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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adaptation
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heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
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adaptive radiation
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process by which a single species or a small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways
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allele frequency
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the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene.
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analogous structure
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body parts (from two separate & unrelated organisms) that share a common function, but not structure
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artificial selection
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selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring
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behavioral isolation
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form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding
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biogeography
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study of past and present distribution of organisms
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bottleneck effect
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a change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
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coevolution
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process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
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convergent evolution
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process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
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directional selection
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form of natural selection in which individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve.
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disruptive selection
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natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve
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evolution
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change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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fitness
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how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
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fossil
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preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms
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founder effect
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change in allele frequency as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
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gene pool
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all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time
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genetic drift
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random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population
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geographic isolation
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form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies
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gradualism
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the evolution of a species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over ling periods of time
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homologous structure
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structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry
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mutation
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change in the genetic material of a cell
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natural selection
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process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
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population
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group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
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punctuated equilibrium
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pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
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reproductive isolation
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separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species
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sexual selection
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when individuals select mates based on heritable traits
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species
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a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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stabilizing selection
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form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve
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temporal isolation
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form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduces at different times
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vestigial structure
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structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function
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