Antropisch principe

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Er is nu sterk onweerlegbaar wetenschappelijk bewijs dat God bestaat. Het heet "het antropisch principe".

De natuurwetten die het heelal besturen, en de opbouw van het heelal, die moeten om leven mogelijk te maken, extreem nauwkeurig afgesteld zijn. Zo vreselijk nauwkeurig dat het onmogelijk is om te zeggen dat het heelal door puur toeval gevormd is, door een ongeleide explosie.

Wetenschappers ontdekken steeds meer en meer waarden die extreem exact afgesteld moeten zijn om leven in het heelal mogelijk te maken.

In 1961 waren er nog maar twee van deze constanten bekend, waarvan de meest kritieke de verhouding was tussen de zwaartekracht en de electromagnetische kracht. Als die varieert voor slechts 1 deel in 10^40 (dat is 10 tot de macht 40, dat is een 1 met 40 nullen, dat is 10.000 triljoen triljoen triljoen) dan is er geen leven mogelijk.

Vandaag de dag staat het aantal waardes van kosmische constanten die zeer nauwkeurig afgesteld zijn op het mogelijk maken van leven, (elke vorm van leven) op 38.

Hiervan is de meest kritische de ruimte-energiedichtheid. De waarde daarvan kan niet meer variëren dan 1 deel op 10^120, want dan zijn de planeten en sterren die nodig zijn voor leven niet meer mogelijk.

Om enig idee te krijgen van de grootte van deze getallen, even iets over het universum wat wij kunnen waarnemen. Het heeft een doorsnede van zo'n 156 miljard lichtjaar, dat is ongeveer 1.500.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 km. Het bevat ongeveer 50.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 sterren, verdeeld over zo'n 80 miljard sterrenstelsels. Het totale aantal atomen hierin wordt geschat op 10^80.

De kans voor ons universum om te worden zoals het geworden is, zodat er leven in mogelijk is, ligt op ongeveer 1 op 10^173.

Voor meer engelstalige informatie over dat onderwerp kijk hier:  http://www.reasons.org/scientists/anthropic-principle-precise-plan-humanity

Een wiskundige, Borel, heeft berekend dat een gebeurtenis die een kans heeft om te gebeuren van niet meer dan 1 op 10^50, dat dat nooit zal gebeuren, dit ongeacht de hoeveel tijd ter beschikking, en ongeacht het aantal pogingen.

Zoals iedereen kan zien, de kansen dat de afstemming van het heelal bij toeval zo is dat leven mogelijk is, is zeer vele malen kleiner dan die ondergrens van 1 op 10^50.

Betreffende dit antropische principe schreef één van de grootste wetenschappers Stephen Hawking: "De meeste waardes zouden universums veroorzaken die, alhoewel ze zeer mooi zouden zijn, niemand zouden kunnen bevatten om die schoonheid te bewonderen. Men kan dit zien als bewijs voor een goddelijk doel in de schepping van het heelal en de keuze van de natuurwetten, of als ondersteuning voor het sterke antropische principe."

"Een korte geschiedenis van de tijd", door Stephen Hawking, blz 139.

"Het is zeer moeilijk om te verklaren waarom het universum begonnen is op precies de manier waarop het begonnen is, behalve als de daad van een God die van plan was om wezens zoals ons te scheppen." Idem blz 140

Dus daar is het, het wetenschappelijke bewijs dat God bestaat.

Hier zijn wat Engelstalige citaten van wetenschappers  met bronvermelding die aangeven in welke mate het antropisch principe geaccepteerd is onder wetenschappers:

Fred Hoyle (British astrophysicist): "A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question." (2)

George Ellis (British astrophysicist): "Amazing fine tuning occurs in the laws that make this [complexity] possible. Realization of the complexity of what is accomplished makes it very difficult not to use the word 'miraculous' without taking a stand as to the ontological status of the word." (3)

Paul Davies (British astrophysicist): "There is for me powerful evidence that there is something going on behind it all....It seems as though somebody has fine-tuned nature's numbers to make the Universe....The impression of design is overwhelming". (4)

