting and in soap-making (from EB, VI, A267); argan, also targant (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): the argan-tree (Justinard); arkān: the Arabic and Berber name of the argan-tree, Elaeodendron argan (Graberg); in the 11th C. El-Bekri mentions the hergan, argan tree , in the Sous (Chaker, 143) arman, pl. irmanen (Rif dialects): the pomegranate-tree, Punica granatum (Biarnay2); armun, pl. irmunen (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), taremmant (Kabyle): a pomegranate, pomegranatetree (Huyghe); armun, pl. irmunǝn (Mzab): pomegranate, the fruit; tarmunt, pl. tirmunin: the pomegranate-tree; armun, pl. irumunǝn (Wargla): pomegranate fruit; tarmunt, pl. tirmunin: the pomegranate-tree; armun (Jebel Nefousa): pomegranate; tarmunt: pomegranate-tree; armun, pl. ǝnd-armunen (Ghadamès): pomegranate, fruit and tree; armūn, pl. armūnǝn (Siwa): sweet pomegranates; armun, pl. armunen (Ghat): pomegranate; tarmunt, pl. tarmunin: pomegranate-tree; all these are probable loans from Punic/Phoenician; cf. Hebrew rimmōn, pomegranate ; Samaritanian rimmon, Akkkadian nurmû and lurmûm, lurimtu(m), Official Aramaic rmn, Syriac rummānā, Mandaic rumana; Aramaic ˃ Arabic rummān ˃ Geez romān, Tigre, Amhara, roman; the rest from Arabic (Malášková et al.) errman (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the pomegranate-tree (Destaing3); erreman, erremman (Kabyle, Irjen): coll., the pomegranate, tree and fruit (Picard); esseŷerz narremman (Rifian): the pomegranate-tree (Ibañez); errummân (Touareg Ahaggar): pomegranate fruit; rrummân (Shilha of Tazerwalt): pomegranates; rrman (Ntifa): pomegranate; rroman: pomegranate-tree; errman (Central Morocco): pomegranates, 137 pomegranate-trees; rrumān (Matmata): pomegranate; rremanet (Figuig): pomegranate; erreman (Kabyle): coll., pomegranate, fruit and tree; from or related to Arabic rummān, the pomegranate, Punica granatum tarmoun, pl. tarmounin (Siwan Berber): the pomegranate tree (Stanley); tarmount, pl. tirmountin, tarmounin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): the pomegranate-tree (Biarnay); tarmount, pl. tarmounin (Tamadjek, Ghat): a pomegranate-tree (Nehlil); tarmount, pl. termounin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the pomegranate-tree (Motylinski3); from or related to Arabic rummān, the pomegranate, Punica granatum taremmant (Kabyle), armun, pl. irmunen (Chaouia Eastern Algeria): a pomegranate, pomegranate-tree (Huyghe); taremmant, pl. tiremmanin, coll. remman (Kabyle): the pomegranate-tree; a garden tree found in the valleys of the Aurès and Kabylie, and the tell plateaux of the west; acc.to J. Despois it is originally Punic; it is a symbol of fecundity, and thus after child-birth the placenta is traditionally buried at the foot of a pomegranate or olive-tree (EB, VI, A260); tharemmant, pl. thiremmanin (Kabyle): the pomegranate-tree (Olivier) tharoumant, pl. thiremmanin (Kabyle, Zouaoua): the pomegranate-tree (Basset5); tarremant (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the pomegranate-tree (Laoust5); terroummant, sing. and coll., pl. terroummânîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): the pomegranate-tree (Foucauld); all from or related to Arabic rummān, the pomegranate, Punica granatum arnan, pl. irunan (Berber, Figuig dialect): a threshing ground (Kossmann); see anrar ar rour ar, pl. ed r rour ar (Tamadjek, Ghat): a threshing-floor or threshing-ground, for wheat (Nehlil); see anrar asafth Zenati Berber, A chacha, N.W. Algeria , eddilith (Ouarsenis): the vine (Basset3); tafsent (Djebel Nefousa): the vine (DRB, III.662); thaferrath, pl. thiferranin (Kabyle): the vine (Olivier); also adīl, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zeçayarz, zárrjôôn asas (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the arbutus-tree (Laoust5); variant of sasnu, which see *ā-sāγīd (proto-Berber): the almond; a Phoenician loanword, from neo-Punic š.q.d.m. (Blench, 2012); cf. cognates Hebrew šāqēd, almond , Akkadian šiqdu m , šuqdu, siqdu, Neo-Assyrian duqdu, Ugaritic tqd, Jewish Aramaic šigdā, Syriac šegedtā, pl. šegdē, Mandaic šigda, Geez sǝgd, almond-tree, nut-tree (Malášková et al.); cf. Ghadamès chāchīden âsder (Hassaniya, Mali): the sder or jujube-tree, Ziziphus mauritiana, whose dry fruits nbeg are sold in the markets; Ziziphus lotus is a smaller shrub of the Sahara (Heath); sder (Mauritania): the jujube-tree, Zizyphus lotus, with edible fruits (Hamidoun); sder, coll., sing. sedrè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): the Zizyphus lotus or jujube-tree, producing a fruit a little like a medlar (Pierret); variant of Arabic sidr asengar (Tashelhit, Sous): maize (Laoust4); asengär (Tashelhit, Tazerwalt), asengäl (Aït Ouagrou): maize (Laoust5); assengare (Chleuh, Sous): maize, cultivated in certain irrigated zones or targa (Louzimimene); also akbal, amezgur, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît 138 asġar (Temsaman Rif, Chenoua, Beni Menacer, Beni Salah, Haraoua), asġer (Metamata, Beni Snous : a plough, ard; literally, wood , applied to the plough it signifies the piece of wood par excellance (Laoust7); also imassen, awallu and variants asġun (Rif Berber): a marjal, a measure of land (Ibañez) asharegh (Touareg, Niger): barley (Bernus); prob. a variant of Zenāga sha ir, which see asklu, pl. isukla, also akhlij, pl. ikhlijen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a tree; asklu n tber uqt: a plum-tree; asklu n llimun: a lemon-tree or citron-tree; asklu n tazart: a fig-tree; asklu n dduj: a walnut-tree; asklu n zzitun: an olivetree (Mercier); aseklu (Berber, Central Morocco): a tree (Laoust2); aseklu (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): a tree (Laoust5) athemmu, pl. ithemma (Kabyle): a stack of straw (Newman) ats (Demnat, Ntifa): lentils; l ades (Zemmour, Beni Snous, Zouaoua), ela üs, with loss of the d (Beni Iznacen): lentils; these forms are observed among the Zenatas and the Brabers [Central Atlas Tamazight]; borrowed from Arabic (Laoust7); also tilintit aw, pl. awen (Ouargla): beans; wawa, in Enf. (Delheure); awaw (Siwa): beans (Fournet); see abau awallu, iwulla (Demnat, Ntifa): a plough [the ard], used to cover the seed rather than turn the soil; also awullu, awillu, aullu, tawullut, taullut, agallu, agullu, aguallu, agellu, mostly among the dialects and sub-dialacts of the south and extreme south of Morocco; uilli in Sened, Tunsia, and in Djebel Nefousa, Libya (Laoust7); Starostin sees here a proto-Berber *hulli/*walli, plough connecting to Akkadian allu, hoe ; Egyptian ḥnn > *ḥll?, hoe ; Geruma uwal, fields ; Fali Jilbu ole, wole, farm ; Konso ayl , to sow seeds and plough them under ; etc. (Starostin); amekräz, asġar, imassen ayellu, pl. iyelwan (Berber, Figuig dialect): a collection or group of palm-trees (Kossmann) aẓalim (Demnat, Ntifa): the onion (Laoust7, p.419); bẓalim (Augila), aẓelim (Tachelhit), ẓalim (Wargli), ẓalim (Mzab): the onion; clearly of Punic origin, deriving from *beẓalim where the typically Cananean plural *-im is suffixed to the Semitic word *baṣal; the Arabic word baṣala exists in Kabyle leḇṣel (Fournet); aẓalim, coll. (Shilha of Tazerwalt): onion; aẓalim (Illaln), taẓalimt (Zemmur), aẓalim, coll. (Central Morocco): onions; ẓalim (Mzab): onion; ẓalim (Wargla): onion; zalim, pl. izalimen (Jebel Nefousa): onion; ezlim, pl. izlimin (Kabyle) = iẓlem, onion , while lebṣel coll., tibṣelt, an onion , is app. borrowed from Arabic; tabaẓẓult (Ghadames): wild garlic; tiběslim (Sened): onion, an Arabic loan; bẓālîm, coll. (Augila): onion; emǝẓǝlli, pl. imǝẓǝllităn (Awlemmiden), ǝmẓǝlli, pl. ǝmẓǝllităn (Aïr): cultivated onion; tamẓǝlǝllit, pl. timẓǝlǝll(it) (Tamasheq of Mali), tamẓǝlǝllit (Tamasheq of Udalan): wild onion, vs. ălbǝṣǝl and ǝlbǝṣǝl, onion , borrowed from Arabic; similarly Ahaggar elbeẓar, pl. elbeẓâren, dried and salted onions , or Zenaga elbaçol and Figuig lebsel, coll. onion (Malášková et al.) 139 thus ā-b[i]ẓālīm (proto-Berber): onion; a Phoenician/Punic loanword: Neo-Punic bʃl [bṣl], cognates Hebrew bāṣāl, pl./coll. beṣālīm, onion , Jewish Aramaic buṣlā, Syriac beṣlā, Arabic baṣal, Sabaic bṣl, Soqotri biṣle, Mehri beṣalôt; cf. also Akkadian bisru and bišru, leek ; from the Arabic also Geez baṣal and boṣal, Tigre bäsäl, onion, garlic (Malášková et al.) azar (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): the fig-tree (Justinard); azar (Tashelhit, Sous): the fig-tree (Laoust4); azar, coll. azar, pl. azarn (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the fig-tree (Laoust5); see main entry tazart azârur (Kabyle), zârur (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): the azarole or Neapolitan medlar, Crataegus azerolus; a medlar-tree in general (Huyghe); taza rurt, pl. tiza rurin, coll. za rur (Kabyle): the medlar-tree; not widespread, in spite of its hardiness; originally from the far east (EB, VI, A260); also azeghklo, meštehi *ā-zātīm (proto-Berber): the olive; a Phoenician loanword, z.t, olive ; note that olives were known and used in the Maghreb well before the Phoenician period (Blench, 2012); azāčim = azatim (Ghat): oil; ahâtim, pl. ihûtâm (Touareg, Ahaggar): olive; tehâtimt, pl. tihûtam: olive-tree; from Phoenician zt, olive ; cognates Hebrew zayit, pl. zētīm, olive, olive-tree , Ugaritic zt, pl. ztm, olive, olive-tree, olive grove , Official Aramaic zyt, Syriac zaytā, Mandaic zaita; Aramaic ˃ Arabic zayt, olive oil , ˃ Soqotri zeyt, olive oil , Geez zayt, olive, olive tree, olive oil (Malášková et al.); also zzitun/ezzoutin/tazzutint/tezitunt, tehâtimt, takatin, taleqqamt, tazemmourt azbar (Kabyle): clearance; clearing of land for cultivation (Olivier); also aferas azday, pl. izdayen or izday, coll. tazdayt (Berber): the date-palm, Phoenix dactyfera; in Ahaggar, tazzait; from which numerous toponyms; in Tunisia e.g. Souf-Azdai, El-Azdin, Tesdaïn, Henchir Ez-Zdini?; in Algeria, Zeddin (Pellegrin); variant of tazdayt, which see azebouj, pl. izoujan (Kabyle): the wild olive-tree (Olivier); tazbbujtt, pl. tizbbujin, coll. azbbuj (Kabyle): the oleaster or wild olive (EB, VI, A260); also aliw, azemm”r azeghklo Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the medlar-tree (Battesti); also azârur/taza rurt, meštehi azemmūr, azemmour, pl. izemrān (Berber, Amazigh): the wild olive, Olea europaea, Olea laperrinei (Pellegrin); azemmour (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): the olive-tree (Laoust1); azemmour (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): the wild olive (Justinard); azemmour (Tashelhit, Sous): the wild olive-tree (Laoust4); azemmur, pl. izemran (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): the wild olive (Mercier); azemmūr (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the wild olive-tree (Destaing3); azemmur, pl. izemran (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the wild olive-tree(Laoust5); azemmūr, pl. izemrān (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the name in Morocco for the wild olive-tree, the cultivated olive being called zzit”n in Ntifa and zzīt in the Sous (Laoust3); azzemmour, pl. izemmouren Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis and (araoua, N.W. Algeria , dim. thuzemmourth (Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis : the wild olive-tree (Basset3); azemmur, pl. izemmuren (Kabyle): a 140 grafted olive-tree (Newman); az mmur, pl. iz mmuren (Rif dialects): the wild olive-tree; in toponyms: Aïth-Izmmuren, a group of villages situated to the south of the Ibeqqoien tribe; Ras n-Dz mmurth, the name of a headland or cape situated in the environs of Nkour; cf. Azemmour, a Moroccan town situated near the mouth of the Oum-Rebiâ (Biarnay2) azemmur: coll. olive-trees; olives; a term attested in most of the Maghrebi Berber dialects – Djebel Nefousa, Aurès, Kabylie, Central Morocco, Rif, Chleuh, etc.; this distribution across the whole Berber-speaking Mediterranean world, where olives are cultivated, and the stability of the form azemmur, indicate the antiquity and indigenous nature of the word, and indeed of olive-culture in the Maghreb; in the western dialects of the Beni Snous, Rif, Central Morocco, Chleuh, etc., the term designates more precisely the wild, non-grafted olive; without doubt, azemmour originally signified the oleaster, which grows spontaneously across the Maghreb [here oleaster refers to the the wild olive tree, Olea Europea var. sylvestris, not to the olivelike Eleagnus group of cultivated garden shrubs]; the word has taken on the sense of cultivated olive-tree in the eastern parts of the Berber domain, where olive-culture, under the influence of Punic then Roman culture, is certainly older and more intense; the word is frequent in the toponymy of the Maghreb and the Maghrebi zones of influence such as Muslim Spain, e.g. Zamora, a city and region in Castile and León, N. W. Spain; the name of the central Moroccan tribe of Zemmur could be an ancient form of this word (EB, VIII, A346); see also aliw, azebouj/tazbbujtt Toponyms: Azemmûr and Zemmûr are widespread toponyms in all the olive-lands across North Africa; e.g. Azemmour, Zemmour, Zemmoura, Tazemmourth (Pellegrin); the regional name Zemmor, from azemm”r, the wild olive (Monteil2); Azemmour, which signifies in Berber the wild olive , the name of a town on the Atlantic coast of Morocco (El Fasi); Zemmouri, the name of a little town east of Algiers, Algeria, which is surounded by olive trees; in toponymy: Azemmur, a village of the Gundafa; pl. Izemran, the name of villages of the Mesfiwa and Tifnut; in Chaouïa, Wad Zemran, a river near Casba ben Ahmed; concerning the Zemran of Mesfiwa, it is alleged that they give off a certain odour or contagious emanation, and it is said that at Marrakesh when they wished to present a gift to the Sultan on the occasion of certain feasts, their delegation was the last to pass, and behind them their way was quickly swept and washed down with copious amounts of water to prevent contagion (Laoust3); in the Rif: Aïth-Izmmuren, a group of villages