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M. Lafkioui (ed.) , "African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology" (2013) pp. 271-291
Arab-Berber contacts in the Middle Ages and ancient Arabic dialects: new evidence from an old Ibāḍite religious text. In M. Lafkioui (ed.), "African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology" (2013) pp. 271-291)2013 •
The analysis of the Kitāb al-barbariyya, provides for the first time evidence for certain phenomena related to language contact between the Berber and Arabic in the Middle Ages. The date of composition of the text is not known. Several clues (including the spelling of [g], transcribed with <ǧ> and not with <q>) point to a period prior to the Hilali invasion or very close to it. The most remarkable phenomena can by gathered in the domain of borrowings. Even at an early stage, the text displays a number of Arabic loanwords in Berber, which are concentrated mainly in the field of religion, even if the language of this document preserves much of the native lexicon. In some cases, we can see a difference in the use of native vs. borrowed lexicon in different parts of the work, probably due to a difference in time of composition of the books which constitute the text. Such is the case of Berber asersur corresponding to Arabic ḥuǧǧa “(divine) proof, argument ” (f. 96a, l. 12), substituted by the loanword lḥuǧǧeṯ (f. 1a l. 1 and passim) in the opening book (which was almost surely composed after the rest of the work). Moreover, in some cases, the phonetic shape of the loanwords records some phonetic and morphological processes in Maghribi spoken Arabic which began early to differentiate it from “classical Arabic”. The best evidence comes from the numerals of the second decade: ṯnāš <ʾṯnʾš> “twelve” (f. 124a, l. 8), tmenṭac “eighteen” (f. 62b, l. 15), where we can see the loss of the last part of the numerals and the emphatisation of internal t as a trace of a dropped ‘ayin. The presence of these forms as loanwords in this ancient Berber text shows that these phenomena, considered by Ferguson as belonging to an old “arabic koine”, had already taken place in early times (see Ferguson 1959: 626, Brugnatelli 1982: 43). Borrowed numerals also provide the evidence of the early appearance of yet another feature typical of Maghribi Arabic, namely constructions with a particle n: xamsṭac n yum “fifteen days” (f. 42b, l. 3) jours », ṯnāš en wuqiyya “twelve ounces”, ṯnāš en dirham “twelve dirhams” (f. 57b, l. 16). Last but not least, sometimes a borrowing may help to find the original meaning of some Arabic words that seem forgotten or disputed already in ancient times.
Ahmad Al-Jallad (ed.). Arabic in Context. Leiden & Boston: Brill
The Arabic Strata in Awjila Berber. In: Ahmad Al-Jallad (ed.). Arabic in Context. Leiden & Boston: Brill, pp. 476-502 (2017)2017 •
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