Paul Davies: "The laws [of physics] ... seem to be the product of exceedingly ingenious design... The universe must have a purpose". (5)

Alan Sandage (winner of the Crawford prize in astronomy): "I find it quite improbable that such order came out of chaos. There has to be some organizing principle. God to me is a mystery but is the explanation for the miracle of existence, why there is something instead of nothing." (6)

John O'Keefe (astronomer at NASA): "We are, by astronomical standards, a pampered, cosseted, cherished group of creatures.. .. If the Universe had not been made with the most exacting precision we could never have come into existence. It is my view that these circumstances indicate the universe was created for man to live in." (7)

George Greenstein (astronomer): "As we survey all the evidence, the thought insistently arises that some supernatural agency - or, rather, Agency - must be involved. Is it possible that suddenly, without intending to, we have stumbled upon scientific proof of the existence of a Supreme Being? Was it God who stepped in and so providentially crafted the cosmos for our benefit?" (8)

Arthur Eddington (astrophysicist): "The idea of a universal mind or Logos would be, I think, a fairly plausible inference from the present state of scientific theory." (9)

Arno Penzias (Nobel prize in physics): "Astronomy leads us to a unique event, a universe which was created out of nothing, one with the very delicate balance needed to provide exactly the conditions required to permit life, and one which has an underlying (one might say 'supernatural') plan." (10)

Roger Penrose (mathematician and author): "I would say the universe has a purpose. It's not there just somehow by chance." (11)

Tony Rothman (physicist): "When confronted with the order and beauty of the universe and the strange coincidences of nature, it's very tempting to take the leap of faith from science into religion. I am sure many physicists want to. I only wish they would admit it." (12)

Vera Kistiakowsky (MIT physicist): "The exquisite order displayed by our scientific understanding of the physical world calls for the divine." (13)

Robert Jastrow (self-proclaimed agnostic): "For the scientist who has lived by his faith in the power of reason, the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak; as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries." (14)

Stephen Hawking (British astrophysicist): "Then we shall... be able to take part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer to that, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason - for then we would know the mind of God." (15)

Frank Tipler (Professor of Mathematical Physics): "When I began my career as a cosmologist some twenty years ago, I was a convinced atheist. I never in my wildest dreams imagined that one day I would be writing a book purporting to show that the central claims of Judeo-Christian theology are in fact true, that these claims are straightforward deductions of the laws of physics as we now understand them. I have been forced into these conclusions by the inexorable logic of my own special branch of physics." (16) Note: Tipler since has actually converted to Christianity, hence his latest book, The Physics Of Christianity.

Alexander Polyakov (Soviet mathematician): "We know that nature is described by the best of all possible mathematics because God created it."(17)

Ed Harrison (cosmologist): "Here is the cosmological proof of the existence of God - the design argument of Paley - updated and refurbished. The fine tuning of the universe provides prima facie evidence of deistic design. Take your choice: blind chance that requires multitudes of universes or design that requires only one.... Many scientists, when they admit their views, incline toward the teleological or design argument." (18)

Edward Milne (British cosmologist): "As to the cause of the Universe, in context of expansion, that is left for the reader to insert, but our picture is incomplete without Him [God]." (19)

Barry Parker (cosmologist): "Who created these laws? There is no question but that a God will always be needed." (20)

Drs. Zehavi, and Dekel (cosmologists): "This type of universe, however, seems to require a degree of fine tuning of the initial conditions that is in apparent conflict with 'common wisdom'." (21)

Arthur L. Schawlow (Professor of Physics at Stanford University, 1981 Nobel Prize in physics): "It seems to me that when confronted with the marvels of life and the universe, one must ask why and not just how. The only possible answers are religious. . . . I find a need for God in the universe and in my own life." (22)

Henry "Fritz" Schaefer (Graham Perdue Professor of Chemistry and director of the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry at the University of Georgia): "The significance and joy in my science comes in those occasional moments of discovering something new and saying to myself, 'So that's how God did it.' My goal is to understand a little corner of God's plan." (23)