situated to the south of the Ibeqqoien tribe; Ras n-Dz mmurth, the name of a headland or cape situated in the environs of Nkour (Biarnay2) Related to tazmurt/tazemmûrt, the cultivated olive; which see azkum (Kabyle), tamensikht (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): oats (Huyghe); zamensijz (Rif Berber): oats (Ibañez) azzai, pl. izzaien (Touareg, Ahaggar): the male date-palm; tazzait, pl. tizzaîn: the female datepalm; the date-palm, of either or any sex; tazzait is also the collective term (Foucauld); azzaî, pl. izzaîen (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): the male date-palm; tazzaît, pl. tizzaâen: the female date-palm (Masqueray); male date-palm also adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, ddoukkouar, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou 141 ăzzăyt (Tamasheq of Udalan), ǝzzăyt (Tamasheq of Mali): olive; ǝzzitunat (Mzab): olive, olivetree; all borrowed from Arabic az-zayt (Malášková et al.); see zzitun az-zebîb Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the vine, grape-vine (Battesti); tezzebibt, pl. tezzebibîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a vine, grape-vine (Foucauld); also adīl, asafth, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tazourit, tezourit, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz badenža (Ouargla): aubergine (Delheure); see bideljan badu, pl. ibuda (Berber, Figuig dialect): a furrow (Kossmann); also Chleuh aderf basaso (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): the tamarind tree, Tamarindis indica; there are a few surviving examples of this tree in Oudalan (Sudlow); bûsûsu (Hassaniya, Mali): the tamarindtree or fruits, Tamarindus indica; a southern tree whose fruits are known in the north (Heath) baṭaṭa, lbaṭaṭa (Ouargla): the potato (Delheure) bau, pl. ibawen (Rif Berber): the bean plant (Ibañez); ibau, ibui, pl. ibawen (Kabyle): the bean; beans (Newman); aw, pl. awen (Ouargla): beans; wawa, in Enf. (Delheure); see abau bechna (Hassaniya, Brâbîch and Kounta Regagda, Timbuctu region): millet, Andropogon sorghum [or Sorghum bicolor]; used not only of petit mil but also of all cereals, becoming thus a synonym of zra (Poussibet); bešna, beshna (Hassaniya, Mali): pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, the staple grain (Heath); becna, without pl. (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): white sorghum or millet (Huyghe); beshna (Zenāga): a species of millet (Nicolas); lbeshna (Kabyle, Irjen): white sorghum (Picard); lbešna (Ouargla): a grain of the white sorghum type (Delheure); cf. Maghrebi Arabic bashna, sorghum, millet ; see also abora, afez ou, idabideberen, inele, chammâma, sâba, tafsut, taghallît, zafsauz, zra bergu (Touareg, Niger): a rose-tree, rose-bush (DRB, I, 105) bešna, beshna (Hassaniya, Mali): millet, Pennisetum glaucum, the staple grain (Heath); beshna (Zenāga): a species of millet (Nicolas); lbeshna (Kabyle, Irjen): white sorghum (Picard); see bechna bideljan (Demant, Ntifa): aubergine; from Ar. bāḏinjān (Laoust7, p.420); badenža (Ouargla): aubergine (Delheure) ḇliṯu (Kabyle): blette; chard; cf. Latin blitum, from Greek bliton (Fournet) bu awīd (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the pear-tree (Destaing3); also i-fires/tifirest bẓalim (Augila), aẓelim (Tachelhit), ẓalim (Wargli), ẓalim (Mzab), aẓalim (Demnat, Ntifa): the onion (Laoust7, p.419); see aẓalim chāchīden (Berber, Ghadamès : the almond; )n the Sahara the almond-tree finds the conditions which suit it best; it does not grow in the oases to the north; one finds it at 142 Ghadamès, at Tessāoua, and in the gardens of Fezzân (Motylinski2); ašašid, pl. šašiden (Ghadamès): almond, almond-tree; täyššaṭ (Zenaga): the tree Balanites aegyptica, whose fruits t”gga are called dates of the desert; a Phoenician/Punic loanword, from Phoenician šqdm, almonds ; cf. cognates (ebrew šāqēd, almond , Akkadian šiqdu m , šuqdu, siqdu, NeoAssyrian duqdu, Ugaritic tqd, Jewish Aramaic šigdā, Syriac šegedtā, pl. šegdē, Mandaic šigda, Geez sǝgd, almond-tree, nut-tree (Malášková et al.); see also proto-Berber *ā-sāγīd, and lluz/tall”zt/thalouzeth chammâma (Hassaniya, Timbuctu region): a type of bechna, gros mil or sorghum (Poussibet); see also abora, inele, bechna, sâba, tafsut, taghallît, zra cheïr (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): barley (Pierret); oul-sha ir: barley, Hordeum vulgare (Khalifa); sha ir, sh ir Zenāga : barley (Nicolas); asharegh (Touareg, Niger): barley (Bernus); cf. Arabic sha īr, barley ; see sha ir dalia, pl. duali, daliat (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a plot of vines; a vineyard (Huyghe); eddalya (Kabyle, Irjen): the vine (Picard); adil (Kabyle, Irjen): a grape; also, a vine (Picard); adīl (Zenati, Ouargla): the vine (Basset2); adil (Chleuh, Mzab, and Ouargla): the vine (DRB, III. 463-464); ddilit, pl. dduali (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): the vine (Mercier); eddilith (Zenati Berber, Ouarsenis, N.W. Algeria; from Ar. dāliya): the vine (Basset3); eddaryez, pl. eddwari (Rif Berber): the vine, grape-vine (Ibañez); cf. Ar. dāliya, grapevine , lit. the one that hangs ; see also asafth, az-zebîb, tafsent, tağizut, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tazourit, tezourit, tezzebibt, thezairth, thizourin, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz dawa, dawa masar (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : maize (Battesti); ddawa (Ouargla): a variety of maize (Delheure); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît ddîlit (Demnat, Ntifa): the vine (Laoust7, p.422); eddilith (Ouarsenis): the vine (Basset3); cf. Ar. dāliya, grapevine ; see dalia ddoukkouar (Tashelhit, Sous): the male date-palm (Laoust4); also adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, azzai, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou ddra, ddra azurär (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): maize (Destaing3); eddra (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): maize, Indian corn (Mercier); eddara zameqrant (Rif Berber): maize, Indian corn; eddara zameçiant, eddara nuŷedid: aldora maize (Ibañez); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît dellaḫ, tadellaḫt (Demant, Ntifa): the watermelon (Laoust7, p.420); taḍella t, pl. tiḍella in (Ouargla): watermelon (Delheure) denb, coll., sing. dembaïè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a tree somewhat like the European plum, with a fruit resembling, outwardly at least, the reineclaude or greengage (Pierret) 143 eddalya (Kabyle, Irjen): the vine (Picard); cf. Ar. dāliya, grapevine ; see dalia eddaryez, pl. eddwari (Rif Berber): the vine, grape-vine (Ibañez); cf. Ar. dāliya, grapevine ; see dalia; also Rifian zeçayarz eddilith (Zenati Berber, Ouarsenis, N.W. Algeria; from Ar. dāliya): the vine (Basset3); ddilit, pl. dduali (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): the vine (Mercier); see dalia elfessa, coll. (Touareg, Ahaggar): lucerne (Foucauld); elfessa (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): lucerne (Mercier); lfesst (Tashelhit, Sous): lucerne (Laoust4); tilfezt (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): coll., lucerne (Biarnay); tilfeẓt, tileffeẓt (Ouargla): green fodder, principally lucerne, clover (Delheure); lefssa (Tamazight, Central Morocco): lucerne, cut ten to twelve times a year and fed green to the livestock, it constitutes the most valuable fodder crop of the ksars (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII); lfssa (Demnat, Ntifa): lucerne; cultivated in the Haouz of Marrakesh and Demnat, in the Dads, Todghra, Dra and Tafilalt, etc.; it is cut green for livestock but is not dried for winter fodder; the history of the introduction of this crop into Berber lands is yet to be clarified, but it is not a European introduction; tifist among the Zouaoua is the clover as is akfist in the Aurès where lucerne is called aġuguaḏ (Laoust7, p.270); erfasez (Rifian): alfalfa or lucerne, cultivated as a fodder crop (Ibañez); but note iffis (Kabyle): clover (Newman); from Arabic fiṣṣah/fiṣfiṣah, lucerne, alfalfa, fresh fodder , Maghrebi Arabic feṣfṣa in Morocco, Algeria and Libya; lucerne is the same plant as alfalfa, which name comes from Spanish alfafa, alfalfez, alfasafat, also from Arabic al-fiṣfiṣah; Ibn el Baitar writing in the 13th century at Malaga uses fiṣfiṣat, which he connects with Persian isfist (Laoust7, p.270); also Touareg adag, el-qadeb elkerneb, pl. elkerneben (Touareg, Ahaggar): hemp; a word seldom used (Foucauld); erqinneb (Rif Berber): hemp (Ibañez); alqennab, pl. alqennaben (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): hemp (Mercier); the first must be from Arabic qarnab, hemp (Corriente), the second from from Ar. al-qannab, hemp, flax, Cannabis indica , ult. from Lat. cannabis, Gk. kannabis; see also erhašiš, lkīf, thifesth el-khugh (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a peach-tree (Battesti); txuxet, pl. tixuxtin, coll. lxux (Kabyle): the peach-tree, a delicate fruit-tree found in the valleys and oases (EB, VI, A260); both related to Ar. khawkh, the peach, peach-tree ; khaukh, in Syria, the plum-tree (NISyria); but note esseŷerz nerjoj (Rifian): a peach-tree (Ibañez) el-mishmesh Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : an apricot-tree (Battesti); lmechmāch Berber, Ghadamès : the apricot; The apricot-tree often attains great size in the oases, especially at Ghadamès, but their fruits lose their quality as one goes progressively southwards (Motylinski2); tumishmîsht, pl. tumishmishêên (Siwan): the apricot-tree (Walker); temechmachet, pl. temechmachin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the apricot-tree (Motylinski3); thamechmachth, pl. thimechmachin (Kabyle): the apricot-tree (Olivier); tamcmact, pl. timcmacin, coll. lmecmac (Kabyle): the apricot-tree; widespread, especially in the Aurès and the valley of Cheliff (EB, VI, A260); esseŷerz entemešmašz (Rifian): the apricot-tree (Ibañez); lmeshmash (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the apricot- 144 tree (Destaing3); lmechmach (Tashelhit, Sous): the apricot, tree and fruit (Laoust4); all from Ar. mishmish, the general term for the apricot-tree and its fruit, Prunus armeniaca note also tberk ouk t, pl. tiberk ak (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): the apricot, apricot-tree (Biarnay) el-qadeb Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : lucerne, purple medick (Battesti); also adag, elfessa/tilfzet elqama (Touareg, Niger): wheat; the cereal cultivated in all the gardens of Aïr is a tender wheat whose growing cycle lasts about four months; sown in November in batches of 4-5 seeds in beds which are immediately irrigated, and then again every 4 or 5 days, it is harvested in February or March; wheat occupies around 2/3 of the cultivated area (Bernus); from Arabic al-qamḥ, wheat ; see gemh enale, pl. inaletan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Sudlow); anili (Tashelhit, Sous): sorghum (Laoust4); see ineli engafouli (Touareg, Tamahaq): maize (Motylinski); engafoulî (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): maize (Masqueray); eldj afouli (Tamadjek, Ghat): maize (Nehlil); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît ered, pl. erdan (Touareg, Niger): wheat (Ghubayd); êred, coll. (Touareg, Ahaggar): wheat (Foucauld); yrdinn (Siwan Berber): wheat (Stanley); see ird, irden erfasez (Rifian): alfalfa or lucerne, cultivated as a fodder crop (Ibañez); see elfessa erjodar or erjodarez (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zuççegçauz (Buqoia dialect): vegetables, green vegetables, greens, garden stuff (Ibañez); the first prob. from Ar. al-khaḍār, greens, herbs, potherbs ermars, pl. remrasi (Rif Berber): an underground granary; ermers, pl. ermerus: a place in a field where the grain is collected together (Ibañez); see also zaserafz ermenšar (Rif Berber): a drying-place, drying-floor, esp. for figs (Ibañez) erqinneb, also zifesz (Rif Berber): hemp; erhašiš: Indian hemp, cannabis (Ibañez); the first from Ar. al-qannab, hemp, flax, Cannabis indica ; see elkerneb erreman, erremman (Kabyle, Irjen): coll., the pomegranate, tree and fruit (Picard); errman (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the pomegranate-tree (Destaing3); arman, pl. irmanen (Rif dialects): the pomegranate-tree, Punica granatum (Biarnay2); armun, pl. irmunen (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), taremmant (Kabyle): a pomegranate, pomegranatetree (Huyghe); esseŷerz narremman (Rifian): the pomegranate-tree (Ibañez); from or related to Arabic al-rummān, the pomegranate, Punica granatum ; see armun ert Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : wheat (Battesti); see ird/ered 145 esseŷerz, pl. resŷor (Rifian Berber): a tree; esseŷerz entemešmašz: the apricot-tree; from Ar. mishmish, apricot ; esseŷerz enlluç: the almond-tree; esseŷerz nerbellud: the chestnuttree; erbellud: coll., chestnuts; esseŷerz enhabb remruk: the cherry-tree; esseŷerz nerbarqoq: the plum-tree; esseŷerz entiyni or nettemer: the date-palm; ziyni among the Guelaia, and ettemer among the Buqoia: a date, fruit of the date-palm; esseŷerz ubellud: the evergreen oak, holm oak, ilex; also adran; esseŷerz narremman: the pomegranate-tree; cf. Ar. rummān; esseŷerz nelaimun: the lemon-tree; esseŷerz usesnu: the madroño-tree, strawberry-tree; esseŷerz netteffaḥ: the apple-tree; esseŷerz nerjoj: the peach-tree; esseŷerz nellešin: the orange-tree; esseŷerz enteġiaixz: the walnut-tree; esseŷerz neççitun: the olive-tree; esseŷerz entini, also zini, pl. ziniwin: the palm-tree; esseŷerz nerfiras: the pear-tree (Ibañez); cf. Ar. shajara, tree, shrub, bush et-tuffāḥ Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : an apple-tree (Battesti); from class. Ar. tuffāḥ, the apple, or apples ; an Arabic word, not arabicised, said by Abu l-Khattab to be derived from tafḥa, a sweet odour ; also adfu, tadeffouit, tatteffaḥt, tffaḥ, thatsefah th; see tteffaḥ ezzoutin (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): olive-trees; olives (Boulifa); cf. Maghrebi Ar. zitouna, pl. zitoun, olive-tree , class. Ar. zayt”n, olive-tree, Olea sp. ; see main entry zzitun farkasuba (Touareg): barley (Newman); also aglas, asharegh, sha ir, t amzin/timzin garka (Touareg, Niger; from Hausa): basin cultivation in the low lands (Bernus) gemh (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): wheat (Pierret); gamħ (Hassaniya, Mali): wheat (Heath); lgmehe (Tagant, Mauritania): wheat, Triticum vulgare (Khalifa); gamħ (Hassaniya, Mali): wheat (Heath); )t may be noted that wheat was cultivated in 1506-07 in the Baffor or Adrar Mountains in Mauritania, north of Audaghast; this information is given by Valentim Fernandez, who adds that it was not consumed by the local people but was cultivated only to make bread and couscous for visitors , i.e. presumably North African merchants who came with their caravans from Morocco to the western Sudan (Lewiscki); from Arabic al-qamḥ, wheat ; see elqama; also ird/irden and variants, imendi, tasharza gnic (Berber, Awjila): the male date-palm (DRB, III.825); also adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, imersid, tagennit, wainiou ġobber, tġobbar (Demnat, Ntifa): to manure the ground; spread manure (Laoust7, p275); see loġbar gona (Touareg, Niger; from Hausa): rain-fed fields (Bernus) gūž (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the walnut-tree, which gives such a characteristic look to the valleys of the Atlas but which does not in fact grow spontaneously; it may be found from 1100m up to 2450m; the nut is called bu; the current name for the walnut-tree is not however g”ž but lgergä , and the nut is known as taqqain, as in place-name )ġzer n Taqqqain, Ravine of the Walnuts , in Gedmiwa; in (igh Atlas toponymy: Bug”ž, Nut and Walnut-tree , a village of the Gundafa, well-known for its nut-trees; Agadir n G”ž; Dug”ž, 146 Under the Walnut-tree , a village on the left bank of the Nfis in Gundafa (from Laoust3); asklu n dduj (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a walnuttree (Mercier); esseŷerz enteġiaixz (Rifian): the walnut-tree (Ibañez); see j”z/g”ž; also lgergä h ama, coll. (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): mud from the irrigation channels in the palm gardens (Biarnay) ḥamra, as in trāb ḥamra (Hassaniya): clay soil, red earth (Monteil); aḥamri (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): red land, red earth, red soil (Destaing3); aḥmar, fem. ḥamra (Hassaniya): red; also brown (Heath); from Ar. ḥamrā , red ḥarrāth (Moorish, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): a gardener, cultivator (Pierret); ḥarrāth (Hassaniya, Mauritania): a peasant, cultivator (Taine-Cheikh); from Arabic ḥarrāth, ploughman , from ḥaratha, to plough, cultivate, till ; see ḥarth under Cultivated and Irrigated Lands hasliugha, pl. haslighauin (Berber, Chenoua): the carob-tree (Biarnay2); thasrighua, also thasrghua, pl. this rghuiuin (Rif dialects): the carob-tree (Biarnay2); zaseriġwa, pl. ziseriġwawin (Rif Berber): the carob-tree (Ibañez); variants of tisliugha, which see ḫizzu / taḫizzut (Ntifa, Demnat; also Beni Iznacen, Rifians, etc.): the carrot; this is also the form most commonly used among the Arabic speakers in Morocco; the Berbers do not care for the carrot, many do not cultivate it (Laoust7, p.420) hourthouth, pl. hourthathen (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): the fig-tree; ourthou, pl. ourthan: a little field of fig-trees (Laoust1); orzu, pl. orzan (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect): the fig-tree; a place where figs have been planted; a fig plantation (Ibañez); cf. urti/urtu under Cultivated Places; also agrur, rghars, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit, taneqlet, tazart, temdit, thagelīt iarden (Siwan): coll., wheat (Basset4); see main entry ird/irden ibaouene (Chleuh, Sous): beans, grown under irrigation (Louzimimene); see abau ichenti (Tashelhit, Sous): rye (Laoust4); zašentixz (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zišentiz (Buqoia dialect): rye, the plant (Ibañez) idabideberen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : millet (Battesti); see also abora, afez ou, inele, bechna, chammâma, sâba, tafsut, taghallît, zafsauz, zra iffis (Kabyle): clover (Newman); cf. elfessa, lucerne, alfalfa ifires, afires (Northern Berber, from Latin pirus, pear-tree : a pear; acc. to El-Bekri fares, fires was the name of the quince? at Tahert in the 11th C. (Chaker, p. 143); lfiras (Tashelhit, Sous): the pear, tree and fruit (Laoust4); tifirest, pl. tifiras, coll. ifires (Kabyle): the pear-tree; hardly known among the mountain Berbers, nor in the large agricultural developments of the coast (EB, VI, A260); ifires (Kabyle): pears, coll.; cf. Latin pirum; the sound change p > f is 147 strange and suggests a very ancient loanword, which has undergone one of the changes evidenced in Afrasian cognates, or it may not be a Latin loanword (Fournet); thifiresth (Rif dialects), tifirest (Ntifa): the pear-tree; thifires, pl. thifiras (Kabyle): the pear-tree (Olivier); esseŷerz nerfiras (Rifian): the pear-tree (Ibañez); čfiras (Rif): the quince-tree; from Latin pirus (Biarnay2); [although Berber ifires is usually thought to derive from Latin pirus, it could equally be the other way round, esp. as the Latin etymological dictionaries conclude that the word pirus is of unknown origin; see Fournet s comment above]; also bu awīd igel (Demnat, Ntifa): stubble; stalk of cereal; hay; long straw (Laoust7, p.354) igmir, pl. igmiren (Kabyle, Irgen): a field planted with olive-trees (Picard) ikĩd, pl. ikadiun (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the carob-tree (Laoust5); ikidou (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): the carob-tree (Justinard); ikidou, ikida, also tikidit, tikida (Tashelhit, Sous): the carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua (Laoust4); tikīda (Chleuh), tisliugha (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua (Destaing3); takīdut (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the carob-tree; in toponymy: Waukida, Place Abounding in Carob-Trees , a village of the Mesfiwa (Laoust3); also akherrub/ takherrubt, tisliugha, tišitt ikiker (Tachelhit): chickpea; from Latin cicer, chickpea (Fournet); also lḥamze ildi (Zenati, Mzab): maize (Basset2); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît illan (Zenāga, Mauritania): sorghum (Basset); illan (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): millet (Boulifa); īllan, īllen Zenāga : millet and sorghum in general (Nicolas); ilni (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): millet (Motylinski3); illan: in the Tafilalt, a black sorghum used to make porridge; illen in Zenāga; ilni (Zouaoua): a black sorghum used to make couscous and bread; ineli, pl. ineliten (Ahaggar, Taïtoq): a variety of sorghum with small seeds the size of millet; the large species with big grains the size of maize kernels is called abora among the Taïtoq of Ahaggar and tafsut at Tidikelt; inelli at Ghat; inneli at Ouargla: a cereal crop cultivated along the irrigation ditches whose grains are prepared and eaten in the same way as sorghum; there is no doubt that ineli and its variants are analogous to Latin milium, millet (Laoust7, p.268); see ineli imassen (Central Morocco, Zemmour, Aït Ndhir, Aït Mgild, Izayan, Aït Yousi, Aït Seghrouchen, etc.): the ard plough; also only in the Aurès in Algeria (Laoust7, p.277); also asġar, awalu imendi (Zenati, Ouargla), irden (Mzab): wheat (Basset2); imendi (Zenati, Ouargla), irden (Mzab): wheat (Basset2); emendi (Kabyle): wheat (Newman); imendi (Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis, A chacha and (araoua, N.W. Algeria : cereals (Basset3); imendi (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): cereals (Bellil); imendi, pl. imenditen (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): cereals, cereal crops; vegetation (Mercier); imendi (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): cereal crops; barley (Boulifa); imendi (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): coll., cereals (Laoust5); imendi (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): cereal crops (Destaing3); imendi (Tashelhit, Sous): grains, cereals; also lahouboub (Laoust4); im ndi (Rif dialects): coll. sing., barley, cereals (Biarnay2); [imendi is a generic term for 148 cereals or grains, in particular wheat and barley]; for wheat, see also elqama/gemh, ird/irden/iarden/ered/ert, tasharza imersid (Tashelhit, Sous): the wild caprifig-tree; also the male date-palm (Laoust4); amersid (Demnat, Ntifa): caprifig (Laoust7, p.422); a wild variety of the common fig, Ficus carica var. sylvestris, used to facilitate pollination of certain edible figs; male date-palm also adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, gnic, tagennit, wainiou ineli (Touareg, Tamahaq): millet (Motylinski); eneli (Touareg): guinea corn, millet (Newman); ineli, pl. idabideberen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : millet (Battesti); ineli, pl. ineliten (Touareg, Taïtoq): medium type of bechna, as opposed to abora (Masqueray); enale, pl. inaletan (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Sudlow); inelli (Tamadjek, Ghat): millet, sorghum (Nehlil); aleli (Berber, Ghadamès), eneli Tamahek : millet; called by the Arabs elgueçob el abiodh; at Djebel Nefousa one finds ilni for millet (Motylinski2); ilni (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): millet (Motylinski3); illan (Zenāga, Mauritania): sorghum (Basset); īllan, īllen (Zenāga : millet and sorghum in general (Nicolas); illan (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): millet (Boulifa); anili (Tashelhit, Sous): sorghum (Laoust4); anili (Tashelhit, Sous): sorghum (Laoust4); see also illan, abora, afez ou, idabideberen, bechna, chammâma, sâba, tafsut, taghallît, zafsauz, zra ird, irden (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): wheat (Justinard); iredene (Chleuh, Souss): wheat, especially hard wheat, which is fairly resistant to dry conditions (Louzimimene); irden (Tashelhit, Souss): wheat (Laoust4); ird, pl. irden (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): wheat (Mercier); irden (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): coll., wheat (Laoust5); irden (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): wheat (Boulifa); irden (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): wheat (Destaing3); irden, always sing. (Berber, Figuig dialect): corn, wheat (Kossmann); ird en Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis, A chacha and (araoua, N.W. Algeria), iard en (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): wheat (Basset3); irden (Kabyle, Irjen): wheat (Picard); irdhen (Kabyle, Zouaoua): wheat (Basset5); irden (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): wheat (Motylinski3); irden (Zenati, Mzab), imendi (Ouargla): wheat (Basset2); ired (Touareg, Tamahaq): corn, wheat (Motylinski); irden, iarden (Ghadamès): wheat (Motylinski2); ered, pl. erdan (Touareg, Niger): wheat (Ghubayd); êred, coll. (Touareg, Ahaggar): wheat (Foucauld); ired (Tamadjek, Ghat): wheat (Nehlil); ert (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : wheat (Battesti);iarden (Siwan): coll., wheat (Basset4); irdh n, iar dh n (Rif dialects): wheat (Biarnay2); irden (Rif Berber): wheat, plant and grain (Ibañez); irden, wheat , seems to be the origin of the ancient name of Lambiridi, near Batna, which signifies, acc. to G. Mercier, place of wheat ; also )chéridène, perhaps, (ill of Wheat (Banus); yrdinn (Siwan Berber): wheat (Stanley); the cultivation of wheat among the Berbers takes second or third place, according to the region, after barley, maize and sorghum; they cultivate only hard wheat; the name irden is generic, with a vast range, from Siwa to the Canaries; there is no evidence that allows us to determine the etymology; the foreign name which is closest is Latin hordeum but this refers to barley [not wheat] (Laoust7, p.266); also elqama/gemh, imendi, tasharza isisnu (Kabyle): the arbutus-tree (Newman); asas (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the arbutus-tree (Laoust5); variants of sasnu, which see 149 izmaz (Demnat, Ntifa): a ban on entering the gardens sown with barley when it is still green and has not yet reached maturity (Laoust7, p.417) jij, pl. jajen (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a palm-tree belonging to a mosque as habous or waqf property, in the midst of private gardens (Biarnay) jūz/žūz (Hassaniya, Mauritania): coll., regional, the walnut-tree (Taine-Cheikh); gūž (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the walnut-tree, which gives such a characteristic look to the valleys of the Atlas but which does not in fact grow spontaneously; it may be found from 1100m up to 2450m; the nut is called bu; the current name for the walnut-tree is not however g”ž but lgergä , and the nut is known as taqqain, as in place-name )ġzer n Taqqqain, Ravine of the Walnuts , in Gedmiwa; in (igh Atlas toponymy: Bug”ž, Nut and Walnut-tree , a village of the Gundafa, well-known for its nut-trees; Agadir n G”ž; Dug”ž, Under the Walnuttree , a village on the left bank of the Nfis in Gundafa (from Laoust3); asklu n dduj (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a walnut-tree (Mercier); esseŷerz enteġiaixz (Rifian): the walnut-tree (Ibañez); cf. Arabic jauz, walnut ; also lgirgâ variant tağuzet, pl. tiğuztin, coll. lğuz (Kabyle): the walnut-tree; ab urumi: the chestnuttree; these grow up to an altitude of about 900 metres, especially in the orchards and gardens of schools, institutions and experimental stations; in Kabylie the walnut is rejected because it is believed that the death of the tree will lead to that of the owner and the chestnut has rarely been planted because it does not begin to produce nuts for many years (EB, VI, A260); thajoujets, pl. thijoujethin (Kabyle): the walnut-tree (Olivier); also lgirgâ kars Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : a lemon-tree, citron-tree (Battesti); taqarest, pl. tiqarestin, coll. lgares (Kabyle) the lemon-tree, or citron-tree; they thrive in the plains and damp valleys (EB, VI, A260); also lim/limoun, llhāmed, zimbouah k at ania (Berber, Ghadamès): maize (Motylinski2); from Arabic, in Tunisia, quṭānīya, qiṭānīya, )ndian corn, maize ; also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît kerz, kerrez (Demnat, Ntifa): to plough, cultivate (Laoust7, p.274); amekraz (Tashelhit, Sous): a cultivator (Laoust4); ikerrez (Kabyle): to plough; cf. Latin carrus of Gaulish origin; a widespread Berber word, often represented with a palatalization as √šrz; an obvious loanword (Fournet); from which tairza/takerza, to plough , and akerraz/askerz/tagursa, ploughshare , which see koukech (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): paddy rice (Pierret); see also maro kršed, tkšrad (Demnat, Ntifa): to clear ground; to make cultivable land that is fallow (Laoust7, p.274) ktir Zenāga, Senegal : the oil-palm (Faidherbe) 150 lahouboub (Tashelhit, Sous): grains, cereals (Laoust4); from Ar. al-ḥub”b, seeds; grain, cereals ; also imendi lārsa, pl. lārasi (Kabyle): the Barbary-fig cactus (Olivier); thazarth iroumien (Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, (araoua, N.W. Algeria : the Barbary fig (Basset3); note that Arabic al- arsa is in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, a garden, orchard ; see also akermus, aknari, thar”mith, z abul lbbu (Zenati Berber, Gourara): date-palms outside the palm gardens that are not irrigated; bour in Arabic (Bellil) lberquq, coll. (Berber, Figuig dialect): plums (Kossmann); lberqūq, also ssferzel (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the plum-tree (Destaing3); lberqiqch (Tashelhit, Sous): the plum, tree and fruit (Laoust4); from Ar. barq”q, plum, plum-tree ; see aberquq Note also, from the same Arabic word, tberk ouk t, pl. tiberk ak (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): the apricot, apricot-tree (Biarnay); see el-mishmesh leḇṣel (Kabyle): the onion; from Arabic baṣala (Fournet); also aẓalim lebtiḫ (Zemmour), abetsiḫ (Zouaoua), abettiḫ (Ghat), afṭiḫ (Iguerrouan, Aït Seghrouchen), afeṭṭiḫ (Aït Ndhir): the melon; from Ar. biṭṭīkh, baṭṭīkh, melon, watermelon (Laoust7, p.419); also agan, lmenun lefjel (Demnat, Ntifa): the long radish (Laoust7, p.420) leḫiar (Demnat, Ntifa): cucumber; from Ar. al-khiyār, cucumber (Laoust7, p.420) lemluk (Kabyle, Irjen): the cherry-tree (Picard); hebb-le mluk (Kabyle, from Arabic, meaning angel seeds : the cherry-tree, also called lizriz or disriz, a loan-word from French; the cherry abounds in the Kabylie of Jurjura, and in the regions of Miliana, Médéa and Tlemcem; the wild cherry is called andrim or ardlim, and produces small, non-commercial fruits (EB, VI, A260); also ardrim letchin (Tashelhit, Sous): the orange, tree and fruit (Laoust4); see achchina lfesst (Tashelhit, Sous): lucerne (Laoust4); lefssa (Tamazight, Central Morocco): lucerne, cut ten to twelve times a year and fed green to the livestock, it constitutes the most valuable fodder crop of the ksars (Laoust6, Hespèris XVIII); see elfessa, also adag, el-qadeb lfiras (Tashelhit, Sous): the pear, tree and fruit (Laoust4); variant of ifires, which see lġellt (Demant, Ntifa): the fruit harvest (Laoust7, p.420) lgirgâ (Tashelhit, Sous): the walnut, tree and fruit (Laoust4); lgergä (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the walnut-tree (Destaing3); lgergä (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the walnut-tree; the nut is called taqqain (Laoust3); lgerga , talgerga t (Demnat, Ntifa): the walnut-tree, walnut (Laoust7, p.423); also g”ž 151 lḥamze (Chleuh, Sous): chickpeas (Louzimimene); lḥaimez (Demnat, Ntifa); pronounced lḥimez (Aït Ndhir, Beni Menacer) lḥimes and lḥims (Tazerwalt), elḥimmis (Ghat), lḥemmez (Zouaoua), lḥaimz (Zemmour), lḥamäz (Oued Noun) lḥummez (Metmata), lḥumbes (Beni Rached); a berberized form, taḥmiṣt, is used among the Beni Snous (Laoust7, p.270); from Arabic ḥimmiṣ, ḥimmaṣ, chick-pea ; also ikiker lim (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): the citron (Huyghe); limoun (Tashelhit, Sous): the lemon, tree and fruit (Laoust4); llīmūn (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the orange, orange-tree (Destaing3); limun, tallimunt (Demant, Ntifa): the citron (Laoust7, p.423); asklu n llimun (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a lemon-tree or citron-tree (Mercier); thalimets, pl. thilimthin (Kabyle): the lemon-tree or citron-tree (Olivier); esseŷerz nelaimun (Rifian): the lemon-tree (Ibañez); cf. Ar. laym”n, līm”n, lemon ; also kars, llhāmed, zimbouah lkhodert (Tashelhit, Sous): vegetables (Laoust4) ; from Arabic al-khaḍār, al-khuḍāra, greens, herbs, potherbs lkhzin, pl. id elkhzin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a granary, storehouse (Mercier); from Arabic al-khazā in, pl. of khizāna, treasure-house, safe, vault, locker, etc. lkīf Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco : hemp, cannabis, kīf (Destaing3); also alqennab, elkerneb, erhašiš, thifesth lleft (Berabers, Zemmour, Aït Ndhir, Izayan, Ichqern): turnip; Berberized tanèfin among the Aït Atta, tinaffin with the Ida Gounidif, and thifellafth with the Zouaoua; all from Arabic lift, turnip (Laoust7, p. 419); lleft (Ouargla): the turnip (Delheure); also tagellät, tirekmin llhāmed (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the lemon-tree (Destaing3); also kars, lim/limoun llubya (Ouargla): haricots beans (Delheure); from Arabic al-l”biyā, bean lluz (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the almond-tree (Destaing3); llouz (Tashelhit, Sous): the almond, tree and fruit (Laoust4); esseŷerz enlluç (Rifian): the almond-tree (Ibañez); from or related to Ar. lauz, the almond, almonds collectively; the almond-tree variant tallūzt, pl. tallūzin (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco; berberized form of Arabic l”z): the almond-tree (Laoust3); talluzt (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the almond-tree (Laoust5); taluzet, pl. tiluztin, coll. lluz (Kabyle): the almond-tree; very well known in Morocco, less so in Algeria; some tentative plantations are found in Kabyle (EB, VI, A260); thalouzeth, pl. thilouzin (Kabyle): the almond-tree; el louz: an almond (Olivier); also chāchīden lm adnus (Demnat, Ntifa): parsley; from Arabic almaqd”nis, albaqd”nis (Laoust7, p.420) 152 lmathmora (Kabyle): a silo (Olivier); from Arabic matmar or matm”ra, subterranean storehouse for grain, underground granary, mattamore (Wehr); also thaserafth lmechmāch (Berber, Ghadamès : the apricot; The apricot-tree often attains great size in the oases, especially at Ghadamès, but their fruits lose their quality as one goes progressively southwards (Motylinski2); lmeshmash (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the apricot-tree (Destaing3); lmechmach (Tashelhit, Sous): the apricot, tree and fruit (Laoust4); tumishmîsht, pl. tumishmishêên (Siwan): the apricot-tree (Walker); from Arabic mishmish lmenun (Demnat, Ntifa): mature, yellow melon; agan: the green melon (Laoust7, p.419); also lebtiḫ ltšin, taltšint (Demant, Ntifa): the orange-tree (Laoust7, p.423); also achchina, lechin, ltšin, taltšint, thatchinats, tallimunt; see achchina loġbar (Demnat, Ntifa): manure; leġbar, dung with the Aït Ndhir, lġebar with the Zemmour; luġbar (Zouaoua): manure, fertilizer, compost; ġubber, to manure, spread fertilizer ; aġbar in the Aurès; the corresponding Berber term is amazir, to manure , in the Tagountaft, Tafilalt, Ida Ou Qaïs, )da Ou Zikki, Aït Baamran, and, the site of a camp or tent with the )guerrouan, camping place and manure heap , among the Aït Ndhir; the Berber prevents the exhaustion of his soil by manuring; he spreads, from September, well-decomposed manure, a kind of compost, on his gardens, not on his fields, unless they are in the immediate neighhbourhood of the house (Laoust7, p.272); see ġobber, also abdduz loksûb, pl. loksubàn (Siwan): sugar-cane (Walker) lqezt el, also abelloudh ouroumi (Kabyle): the chestnut-tree (Olivier); see abelloudh makari (Zenāga, Senegal): maize (Faidherbe); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît maro (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): rice; in the region of Timbuctoo, rouz (Pierret); see also koukech mekkè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): maize (Pierret); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, musrhâma, tabidit, timzizwît mendi (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): coll., cereals (Motylinski3) meštehi (Rif Berber): the medlar-tree (Ibañez); also azârur/taza rurt, azeghklo mizzid, pl. mizzid (Teggargrent, Berber, Ouargla): the date-palm (Biarnay); also agjjif, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht/tafrort, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut 153 musrhâma (Hassaniya, Mali; from Songhay masar-hâma, Egyptian sorghum : corn, cultivated maize, Zea mays; an older term is mekkè (Heath); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, tabidit, timzizwît nakhla (Zenāga, Mauritania, from Ar): the date-palm (Basset); annkhal, coll. nakhla (Zenāga : the date-palm; the coconut-palm (Nicolas); nkhal, coll., sing. nakhlè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): the date-palm (Pierret); variant of Ar. nakhl, nakhīl, date palm ; also Zenāga n tini n tini (Zenāga, Senegal): the date-palm (Faidherbe); see tayni; also Zenāga nakhla ourthou, pl. ourthan (Berber, dialect of Chenoua): a little field of fig-trees; hourthouth, pl. hourthathen: the fig-tree (Laoust1); ourthou also a garden; see urti under Cultivated Areas qofs, qoffes (Demnat, Ntifa): to sow seed; special to the southern dialects; qofs at Goundafa; qufs, tqfas among the Ida Ou Qaïs; qfes, toqfas with the Achtouken; suqfus with the Indouzal; synonyms ger, to throw, scatter , èzza in Djebel Nefousa, senġel in Ahaggar, from which assanġel, seeds ; the Arab form ezrā or zra is generally prevalent in the dialects of the north and centre [of Morocco] (Laoust7, p.275) rghars, pl. rghrus (Rif dialects): the fig-tree; in pl. also fruit trees in general (Biarnay2); tameghrust (Kabyle, Irjen): a fig-tree; lghers, pl. leghrus a plantation of fig-trees (Picard); cf. Maghrebi Arabic ghars, garden, plantation, grove ; see also agrur, hurthuth, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit, taneqlet, tazart, temdit, thagelīt rroman (Tashelhit, Sous): the pomegranate, tree and fruit (Laoust4); rroman, taṛṛomant (Demnat, Ntifa): the pomegranate-tree (Laoust7, p.423); variant of arman/erreman, which see sâba (Hassaniya, Mali; from Songhay): sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (Heath); saba (Touareg): maize; sibi: black maize (Newman); see also abora, inele, bechna, chammâma, tafsut, taghallît, zra sasnu, pl. isusna (Rif dialects), sasnu, pl. isasniuin (Chenoua): the arbutus-tree; in the Arabic dialect of Tangier, sīsnū: the arbutus (Biarnay2); sasnou Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima and Haraoua, N.W. Algeria): the arbutus (Basset3); isisnu (Kabyle): the arbutus-tree (Newman); asas (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the arbutus-tree (Laoust5) sder (Mauritania): the jujube-tree, Zizyphus lotus, with edible fruits (Hamidoun); sder, coll., sing. sedrè (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): the Zizyphus lotus or jujube-tree, producing a fruit a little like a medlar (Pierret); âsder (Hassaniya, Mali): the sder or jujube-tree, Ziziphus mauritiana, whose dry fruits nbeg are sold in the markets; Ziziphus lotus is a smaller shrub of the Sahara (Heath); cf. Ar. sidr sferjel (Tashelhit, Sous): the quince, tree and fruit (Laoust4); tasferjelt, coll. sferjel (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): the quince (Mercier); sferjel 154 (Demnat, Ntifa): the quince-tree (Laoust7, p.423); cf. Arabic safarjal, quince ; also taktunya, perhaps ifires/čfiras sha ir, sh ir Zenāga : barley (Nicolas); sha ir, sh ir Zenāga : barley (Nicolas); cheïr (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): barley (Pierret); oul-sha ir: barley, Hordeum vulgare (Khalifa); asharegh (Touareg, Niger): barley (Bernus); cf. Arabic sha īr, barley ; see also aglas, farkasuba, t amzin/timzin skka (Mzab): to plough, till; skket: a plough; sekka, taskkit (Ntifa): ploughshare; these forms may or may not be Arabic loans, from Ar. sikkat-, ploughshare , likely borrowed from Aramaic sikkat- peg, nail, ploughshare , stemming from Semitic *sikk-at, from Afroasiatic *cikk-at (Starostin); Blench prefers a correspondence with Gaulish sokk-, ploughshare , )rish socc and Welsh swch; i.e. a Celtic connection (Blench, 2012); taskkit (Tafilalt) ploughshare; a berberized form of sekka, cf. Gaulish soccum and French soc; iles n-skket (Aït Berrian, Mzab): ploughshare (Laoust7, p.282); see the more widespread tagursa ssferzel, also lberqūq (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the plum-tree (Destaing3); for plum see aberquq; but note Tashelhit sferjel, the quince, tree and fruit ssîkī, ssikay (Demnat, Ntifa): to leave land fallow (Laoust7, p.275) tabbunt (Berber, Central Algeria): the fig-tree (DRB, I.73); also agrur, hurthuth, rghars, tadekkwart, tametchit, taneqlet, tazart, temdit, thagelīt tabdok, sing. and coll., pl. tibdourîn (Touareg, Ahaggar; from Soudan): the cotton plant; fruit of the cotton plant; cotton (Foucauld); tabdoq (Touareg, Niger): the cotton plant; cotton; cotton cloth; tabduq (Ghat): the cotton plant (DRB, I, 21); tabdughk (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the cotton plant (Battesti); abedouga (Touareg, Taïtoq): the cotton plant (Masqueray); tafedoukht (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the cotton plant (Motylinski3) taberquqet, pl. tiberquqetin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): coll., apricots; the