Wernher von Braun (Pioneer rocket engineer) "I find it as difficult to understand a scientist who does not acknowledge the presence of a superior rationality behind the existence of the universe as it is to comprehend a theologian who would deny the advances of science." (24)

Carl Woese (microbiologist from the University of Illinois) "Life in Universe - rare or unique? I walk both sides of that street. One day I can say that given the 100 billion stars in our galaxy and the 100 billion or more galaxies, there have to be some planets that formed and evolved in ways very, very like the Earth has, and so would contain microbial life at least. There are other days when I say that the anthropic principal, which makes this universe a special one out of an uncountably large number of universes, may not apply only to that aspect of nature we define in the realm of physics, but may extend to chemistry and biology. In that case life on Earth could be entirely unique." (25)

Frank Tipler (Professor of Mathematical Physics): "From the perspective of the latest physical theories, Christianity is not a mere religion, but an experimentally testable science." (27)Jim Holt. 1997. Science Resurrects God. The Wall Street Journal (December 24, 1997), Dow Jones & Co., Inc.Hoyle, F. 1982. The Universe: Past and Present Reflections. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics: 20:16.

1. Ellis, G.F.R. 1993. The Anthropic Principle: Laws and Environments. The Anthropic Principle, F. Bertola and U.Curi, ed. New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 30.

2.. Davies, P. 1988. The Cosmic Blueprint: New Discoveries in Nature's Creative Ability To Order the Universe. New York: Simon and Schuster, p.203.

3. Davies, P. 1984. Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), p. 243.

4. Willford, J.N. March 12, 1991. Sizing up the Cosmos: An Astronomers Quest. New York Times, p. B9.

5. Heeren, F. 1995. Show Me God. Wheeling, IL, Searchlight Publications, p. 200.

6. Greenstein, G. 1988. The Symbiotic Universe. New York: William Morrow, p.27.

7. Heeren, F. 1995. Show Me God. Wheeling, IL, Searchlight Publications, p. 233.

8. Margenau, H and R.A. Varghese, ed. 1992. Cosmos, Bios, and Theos. La Salle, IL, Open Court, p. 83.

9. Penrose, R. 1992. A Brief History of Time (movie). Burbank, CA, Paramount Pictures, Inc.

10. Casti, J.L. 1989. Paradigms Lost. New York, Avon Books, p.482-483.

11. Margenau, H and R.A. Varghese, ed. 1992. Cosmos, Bios, and Theos. La Salle, IL, Open Court, p. 52.

12. Jastrow, R. 1978. God and the Astronomers. New York, W.W. Norton, p. 116.

13. Hawking, S. 1988. A Brief History of Time. p. 175.

14. Tipler, F.J. 1994. The Physics Of Immortality. New York, Doubleday, Preface.

15. Gannes, S. October 13, 1986. Fortune. p. 57

16. Harrison, E. 1985. Masks of the Universe. New York, Collier Books, Macmillan, pp. 252, 263.

17. Heeren, F. 1995. Show Me God. Wheeling, IL, Searchlight Publications, p. 166-167.

18. Heeren, F. 1995. Show Me God. Wheeling, IL, Searchlight Publications, p. 223.

19. Zehavi, I, and A. Dekel. 1999. Evidence for a positive cosmological constant from flows of galaxies and distant 20. supernovae Nature 401: 252-254.

20. Margenau, H. and R. A. Varghese, eds. Cosmos, Bios, Theos: Scientists Reflect on Science, God, and the Origins of the Universe, Life, and Homo Sapiens (Open Court Pub. Co., La Salle, IL, 1992).

21. Sheler, J. L. and J.M. Schrof, "The Creation", U.S. News & World Report (December 23, 1991):56-64.

22. McIver, T. 1986. Ancient Tales and Space-Age Myths of Creationist Evangelism. The Skeptical Inquirer 10:258-276.

23. Mullen, L. 2001. The Three Domains of Life from SpaceDaily.com

24. Atheist Becomes Theist: Exclusive Interview with Former Atheist Antony Flew at Biola University (PDF version).

25. Tipler, F.J. 2007. The Physics Of Christianity. New York, Doubleday.