apricot-tree (Huyghe); taberquqt, pl. tiberquqin, coll. lberquq (Kabyle): the plum-tree, which has a somewhat restricted area of cultivation; the fruits are consumed fresh or sold in the market; the wild plum-tree is called lbarquq n taghat, goat plum , or lbarquq bbuccen, plum of the jackal (EB, VI, A260); tiberkak (Ouargla): the apricot-tree (Delheure); taberqaqašt (Demnat, Ntifa): the plum-tree (Laoust7, p.423); derived from or related to Ar. barq”q, itself app. from Lat. praecox, meaning both plum and apricot in Arabic according to region and period; for apricot see el-mishmesh; for plum see aberquq tabidit (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): maize; it is the Arabic word abīdīt used in the same sense in Tunisia (Motylinski3); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, timzizwît tabinawt (Berber, Ghadamès): the date-palm; abina: a date (DRB, I. 80); taf inaout, pl. tif inaouin (Berber, Ghadamès): the date-palm (Motylinski2); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tafrukht/tafrort, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut 155 taĉinats, pl. tiĉintin, coll. ĉina (Kabyle): the orange-tree; tamandarit, pl. timandariyin, coll. lmandari: the mandarin; taqarest, pl. tiqarestin, coll. lgares: the lemon-tree, or citron-tree; these fruits thrive in the plains and damp valleys (EB, VI, A260); for orange, see achchina, for lemon, see kars, for citron see lim, zimbouah tadeffouit, pl. tideffouin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the apple-tree (Motylinski3); cf. class. Ar. tuffāḥ, the apple, or apples ; an Arabic word, not arabicised, said by Abu l-Khattab to be derived from tafḥa, a sweet odour ; also adfu, et-tuffaḥ, tatteffaḥt, tffaḥ, thatsefah th; see tteffaḥ tadekkwart (Kabyle, Irjen): the male fig-tree (Picard); see also agrur, hurthuth, rghars, tabbunt, tametchit, taneqlet, tazart, temdit, thagelīt tadla (Berber, Tamazight): a sheaf, of cereals; e.g. Tadla, an important town in the Middle Atlas of Morocco and the economic center of this region (Weghlis); tadla, tadliwin (Demnat, Ntifa): a sheaf of cereals (Laoust7, p.357); see amadag tadlaxt, tidlaɣin (Ouargla): the cowpea, dolique or haricot (Delheure) tafedoukht (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the cotton plant (Motylinski3); see tabdok tafellaḥt (Berber, Central Morocco): cultivation; cultivated land (Laoust2); tafellaḥt (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): agriculture, cultivation (Mercier); cf. Ar. filāḥa, cultivation, tillage; farming, husbandry tafesnaxt, pl. tifesnaɣ (Ouargla): the carrot (Delheure) tafgurt (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): a kind of temporary prohibition placed on fields and gardens during the ripening season, when, for a period that varies according to the crop (barley, beans, figs, olives, argan, etc.), no-one is allowed to pasture their flocks or gather the produce in these places; the individual charged with enforcing this custom is called anefg”r (Laoust3); tafgourt (Tashelhit, Sous): a prohibition on entering the gardens or picking fruit therein during the time of their ripening and maturity; a fine is imposed by the jemāa on those who contravene the prohibition (Laoust4); tafgurt (Illaln Chleuhs of the AntiAtlas): this designates the ban on entering the gardens and fields during certain hours and at certain times of the year, particularly when the cereals and fruits came to maturity. As long as the gardens are under tafgurt, the owner cannot make use of his produce; he is forbidden from harvesting any fruit, even from gathering those that have fallen. This ban is of variable length, from one to three weeks. It is imposed on all the principal fruit-trees – the fig, olive, date and even the Barbary fig. The Achtouken, among others, have a tafgert u-tkanarit, a jema aor council that announces the ban and lifts it; these decisions are sometimes announced to the people by criers in the markets. The jema a also appoints guardians to enforce its decisions; they are called amfgur among the Ida Gounidif, amzuar, pl. imzuaren or amḍif, pl. amḍaf among the Tlit, ammazzäl wwaman with the Ida Oukensous, and imzurfa with the Ntifa. They confiscate any livestock grazing freely in the gardens, and denounce at the jema a any individuals who have violated the ban; the delinquents are punished with a 156 fine. Similar practises are observed in all Berber-speaking regions (Laoust7, p.416); see also agwdal taf inaout, pl. tif inaouin (Berber, Ghadamès): the date-palm (Motylinski2); variant of tabinawt, which see tafrort, pl. tifarhine (Berber, Zagora, Morocco, from Ar): the date palm (Battesti); variant of tafrukht, which see tafrukht, pl. tiferkhin, coll. afrukh, also tazdayt, pl. tizdayyn (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): the date-palm (Mercier); tafrukht is properly a young girl , the fem. of afrukh, boy , but applied in Tashelhit to the female date-palm (Laoust3); tafroukht, and afroukh n-tiini (Tashelhit, Sous): the female date-palm (Laoust4); tafrort, pl. tifarhine (Berber, Zagora, Morocco): the date palm (Battesti); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut tafsent (Djebel Nefousa): the vine (DRB, III.662); asafth Zenati Berber, A chacha, N.W. Algeria , eddilith (Ouarsenis): the vine (Basset3); also adīl, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zeçayarz, zárrjôôn tafsut, also tifsa (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): sorghum (Mercier); tafsut (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): millet (Laoust5); tafsut, afsu, absu (Berber, Central Morocco): sorghum; wild millet; tafsut (Chleuh): a type of wild millet; white sorghum used in the making of bread and couscous; tafsut (Beni Iznacen): bechna; tafsukt: millet; tafsawkt: sorghum, millet; tafsawt (Rif dialects): millet; tafsuyt, tifeswin (Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt): sorghum (DRB, III.657); afez ou (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): millet (Masqueray); zafsauz (Rif Berber): millet (Ibañez); The sorghums are a group of large annual grasses, with numerous varieties; they are a spring-summer crop, tolerant of dryness and soils of mediocre quality. They are an integral part of indigenous Berber agriculture, mainly grown in poor rainfall years when the grain harvest is compromised. Sown in spring, sorghum matures in August after a prolonged period of flowering; it is threshed using animals as with other cereals. Sorghum is a grain much appreciated by the Kabyles, the Drawa, a number of the Morocan Chleuhs, and above all by the Touaregs, who prefer it to wheat or barley; there are many varieties but there is some confusion in the names applied to them (Laoust7, p.268); see also abora, afez ou, idabideberen, illan, inele, bechna, chammâma, sâba, taghallît, zafsauz, zra tagellät, pl. tigellatin (Demnat, Ntifa): turnip; the Chleuhs are great eaters of turnips, including the leaves (Laoust7, p.419); also tirekmin, lleft/tanèfin tagennit (Tashelhit, Sous): the male date-palm (Laoust4); also adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, gnic, imersid, wainiou taghallît, taqallît (Hassaniya): the large white millet or sorghum, Andropogon sorghum (TaineCheikh); see also abora, afez ou, idabideberen, inele, bechna, chammâma, sâba, tafsut, zra, zafsauz 157 taghazana (Touareg, Ahaggar): a grain store or granary constructed of stones (Bernus); taghzant, pl. tighzanin, also tagellayt, pl. tigellayyn, also elkhzin, pl. idelkhzin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a granary, storehouse (Mercier); cf. Ar. khazna, khizāna, treasury, vault, storehouse tağizut (Berber, Ghadamès): the vine (DRB, III.927); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tafsent, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz tagursa (common Berber): iron ploughshare; under diverse forms such as akerraz, askerz, dagursa, tegirsa, tajersa, tawursa, taursa, the word is common to most dialects; from kerz (Laoust7, p.281-2); also sekka tağuzet, pl. tiğuztin, coll. lğuz (Kabyle): the walnut-tree; ab urumi: the chestnut-tree; these grow up to an altitude of about 900 metres, especially in the orchards and gardens of schools, institutions and experimental stations; in Kabylie the walnut is rejected because it is believed that the death of the tree will lead to that of the owner and the chestnut has rarely been planted because it does not begin to produce nuts for many years (EB, VI, A260); for walnut, see j”z/g”ž; for chestnut see abelloudh ouroumi tahart, pl. taharin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a fig-tree (Motylinski); tahart, pl. taharen (Touareg, Niger): fig-tree (Ghubayd); tâhart, pl. tâhârîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a fig-tree (Foucauld); variant of tazart, which see tahhatûsht, pl. tahhatushèn (Siwan): the palm-tree (Walker) taḫsait, aḫsai (Demant, Ntifa): pumpkin, marrow, squash; of which there are numerous varieties (Laoust7, p.419) tainiout (Tashelhit, Sous): the female date-palm (Laoust4); cf. tayni; also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut tairza (Tashelhit, Sous): tillage, cultivation (Laoust4); tayirza (Chleuh, Souss): cultivation, farming; tayirza is normally carried out during the month of October after the rains, and consists of turning the earth with a plough, aggulu or awllu, which is drawn by an animal, tayouga, literally, a pair , usually a donkey but sometimes an ox and rarely a camel, to make iderfane, plural of aderfe, furrows in the soil, in preparation to sowing the seeds carefully by hand, an operation which is only performed by the older more experienced men (Louzimimene); variant of takerza, see related tagursa tajnat, pl. tijunan (Kabyle): the vine, grape-vine; grown as a table grape or for drying as raisins, usually on a trellis at the entrance to a house or or in a courtyard or garden attached to a house, or clambering up a tree such as the ash or nettle-tree (EB, VI, A260); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tağizut, talakat, tażaouat, tezourit, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz 158 takarart, pl. tikararin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a palm-leaf; a palm-tree, date-palm (Motylinski); for date-palm, see also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut takatin (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): olive-trees; olives (Boulifa); also zzitun and variants, tehâtimt, taleqqamt, tazemmourt takdait, pl. tikdaitin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a small palm grove (Biarnay) takherrubt, also akherrub, pl. ikherban (Kabyle, Irgen): the carob-tree (Picard); thakheroubth, also akheroub (Kabyle): the carob-tree (Olivier); variant of akherrub which see takīdut (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the carob-tree; in toponymy: Waukida, Place Abounding in Carob-Trees , a village of the Mesfiwa (Laoust3); variant of ikīd/tikīda, which see taktunya (Kabyle): the quince-tree; considered to be wild, found here and there (EB, VI, A260); thakthounia, pl. thikthouniouin (Kabyle): the quince-tree (Olivier); cf. Latin cotonea > Greek cydonia; phonetics suggest that the Latin is an indirect loanword through Etruscan; this plant is of Near-Eastern origin (Fournet); also sferjel/tasferjelt, perhaps ifires/čfiras, talakat, pl. tchilakatchin (Tamadjek, Ghat): a grape-vine (Nehlil); talakat, pl. tilekâtîn (dialect of sedentary Berbers of Ghât and Djânet): a vine, grape-vine (Foucauld); thara, pl. thiriwa (Kabyle): the vine (Newman); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, tażaouat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz talāye (Hassaniya, Mauritania): the date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera (Taine-Cheikh citing Monteil, unconfirmed); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, takarart, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut taleqqamt, pl. tileqqamt (Kabyle, Irjen): a grafted olive-tree (Picard); also zzitun and variants, tehâtimt, takatin, tazemmourt tallimunt (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the orange-tree (Laoust5); also achchina tallūzt, pl. tallūzin (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco; berberized form of Arabic l”z): the almond-tree (Laoust3); talluzt (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the almond-tree (Laoust5); taluzet, pl. tiluztin, coll. lluz (Kabyle): the almond-tree; very well known in Morocco, less so in Algeria; some tentative plantations are found in Kabyle (EB, VI, A260); thalouzeth, pl. thilouzin (Kabyle): the almond-tree; el louz: an almond (Olivier); from or related to Ar. lauz, the almond, almonds collectively; the almond-tree ; also chāchīden; see lluz tamcmact, pl. timcmacin, coll. lmecmac (Kabyle): the apricot-tree; widespread, especially in the Aurès and the valley of Cheliff; the fruit is dried and sold under the name afermes (EB, VI, A260); from Arabic mishmish, Maghrebi Ar. mishmash, the apricot ; also apparently called 159 aberkok in Kabyle (EI) after Ar. barq”q, plum , but commonly apricot in Yemen, and also in medieval Andalusia and Maghreb; see el-mishmesh tameghrust (Kabyle, Irjen): a fig-tree; lghers, pl. leghrus a plantation of fig-trees (Picard); see rghars tamegra, and amgur (Demnat, Ntifa): the harvest, harvesting; an expression common to all the Berber dialects, in a masculine or feminine form, except the Touaregs who use afaras, derived from efres, to cut ; tāmekhlûft (Hassaniya, Mauritania): the date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera (Taine-Cheikh citing Monteil); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut tamensikht (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), azkum (Kabyle): oats (Huyghe); zamensijz (Rif Berber): oats (Ibañez) tametchit, pl. timetchin Tamazir t or Zenatia Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): the fig-tree (Provotelle); tamchet (Zenati, Mzab), tamechchint, pl. tamechchian (Ouargla), temot chin (Djebel Nefousa): the fig-tree (Basset2); tametcet, pl. timetciin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), taneqlet (Kabyle): the fig-tree (Huyghe); tamoochît, pl. tamoochairrtèn (Siwan): the figtree (Walker); temot chit, pl. temot chin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the fig-tree (Motylinski3); timetcit, pl. timetciin (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria): the fig-tree (Huyghe); also agrur, hurthuth, rghars, tabbunt, tadekkwart, taneqlet, tazart, temdit, thagelīt tamisa (Mzab): melon; squash; tameksa/tameqsa, pl. timeksiwin (Sened): cucumber; squash; tameksa, pl. tǝmǝksiwīn (Ghadamès): melon; cf. Hebrew miqšā, pl. miqšā ōt, field of cucumbers ; also Jewish Aramaic meqašyā , Arabic maqta at, field of cucumbers (Malášková ; related to Punic *qš , cucumber ; see aġessim t amzin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): barley; this word being known and used among the Arabs, the Nefousis used the word tilessaou among themselves when they did not wish to be understood by strangers (Motylinski3); timz in, (Ghadamès), tamzin (Siwa): barley: cultivated under the date-palms in little fields, and as in all the oases of the south, it grows only under irrigation (Motylinski2); tamzen (Siwan): barley (Basset4); temzin (Zenati, Mzab), timzin (Ouargla), t amzin (Djebel Nefousa): barley (Basset2); thimzin (Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis and (araoua, N.W. Algeria , themzin (Chanoua, Beni Menacer): barley (Basset3); timzin (Kabyle, Irjen): barley (Picard); thimzin (Kabyle): barley (Olivier); timz in (Touareg, Tamahaq): barley (Motylinski); timez in (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): barley (Masqueray); timzen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : barley (Battesti); tomzine (Chleuh, Souss): barley (Louzimimene); timezt, pl. timzin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): barley (Mercier); timzin (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): barley (Destaing3); timzin (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): coll., barley (Laoust5); toumzin (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): barley (Boulifa); toumzin (Tashelhit, Sous): barley; agoudas: green barley (Laoust4); tumzènee (Siwan): coll., barley (Walker); the word timzin occurs across a vast area, from Egypt to the Canaries, leading us to suppose a high antiquity for the cultivation of barley among the Berbers; it plays an 160 important part in the diet of both people and livestock; it is the essential crop of the Berbers, who only cultivate a single type – winter barley (Laoust7, p.264); also aglas, asharegh, farkasuba, sha ir taneqlet (Kabyle): the fig-tree (Huyghe); thanoqlets, pl. thinoqlin (Kabyle): the fig-tree (Olivier); tanqwlet, pl. tinqwlin (Kabyle): the fig-tree; here often occupying large areas in the plains and valleys, and generally fairly ubiquitous up to altitudes of 1000 to 1200 meters; the fig, of which there are numerous varieties, grows in most soils and requires the minimum of care; the fruits are dried in the sun and conserved in large earthenware jars (Encyclopédie Berbère, VI, A260); also agrur, hurthuth, rghars, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit, tazart, temdit, thagelīt taqarest, pl. tiqarestin, coll. lgares (Kabyle): the lemon-tree, or citron-tree; taĉinats, pl. tiĉintin, coll. ĉina: the orange-tree; tamandarit, pl. timandariyin, coll. lmandari: the mandarin; these fruits thrive in the plains and damp valleys (EB, VI, A260); for orange, see achchina; for lemon, see kars; for citron, see lim, zimbouah taremmant (Kabyle), armun, pl. irmunen (Chaouia Eastern Algeria): a pomegranate, pomegranate-tree (Huyghe); taremmant, pl. tiremmanin, coll. remman (Kabyle): the pomegranate-tree; a garden tree found in the valleys of the Aurès and Kabylie, and the tell plateaux of the west; acc.to J. Despois it is originally Punic; it is a symbol of fecundity, and thus after child-birth the placenta is traditionally buried at the foot of a pomegranate or olive-tree (EB, VI, A260); tharemmant, pl. thiremmanin (Kabyle): the pomegranate-tree (Olivier) tharoumant, pl. thiremmanin (Kabyle, Zouaoua): the pomegranate-tree (Basset5); tarremant (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the pomegranate-tree (Laoust5); terroummant, sing. and coll., pl. terroummânîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): the pomegranate-tree (Foucauld); also arman, tarmoun; all from or related to Arabic rummān, the pomegranate, Punica granatum targant (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): the argan-tree (Justinard); in toponymy, found arabized as Argana, a village of the Id au Mahmud (Laoust3); see Berber argan tarmoun, pl. tarmounin (Siwan Berber): the pomegranate tree (Stanley); tarmount, pl. tirmountin, tarmounin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): the pomegranate-tree (Biarnay); tarmount, pl. tarmounin (Tamadjek, Ghat): a pomegranate-tree (Nehlil); tarmount, pl. termounin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the pomegranate-tree (Motylinski3); from or related to Arabic rummān, the pomegranate, Punica granatum ; variant of taremmant and arman, which see tarubya (Kabyle): madder; from Latin rubia, Rubia tictoria (Fournet) tarumit (Demnat, Ntifa): the Barbary fig; literally the Christian (Laoust7, p.422); tharūmith (Rif, Ibeqqoien dialect): the fig of Barbary (Biarnay2); also akermus, aknari, lārsa, z abul tašdayt, pl. tišdayen, also tazdayt, pl. tizdayen (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): the date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera (Sudlow); variant of tazdayt, which see 161 tasdet, pl. tisdayen Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the date palm (Battesti); variant of tazdayt, which see tasharza (Berber, Tamazight): in Figuig, S. E. Morocco, wheat; also elqama/gemh, ird/irden/iarden/ered/ert, imendi tasraft, tiserfin (Demnat, Ntifa): a silo for grain (Laoust7, p. 362) tatteffaḥt, pl. titteffaḥin, coll. tteffaḥ (Kabyle): the apple-tree (EB, VI, A260); tatfaḥt (Kabyle): an apple; an apple-tree (Huyghe); cf. class. Ar. tuffāḥ, the apple, or apples ; an Arabic word, not arabicised, said by Abu l-Khattab to be derived from tafḥa, a sweet odour ; also adfu, ettuffaḥ, tadeffouit, tffaḥ, thatsefah th; see tteffaḥ taxrrubt, pl. tixrrubin, coll. axrrub (Kabyle): the carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, also known as St. John s bread or locust bean; it grows spontaneously, and in the past it provided good forage for horses, asses and mules, and in times of famine, the pulverised pods provided flour; old specimens of the carob-tree are often considered to be sacred; in the villages, a clan is called an axrubb, that is to say, a group of people united and joined together like the seeds of a carob (EB, VI, A260); from Ar. kharr”b, kharrouba, the carob or locust-tree ; see also taxerrubt, as a measure of irrigation water; note that kharouba is also a hamlet, or a quarter in a village, forming the main social unit of the sedentary population among the Kabyle of northern Algeria (Despois, p. 142) tayni, tǝyni, tini, tinǝy (Touareg, Aïr), tǝyne (Tahaggart), tehǝyne (Taneslemt), tiyni: the date (Starostin, apud Prasse, 1969); tǝynih (Zenāga): the date (Nicolas); n tini Zenāga, Senegal : the date-palm (Faidherbe); cf. tainiout (Tashelhit, Sous): the female date-palm (Laoust4); also Zenāga nakhla tayûga (Demnat, Ntifa): a harness, yoke; and by extension, a plough, ploughing, ploughing season, ploughed field; etymologically, the term signifies a pair of oxen attached to the same yoke , from which, a pair or couple of animals of any species , which is used by all the speakers of Berber except the Touaregs and Libyans; identified with Latin yugum, yoke, pair ; tayûga is equivalent to Arabic zuidja, from zudj, two , [zawj, pair, couple ] from which juja among the Beni Hassen (Gharb) and perhaps thajuja and thajuza in the Rif, ddjûja of the Aït Seghrouchen; however the Berber word is not borrowed from Arabic as it was used well before the arrival of the Arab conquerors (Laoust7, p.291); tayug(w)a (Kabyle): pair, couple; yoke of two oxen; cf. Latin juga, pl. of jugum (Fournet) tażaouat, sing. and coll., pl. tiżaouâtîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): the vine, grape-vine; a word seldom used (Foucauld); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz tazart (Berber, Central Morocco): the fig-tree (Laoust2); tazart (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): coll., fig-trees; figs (Boulifa); tazart (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the female figtree; figs; as opposed to amersīd, male fig-tree (Destaing3); asklu n tazart (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): a fig-tree (Mercier); tazärt (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Central Morocco): the word is applied to the fig and the fig-tree; in toponymy: the 162 pl. tazzarin or tazarin is found in the name of a ravine, )ġzer n Tazarin, among the Urika and Ayt Semmeg; the masc. form azär is found in Zauiya n Wazzaren, a village of the Gedmiwa and in Dar Wazarn, a village of Tifnut (Laoust3); tazart, pl. tazarin (Berber, Figuig dialect): the fig-tree (Kossmann); tazart, pl. tazarin (Tamadjek, Ghat): the fig-tree (Nehlil); tazert Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the fig-tree (Battesti); tazzaht (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): the fig-tree (Bellil); thazarth Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, (araoua, N.W. Algeria): the fig-tree (Basset3); tezuret, pl. tizurai (Tameshit): the fig-tree; thazarth (Kabyle): coll. pl., dried figs; thamourth tazart: fig country (Pellegrin); tahart, pl. taharin (Touareg, Tamahaq): a fig-tree (Motylinski); tahart, pl. taharen (Touareg, Niger): fig-tree (Ghubayd); tâhart, pl. tâhârîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a fig-tree (Foucauld); also agrur, hurthuth, rghars, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit, taneqlet, temdit, thagelīt also variant azar (Chleuh Berber, Morocco): the fig-tree (Justinard); azar (Tashelhit, Sous): the fig-tree (Laoust4); azar, coll. azar, pl. azarn (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the fig-tree (Laoust5) azar / azaren, and tazart are common to most Berber dialects, attesting to the high antiquity of the cultivation of the fig in Berber lands; the Touaregs know it as ahar or tahart (the z frequently permutating to h), which is found in the Guanche of Grand Canary as ṭahar enemen, figs . In La Kabylie, p. 43g, tome I, Hanoteau and Letourneux make the curious observation that figs play an important role in the diet of the Kabyles; they eat a considerable quantity in the fresh state, which produces in them a nervous excitation resembling intoxication, making them excessively querulous; the fig season is always a time of brawls and battles; during the rest of the year, two out of their four daily meals are composed solely of dried figs which they sometimes soak in oil to facilitate digestion . Laoust adds that these observations hold true for the Berbers of the north [of Morocco], less so for those of the south who do not give the fig prime place in their cultivations. While the Ntifa do not practice caprification, though they are aware of it, their cousins the Intekketo sometimes do (Laoust7, p.421) tazbbujtt, pl. tizbbujin, coll. azbbuj (Kabyle): the oleaster or wild olive (EB, VI, A260); variant of azebouj, which see tazdayt, pl. tizdayin (Figuig): a date-palm (Kossmann); tazayt, pl. tizayin (Berber, Tazenatit dialect, Gourara): a palm-tree (Bellil); tezdet, pl. tizdain; also tazdait, tezdit Tamazir t or Zenatia Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): a date-palm (Provotelle); tazdāit, pl. tizdāīn Mzab, Ouargle, Ouedi Rir , pl. tezdāi (Djebel Nefousa): a female date-palm (Basset2); tazzait, pl. tizzain (Touareg, Tamahaq): the date palm (Motylinski); tazdait, pl. tizdain (Berber, Central Morocco): a palm-tree (Laoust2); tazdayt, pl. tizdayen (Touareg, Niger): a date-palm (Ghubayd); tašdayt, pl. tišdayen, also tazdayt, pl. tizdayen (Tamasheq, N.E. Burkina Faso): the date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera (Sudlow); tasdet, pl. tisdayen (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the date palm (Battesti); tazdait, pl. tazdain (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): a date palm (Huyghe); thazd aith, pl. thizd ain (Kabyle): the datepalm (Olivier); thezedhaith (Kabyle), tezdait, pl. tizdain (Wadreagh, Beni Mzab): the datepalm (Newman); tazdit, pl. tizdain (Mzab); the palm-tree (Basset5); tazdait, pl. tchizdain (Tamadjek, Ghat): the date-palm; adjendhis, pl. idjendhas: the male date-palm (Nehlil); tazdayt, pl. tizdayyn, also tafrukht, pl. tiferkhin, coll. afrukh (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, 163 Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): the date-palm (Mercier); tazdait (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the palm-tree (Destaing3); tezdit, pl. tezdai (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the palm-tree, date-palm (Motylinski3); tisdei (Siwan Berber): date palms, general (Stanley); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tedenes, telazdaq, tiiriut Variants: azday, pl. izdayen or izday, coll. tazdayt (Berber): the date-palm, Phoenix dactyfera; in Ahaggar, tazzait; from which numerous toponyms; in Tunisia e.g. Souf-Azdai, El-Azdin, Tesdaïn, Henchir Ez-Zdini?; in Algeria, Zeddin (Pellegrin); tazzait, pl. tizzaîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): the female date-palm; the date-palm, of either or any sex; tazzait is also the collective term; azzai, pl. izzaien: the male date-palm (Foucauld); tazey, or talezdaq (Touareg, Niger): the date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera, which is without doubt very ancient in Aïr; there are many varieties and A. Chevalier identified 13 in the single palmeraie of In Gall in 1932, later increased to 21 named varieties in the report of Waters and Forests of 1958; the names given by the inhabitants of Aïr to the different varieties make reference to a number of criteria including the origin of the variety, the form, colour, consistency of the fruit, etc; from one palmeraie to another diverse names apply to a single variety; the palmeraie of In Gall possesses a celebrated variety called El Medina , which was brought from Madinah by the Sherifian founders of the town; this variety only exists exceptionally in the valleys of Aïr and would seem to be exclusive to In Gall; El Medina is a variety of date that is different to all others: its palm fronds or leaves are very short; the spines on the ribs of the fronds are finer; and above all the fruits have a smaller seed and more abundant flesh; one can eat them copiously without risk of colic or indigestion; however they do not keep well and must be consumed within two months of harvesting (Bernus) tazemmourt, pl. tizemmourin Tamazir t or Zenatia Berber, Qalaat Es-Sened, Tunisia): the olive-tree (Provotelle); tazemmourt, pl. tizemmourin, coll. azemmour (Zenati, Djebel Nefousa): the olive-tree (Basset2); tazimort, pl. tazimorein (Siwan Berber): the olive-tree (Stanley); tazumôôrt, pl. tizoomoorèn (Siwan): the olive-tree (Walker); tazamurt, tazemmourt (Siwan): the grafted olive-tree (Basset4); tazemmurt, pl. tizemmurin (Chaouia and Kabyle, Eastern Algeria): an olive-tree (Huyghe); tazemmourt, pl. tezemmourin (Berber, Ghadamès): the olive-tree (Motylinski2); thazemmourth, pl. thizmerin (Kabyle): an olive-tree (Olivier); tazmurt, pl. tizemrin, coll. azemmur (Kabyle): the olive-tree; after the fig, the most important tree-crop here; it is a very ancient tree in North Africa, and exists in abundance in the wild state as the oleaster or tazbbujtt, pl. tizbbujin, coll. azbbuj; the olive dislikes sea air and frosts and thus is not found at the coast or at high altitudes above about 900 m.; it is widespread in Grande Kabylie, but also in the Aurès and in the environs of Tlemcen, Mascara, Ighil Izane, Sidi Bel-Abbès and the Ouarsenis; most of the olives are pressed for oil (EB, VI, A260); also zzitun and variants, tehâtimt, takatin, taleqqamt tazourit (Berber): in Sened, a vine; a vineyard; pl. tizûrin: grapes; tezuret, pl. tizurai: the jujube, Zizyphus lotus; in Tameshit, the fig-tree; in the Aurès, tazegrër, pl. tizugagrin: the 164 wild jujube; in Kabyle, tezuggart: the jujube; thazarth: coll. pl., dried figs; thamourth tazart: fig country; in Morocco, tazârt: fig, and fig-tree; tazugart, tazugert: the jujube [these diverse dialect words for distinctly different species must originate from a single, original root tzr, tzgr, or some such combination, but the prototype and derivation are not known]; Toponyms: in Tunisia, the present Aïn-Zaret, Temzaret, Zarath, and the ancient Zaret; in Algeria, Aïn-Iazart, Tala n-Tazert, Aïn-Tizerin, Aïn-Zertita, and the ancient names Zerta, Zerrensis, Zarata, Zarath (Pellegrin); for grapevine see tezourit tazumôôrt, pl. tizoomoorèn (Siwan): the olive-tree (Walker); tazimort, pl. tazimorein (Siwan Berber): the olive-tree (Stanley); see main entry tazemmourt tazzait, pl. tizzaîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): the female date-palm; the date-palm, of either or any sex; tazzait is also the collective term; azzai, pl. izzaien: the male date-palm (Foucauld); variant of tazdayt, which see tazzutint (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the olive-tree (Laoust5); see main entry zzitun tberk ouk t, pl. tiberk ak (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla; from Arabic): the apricot, apricot-tree (Biarnay); see aberquq tedenes (Touareg, Niger): a date-palm more than five years old (Bernus); see also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, telazdaq, tiiriut tehâtimt, pl. tihoutâm (Touareg, Ahaggar): the olive-tree, Olea europæa (Foucauld); also zzitun and variants, takatin, taleqqamt, tazemmourt telazdaq, pl. tilazdaghen (Touareg, Niger): the date-palm (Ghubayd); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, tiiriut temdit, pl. temdai (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the fig-tree (Motylinski3); perhaps a variant of tametchit, which see temechmachet, pl. temechmachin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the apricot-tree (Motylinski3); see see el-mishmesh termemmith, pl. termemmad in Zenāga, Mauritania : a palm-tree; in Dyolof/Wolof tanderma ba (Basset) tezdit, pl. tezdai (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the palm-tree, date-palm (Motylinski3); variant of tazdayt, which see tezitunt Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the olive-tree (Battesti); cf. Maghrebi Arabic zitouna, pl. zitoun, olive-tree , class. Ar. zayt”n, olive-tree, Olea sp. ; see main entry zzitun 165 tezourit, pl. tezourin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): a vine, grape-vine (Motylinski3); tazourit (Berber): in Sened, a vine; a vineyard; pl. tizûrin: grapes (Pellegrin); thizourin (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): vines (Basset3); thezairth, pl. thezuyar (Kabyle): a vine (Newman); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tezzebibt, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz tezzebibt, pl. tezzebibîn (Touareg, Ahaggar): a vine, grape-vine (Foucauld); see az-zebîb tffaḥ (Tashelhit, Sous): the apple, tree and fruit (Laoust4); also adfu, et-tuffaḥ, tadeffouit, tatteffaḥt, thatsefah th; see tteffaḥ thaberqouqth, pl. thiberqouqin (Kabyle): a plum-tree; aberqouq, pl. iberqouqen: a plum, prune (Olivier); see aberquq thaferrath, pl. thiferranin (Kabyle): the vine (Olivier); variant of asafth, which see thagelīt (Kabyle): the fig-tree (Newman); thar lit, pl. thir lidhin (Kabyle): the fig-tree (Olivier); also agrur, hurthuth, rghars, tabbunt, tadekkwart, tametchit, taneqlet, tazart, temdit thajoujets, pl. thijoujethin (Kabyle): the walnut-tree (Olivier); see j”z/g”ž thalimets, pl. thilimthin (Kabyle): the lemon-tree or citron-tree (Olivier); variant of lim/limoun thalouzeth, pl. thilouzin (Kabyle): the almond-tree; el louz: an almond (Olivier); variant of tall”zt, which see thamechmachth, pl. thimechmachin (Kabyle): the apricot-tree (Olivier); see el-mishmesh thara, pl. thiriwa (Kabyle): the vine (Newman); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tafsent, tağizut, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tazourit, tezourit, tezzebibt, thaferrath, thezairth, thizourin, zárrjôôn, zeçayarz tharemmant, pl. thiremmanin (Kabyle): the pomegranate-tree (Olivier); tharoumant, pl. thiremmanin (Kabyle, Zouaoua): the pomegranate-tree (Basset5); see main entry taremmant thatchinats, pl. thitchinthin (Kabyle): the orange-tree; ldjenan n tchina: an orangery; an orange grove (Olivier); see achchina thathouthets, pl. thithouthethin (Kabyle): the mulberry-tree (Olivier); variant of ttut, which see thatsefah th, pl. thitsefah in (Kabyle): the apple-tree (Olivier); also adfu, et-tuffaḥ, tadeffouit, tatteffaḥt, tffaḥ; see tteffaḥ thazarth iroumien Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, (araoua, N.W. Algeria : the Barbary fig (Basset3); also akermus, aknari, lārsa, thar”mith, z abul 166 thazd aith, pl. thizd ain (Kabyle): the date-palm (Olivier); see main entry tazdayt thazemmourth, pl. thizmerin (Kabyle): an olive-tree (Olivier); see tazemmourt thezairth, pl. thezuyar (Kabyle): a vine (Newman); see tezourit thezedhaith (Kabyle), tezdait, pl. tizdain (Wadreagh, Beni Mzab): the date-palm (Newman); variant of tazdayt, which see thifesth (Kabyle): hemp, cannabis (Olivier); zifesz (Rif Berber): hemp (Ibañez); also alqennab, elkerneb, erhašiš, lkīf thifiresth (Rif dialects), tifirest (Ntifa): the pear-tree; thifires, pl. thifiras (Kabyle): the peartree (Olivier); perhaps from Latin pirus, pear-tree ; see i-fires, a-fires thimzin Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis and (araoua, N.W. Algeria , themzin (Chanoua, Beni Menacer): barley (Basset3); thimzin (Kabyle): barley (Olivier); see t amzin thizourin (Chenoua, Beni Menacer): vines (Basset3); see tezourit tiberkak (Ouargla): the apricot-tree (Delheure); see taberquqet tifelfelt (Demnat, Ntifa): pimento, chili pepper ; from Ar. fulfil, filfil (Laoust7, p.420) tifiḍas (Ouargla): fenugreek (Delheure) tifirest (Berber, Ntifa), thifiresth (Rif dialects): the pear-tree; čfiras (Rif): the quince-tree; from Latin pirus (Biarnay2); tifirest, pl. tifiras, coll. ifires (Kabyle): the pear-tree; hardly known among the mountain Berbers, nor in the large agricultural developments of the coast (EB, VI, A260); see i-fires, a-fires tifsa, also tafsut (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): sorghum (Mercier); see tafsut tigherghert (Touareg): a threshing-floor; signifying elsewhere a flat, well-tamped surface , the Touareg know also anarar, pl. inûnâr, a strong enclosure, able to be closed , which is the usual Berber word for a threshing-floor (EB, III, A125); see anrar tiiriut (Demnat, Ntifa): the date palm (Laoust7, p.422); also agjjif, mizzid, nakhla, n tini, tabinawt, tafrukht, tainiout, takarart, talāye, tāmekhlûft, tazdayt and variants, tedenes, telazdaq tilfzet (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): coll., lucerne (Biarnay); elfessa (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): lucerne (Mercier); lfesst (Tashelhit, Sous): lucerne (Laoust4); see elfessa, also adag, el-qadeb 167 tilintit (Ida Ou Zikki), tlintit (Tazerwalt), tiniltit (Tagountaft, Illaln, Aït Baamran, Tafilalt), tnillit (Tazer.), ṭinilṭiṭ (Aït Isaffen): lentils; without doubt to be identified with Latin lens, lentis, but the origin of lens is unknown; Movers believes a derivation from Berber, though Gsell formally contests this; in any case, the cultivation of lentils is not an Arab import (Laoust7); tiniltite (Chleus, Sous): lentils (Louzimimene); also ades timezt, pl. timzin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): barley (Mercier); see t amzin timiṭaš (Damnat, Ntifa): the tomato (Laoust7, p.420); ṭṭemṭem (Ouargla): the tomato (Delheure) timz in (Touareg, Tamahaq): barley (Motylinski); timez in (Touareg, Taïtoq dialect): barley (Masqueray); timzen (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : barley (Battesti); temzin (Zenati, Mzab), timzin (Ouargla), t amzin (Djebl Nefousa): barley (Basset2); timz in, (Ghadamès), tamzin (Siwa): barley: cultivated under the date-palms in little fields, and as in all the oases of the south, it grows only under irrigation (Motylinski2); timzin (Kabyle, Irjen): barley (Picard); timzin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): barley (Mercier); timzin (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): barley (Destaing3); timzin (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): coll., barley (Laoust5); thimzin (Zenati Berber, Bel ( alima, Ouarsenis and (araoua, N.W. Algeria : barley (Basset3); see t amzin timzizwît, pl. timzizwùng (Siwan): maize (Walker); also akbal, amezgur, asengar, dawa, ddra/eddara, engafouli, ildi, k at ania, makari, mekkè, musrhâma, tabidit tinifin, coll. pl. (Demnat, Ntifa; also Sous, Tazerwalt, Ida Ou Qaïs), thinifin (Beni Snous, Beni Menacer, Aurès), tinuffin (Aksim): peas; of unknown origin; the word tinnifin is occasionally used for lentils , a completely different species, at Ghadamès and Siwa (Laoust7, p.270) tirekmin, coll. pl. (Demnat, Ntifa; also Aït Bou Oulli, Imeghran, Igliwa, Ihahan, Tazerwalt, Tafilalt, etc.): turnips; sing. tarekimt among the Illaln (Laoust7, p.419); also tagellät, lleft/tanèfin tir err ert, pl. tir err ar (Touareg, Tamahaq): a threshing-floor (Motylinski); tir err art, pl. tir err artin (Teggargrent Berber, Ouargla): a terrace (Biarnay) tirs (Demnat, Ntifa): heavy land or soil; very clayey soil, of a black colour, tending sometimes to blue, of exceptional fertility and most suitable for cereal cultivation; the tirs soils are identified by their appearance, and by the mires which form in bad seasons and the comparative size and strength of the plants which they nourish; they differ in their appearance and fertility from the lands the indigenous people call al-ḥamri, with light soil of a reddish colour, sandy and stony, often rich in lime and phosphorus (Laoust7, p.260); atirǝs (Snous): a very large field; tirs (Chaouia): exceptionally fertile soil suitable for the cultivation of cereals; Starostin sees a proto-Berber *tirs (Starostin) tisdei (Siwan Berber): date palms, general; igĭza: small date-palms, not bearing (Stanley); variant of tazdayt, which see 168 tišitt (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the carob-tree (Destaing3); also akherrub/ takherrubt, ikīd/tikīda, tisliugha tiskert (Demnat, Ntifa): garlic; the common form among the Chleuhs and Touaregs; the Berabers and Zenatis say ṯiššerṯ, Rifians ṯiššarṯ (Laoust7, p.420) tisliugha (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco), tikīda (Chleuh): the carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua (Destaing3); hasliugha, pl. haslighauin (Berber, Chenoua): the carob-tree (Biarnay2); thasrighua, also thasrghua, pl. this rghuiuin (Rif dialects): the carob-tree (Biarnay2); zaseriġwa, pl. ziseriġwawin (Rif Berber): the carob-tree (Ibañez); also akherrub/ takherrubt, ikīd/tikīda, tišitt tiwīzi (Demnat, Ntifa): work or service offered freely by a group of individuals of the same clan to the benefit of another clansman (Laoust7, p. 273); tiwizi (Tashelhit, Sous): corvée; aït touizi: the people who participate in a tiwizi; bab n-touizi : the beneficiary of the corvée (Laoust4); tiwizi, pl. tiwiziwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): touiza or corvée labour (Mercier); twiza, pl. tiwizawin (Berber, Figuig dialect): collective work (Kossmann); twizt, pl. twizat, also tiwizi, pl. tiwiziwin (Aït Izdeg, Aït Atta and Qbala, Ziz and Guir valleys, Central Morocco): corvée labour (Mercier); touiza and touizi (Kabyle): mutual, voluntary aid that the people practice at the time of the harvesting of the olives by sending their children to work among their neighbours (Basset5); twize (Hassaniya, from Berber): 1. a gathering of women to spin the wool for a tent; mutual aid among women for the work of making a tent; 2. any mutual collective work, cooperation for a task, etc.; a corvée, for ploughing, for harvesting, for work for a chief, among people of the same class (Taine-Cheikh) Traditionally, when work of mutual benefit needed to get done, Imazighen communities practiced touiza, volunteer labor that occurs both at the community and the family level.... The role of touiza is still active in Tilmi (High Atlas, Morocco). When the harvesting of cereals begins, groups of approximately 15 girls and women will gather together and work consecutively on each other's fields, singing as they work. Touiza also extends into nonagricultural activities, such as clearing the road of snow. When such work needs to be done, the Amghrar's assistant will go through the village, hollering for workers to come help. A group of available males will work together, chanting and singing, in much the same manner as the females when they are in the fields or gathering fuelwood. In Tilmi, generalized reciprocity (exchange without expectation of direct equal return) has remained as touiza, while in M'semrir, touiza has become direct reciprocity (expectation of equal return) (Petrzelka) tizġi, tizqi, pl. tizġuin (Tashelhit, High Atlas, Morocco): a granary, or more exactly, one of the chambers of an agadir used as a granary or storeroom; it also designates an apiary; the mountain people are excellent bee-keepers and possess well-organised beehives, some of which, such as those of the village of Inzerki, are collective; tizġi derives from zeġ signifying, to build, construct , but with a restricted sense of to erect a tent ; it is, in this sense, used among the transhumants of Central Morocco; in toponymy: Tizġuin, the name of a village of the Tifnut, and the name of a mountain of the Id au Mahmud; El-Bekri mentions Tazecca on 169 the route from Tamdelt to Audagast with the meaning of house , a sense still preserved today, esp. in Kabylie (Laoust3) toumzin (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): barley (Boulifa); toumzin (Tashelhit, Sous): barley; agoudas: green barley (Laoust4); see t amzin tshina Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the sweet orange-tree (Battesti); see achchina tteffaḥ (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the apple-tree (Destaing3); tffaḥ (Tashelhit, Sous): the apple, tree and fruit (Laoust4); tteffaḥ (Kabyle, Irjen): coll., the apple-tree; apples (Picard); esseŷerz netteffaḥ (Rifian): the apple-tree (Ibañez); adfu, pl. idfa (Chaouia Berber Eastern Algeria), tatfaḥt (Kabyle): an apple; an apple-tree (Huyghe); tatteffaḥt, pl. titteffaḥin, coll. tteffaḥ (Kabyle): the apple-tree (EB, VI, A260); thatsefah th, pl. thitsefah in (Kabyle): the apple-tree (Olivier); et-tuffāḥ (Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : an appletree (Battesti); tadeffouit, pl. tideffouin (Djebel Nefousa, Libya): the apple-tree (Motylinski3); cf. class. Ar. tuffāḥ, the apple, or apples ; an Arabic word, not arabicised, said by Abu l-Khattab to be derived from tafḥa, a sweet odour ; also adfu tterha (Kabyle, Irjen): a flat space or floor for drying figs (Picard) ttezra, chchezra, coll., and ttezur, chchezur pl. (Kabyle, Irjen): trees (Picard); see main entry shejra ttut (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the mulberry-tree (Destaing3); thathouthets, pl. thithouthethin (Kabyle): the mulberry-tree (Olivier); cf. Arabic t”t, mulberry-tree tumishmîsht, pl. tumishmishêên (Siwan): the apricot-tree (Walker); see el-mishmesh tumzènee (Siwan): coll., barley (Walker); see t amzin txuxet, pl. tixuxtin, coll. lxux (Kabyle): the peach-tree, a delicate fruit-tree found in the valleys and oases (EB, VI, A260); cf. Ar. khawkh, the peach, Amygdalus persica , Syrian Ar. khaukh, the plum-tree ; see el-khugh wainiou (Tashelhit, Sous): the male date-palm (Laoust4); also adjendhis, adlic, aoutem, azzai, ddoukkouar, gnic, imersid, tagennit, wainiou yrdinn (Siwan Berber): wheat (Stanley); see ird/irden z abul (Berber, Central Morocco): the Barbary fig (Laoust2); also akermus, aknari, lārsa, thar”mith zafellahz (Rif Berber): cultivation, tillage, ploughing, farming, husbandry (Ibañez); cf. Arabic filaḥa, cultivation, tillage; farming, husbandry zaffa, pl. zaffiwin (Rif Berber): a large stack, rick or pile of wheat or corn (Ibañez); also agerau 170 zafsauz (Rif Berber): millet (Ibañez); see tafsut zamemmaixz, pl. zimemmaiyin (Rif Berber): the tamarind-tree (Ibañez); also aganat zamensijz (Rif Berber): oats (Ibañez); tamensikht (Chaouia, Eastern Algeria), azkum (Kabyle): oats (Huyghe); also zárrjôôn, pl. zárrájèn (Siwan): a vine (Walker); also adīl, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zeçayarz zašentixz (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect), zišentiz (Buqoia dialect): rye, the plant (Ibañez); also Tashelhit ichenti zaserafz or zasrafz, pl. zisarfin, ziserfin (Rif Berber): a granary; an underground silo or for storing grain (Ibañez); variant of tasraft, which see; also ermars zaseriġwa, pl. ziseriġwawin (Rif Berber): the carob-tree (Ibañez); variant of tisliugha/ thasrighua, which see zeçayarz, pl. ziçayarin, coll. eççayarz (Rif Berber, Guelaia dialect): a vine, grape-vine; a vineyard; land planted with vines (Ibañez); also adīl, asafth, az-zebîb, dalia, tajnat, talakat, tażaouat, tezourit, tezzebibt, zárrjôôn zifesz (Rif Berber): flax, the flax plant (Ibañez) zimbouah (Tashelhit, Sous): the Moroccan sweet citron, tree and fruit (Laoust4); tazenbu at, zembua -bu-sala (Demant, Ntifa): the citron (Laoust7, p.423); also kars lim/thalimets, llhāmed zini, pl. ziniwin, also esseŷerz entini (Rif Berber): the palm-tree (Ibañez) zra (Hassaniya, Sahara and Sahel regions of French West Africa): millet; of which there are several types, including bechnè, qaïlou, moutri, soumari, etc. (Pierret); Abdallah Ould Khalifa gives zra as Sorghum cernuum and moutri as pearl millet, Pennisetum typhodeum; see also abora, afez ou, idabideberen, inele, bechna, chammâma, sâba, tafsut, taghallît, zafsauz zra , tzra (Demnat, Ntifa): to sow seed; this Arabic form, ezrā or zra , is generally prevalent in the dialects of the north and centre [of Morocco]; qofs, qoffes is special to the southern dialects (Laoust7, p.274); from Arabic zara a, to sow; till, cultivate ; see also qofs žūz/jūz (Hassaniya, Mauritania): coll., regional, the walnut-tree (Taine-Cheikh); see j”z/g”ž zzitun (Berber, Central Morocco); the olive-tree (Laoust2); zzītūn (Aït Seghrouchen, Middle Atlas, Morocco): the grafted olive (Destaing3); zzutin and tazzutint (Central Tamazight, Ntifa): the olive-tree (Laoust5); ezzoutin (Tamazirt, Demnat, Morocco): olive-trees; olives (Boulifa); zzitūn (Ntifa), zzīt (the Sous): the cultivated olive, as opposed to the wild olive which is azemm”r (Laoust3); zzit (Tashelhit, Sous): the olive, tree, fruit and oil (Laoust4); 171 zzitun, zzeytun, coll. (Berber, Figuig dialect): the olive-tree (Kossmann); ssežret n zzitun (Ouargla): the olive-tree (Delheure); tezitunt Targui dialect, Djanet, Tassili n Ajjer : the olive-tree (Battesti); ăzzăyt (Tamasheq of Udalan), ǝzzăyt (Tamasheq of Mali): olive; ǝzzitunat (Mzab): olive, olive-tree; all borrowed from Arabic az-zayt; cf. Maghrebi Ar. zitouna, pl. zitoun, olive-tree , and class. Ar. zayt”n, olive-tree, Olea sp. ; cognates of Arabic: Phoenician zt, olive ; cognates (ebrew zayit, pl. zētīm, olive, olive-tree , Ugaritic zt, pl. ztm, olive, olive-tree, olive grove , Official Aramaic zyt, Syriac zaytā, Mandaic zaita; Aramaic ˃ Arabic zayt, olive oil , ˃ Soqotri zeyt, olive oil , Geez zayt, olive, olive tree, olive oil (Malášková et al.); also tehâtimt, takatin, taleqqamt, tazemmourt 172 References: AD. Akkadian Dictionary (Association Assyrophile de France: accessed at http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/dictionary/index_en.php) Basset1948. Basset, A. 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Morocco Aït Isaffen: Chleuh Berbers of the Anti-Atlas, Southern Morocco Aït Izdeg, Aït Seghrouchen, Aït Yousi, Aït Atta: Tamazight speakers of the Middle Atlas in Central Morocco Aït Mjild or Beni Mguild: Tamazight speakers of the Middle Atlas, Morocco Aït Ndhir: Tamazight speakers of the Middle Atlas, near Meknès, Morocco Aït Warayn: Tamazight speakers of the Middle Atlas, Morocco, S.E. of Fez Awjili: dialect of the oasis of Awjila, Libya Bel H alima: extinct Zenati dialect of N.W. Algeria, near Tiaret Beni Menacer: dialect of Chenoua, N.W. Algeria, around Cherchel Beni Mtir: Tamazight dialect of the Middle Atlas in Central Morocco Beni Snous: Zenati dialect of N.W. Algeria, west of Tlemcen Beraber: Arab name (Braber) of the Berber dialect of Central Morocco and the Middle Atlas, properly Tamazight Chaouia or Shawiya: Berber language or dialect of the Aurès, Algeria; pejorative; properly Tachawit Chenoua, Chenoui, Shenwa: Berber dialect of Jebel Chenoua, west of Algiers in Northern Algeria; properly Tachenwit Chleuh or Shilha: francisised name (originally Arab) of the Berber language of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas and High-Atlas ranges; properly Tachelhit Demnat: a small Berber town at the foot of the High Atlas, of the Inoultan tribe 180 Figuig: oasis town in S.E. Morocco, on the Algerian border, where the Berber Figuigi dialect is spoken Ghadamès: an oasis of Libya, near the border with Tunisia and Algeria; dialect of Ghadamsi Gourara: a region of oases in S.W. Algeria, where a dialect of Zenata Berber, Tazenatit, is spoken Guanche: extinct Berber language of the Canary Isles, strictly only that of Tenerife; spoken up until the 16th or 17th century Ichqern: Tamazight (Beraber) speakers of the Middle Atlas, Morocco Ida Gounidif, Ida Oukensous: Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas in Southern Morocco Ida Ou Qaïs: Chleuhs of the High Atlas, Morocco Igliwa: Berbers of the High Atlas at Tizi n-Tlouat. Morocco Illaln: Chleuhs of the Anti-Atlas, Southern Morocco Izayan: Tamizight speakers (Berabers) of the Middle Atlas, Morocco Kabyle: language or dialect of the Kabylie region of northern Algeria Libyco-Berber: the most ancient attested language and writing system of North Africa, spoken by the ancient Libyans, the presumed ancestor of living Berber languages Mzab: oasis region, whose main town is Ghardaia, in the northern Sahara of Algeria; dialect Mzabite, properly Tumzabt Nefousa, Nafusa, Djebel Nefousa: Berber-speaking mountain area in north-western Libya; Nefousi or Nefusi dialect Ntifa, Berber Intift: Berbers of the Demnat region, at the foot of the High Atlas, Morocco Numidians: Roman appellation of the ancient Libyco-Berber peoples of today s northern Algeria and parts of Tunisia Ouargla or Wargla: oasis of central Algeria, where Ouargli/Wargli or Teggargrent, a variety of Zenata Berber, is spoken Ouarsenis: mountains of north-western Algeria, and the Zenata Berber dialect spoken there Rif dialects, Rifian or Rifain: language or dialects of the Rif mountains of Northern Morocco; properly Tamazight or Tarifit Senhadja de Sraïr: language or dialect of a minority in the southern part of the Moroccan Rif Shilha: see Chleuh Siwa: oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt where Siwi dialect is spoken 181 Sokna or Sawknah: oasis of north-eastern Fezzan in Libya whose language is now presumed extinct Sous or Souss: region between the High Atlas and Anti-Atlas in southern Morocco Tachawit, Tašawit: see Chaouia Tafilalt: an oasis region of Southern Morocco, south of the High Atlas, traversed by the Oued Ziz Tagountaft, in Arabic Goundafa: Berbers of the High Atlas, Morocco Tachenwit, Tašenwit, also Hachenwit: see Chenoua Tahaggart: Touareg dialect of the Ahaggar or Hoggar, Algeria, also called Tamahaq Taïtoq: Touareg dialect of the Ahaggar group, in the region of Adrar Ahnet in Algeria Tamahaq: Northern Touareg dialect of the Ahaggar and Ajjer, Saharan Algeria; also called Tahaggart Tamashaq, Tamasheq: the Touareg dialect of Mali, especially around Timbuctu; sometimes applied to all the Touareg dialects as a group Tamazight: 1. language or dialect of central Morocco/ Moroccan Middle Atlas, formerly called Beraber; 2. language of the Rif mountains in Northern Morocco; 3. a recently revived generic term designating all the Berber languages Tamazirt: see Tamazight, Berber language of the Middle Atlas, Morocco Taneslemt: Touareg dialect of the )g ellad, south of Timbuctu, Mali Taqbaylit: language or dialect of the Kabyles; see also Kabyle Tarifit or Tarifiyt: language or dialect of the Rif Mountains, northern Morocco; see Rif dialects Tashelhit, Tachelhiyt, Tašelhiyt: see Chleuh Tazenatit: the Zenati Berber dialect of Gourara, an oasis region of Algeria whose principal town is Timimoun; see also Zenata Tazerwalt: tribe of Chleuhs to the south of Tiznit, Southern Morocco Teggargrent: also called Ouargli, Berber dialect of Ouargla, Algeria; see Ouargla Tidikelt: Berber-speaking region of the Algerian Sahara Tifinagh: a writing system and alphabet used principally by the Touaregs, probably descended from the Libyco-Berber script Tlit: tribe of Chleuhs between Djebel Bani and Blad El-Feija, Southern Morocco 182 Touareg: name given to all the dialects or languages of the Touareg peoples (Ahaggar, Algeria; Burkina Faso; Mali; Niger; Northern Nigeria; and Ghat in Libya) Zemmour: Tamazight speakers of the Middle Atlas in Central Morocco Zenaga: Berber language or dialect of Mauritania, called locally Klam Aznaga; from which the ethnonym Sanhaja derives Zenati: dialects or languages of the Zenatas, after the medieval division made by Ibn Khaldoun, between Masmuda, Sanhaja and Zanata Zouaoua, Zwawa: tribe of Zenata Berbers of the Kabyle group, inhabiting the Djurdjura range, Northern Algeria; their name is the origin of French zouave. 183