Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Design and Production of a Powered Cassava

Grating Machine
Ikechukwu Celestine Ugwuoke Ibukun Blessing Ikechukwu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering,
Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Abstract:- This work focused on the design and of those products. Cassava is a good source of carbohydrate
production of a powered cassava grating machine using in terms of nutritional value, cassava starch when processed
locally sourced material which makes it affordable to is suitable for livestock feeds. It also generate rural-
both the middle and the low class populace. The major employment through its wide spread cultivation, increase
consideration was to produce a cassava grating machine farmers income and could be exported. Most existing grater
that can be coupled or decoupled easily, the hopper was consist of heavy perforated rotating circular grating drum
designed to accommodate a specific volume of peeled attached to a shaft and driven by a prime mover. Most
cassava conveniently without wastage, the grating unit farmers prefer to preserve their cassava in the soil, delay
was made of stainless metal so as to promote safe grating harvesting in order to prolong its storage period due to lack
operation, and the delivery chute was made sloppy for of proper processing equipment. Therefore, to boost the
easy discharge. The machine is powered either preservation of the tuber in large quantities and retain their
electrically using an electric motor or mechanically qualities, the need to design and produce a machine that will
using a gasoline engine. The powered cassava grating enhance this operation cannot be over emphasized. The
machine is durable, light-weighted and easily operated designed machine would be produced, tested and used in
and will greatly reduce importation of similar machines. solving cassava grating problems of small-scale farmers
The machine is portable and can be used commercially domestically as well as commercially.
to produce cassava pulp and also solves the problem of
fatigue resulting from the manual grating of cassava. III. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Testing of the powered cassava grating machine shows
that the performance was excellent. The aim of this study is to design and produce a
powered cassava grating machine with the following
Keywords:- Powered, Cassava, Grating machine, Durable, objectives:
Light-weighted, Easily operated, Performance.
To use the locally available materials and appropriate
I. INTRODUCTION technology to produce an improved affordable machine
which can serve as an import substitute
This work focused on the design and production of a  To ease the problem of grating both domestically and
powered cassava grating machine using locally sourced commercially.
material which makes it affordable to both the middle and  To eliminate vibration of the grating drum during
the low class populace. The major consideration was to operation, thereby ensuring proper grating performance of
produce a cassava grating machine that can be coupled or cassava roots.
decoupled easily, the hopper was designed to accommodate  To produce a machine with simple design, that can easily
a specific volume of peeled cassava conveniently without be operated.
wastage, the grating unit was made of stainless metal so as  To reduce cost of cassava processing and save time.
to promote safe grating operation, and the delivery chute  To ensure the consumption of healthy and safe cassava
was made sloppy for easy discharge. The machine is products.
powered either electrically using an electric motor or
mechanically using a gasoline engine. The powered cassava IV. REVIEW OF RELATED WORK
grating machine is durable, light-weighted and easily
operated and will greatly reduce importation of similar In present day Nigeria, the cassava products are
machines. The machine is portable and can be used largely consumed locally with little or no exportation due to
commercially to produce cassava pulp and also solves the the fact that the products do not meet up with the required
problem of fatigue resulting from the manual grating of standards for foods to be exported. Therefore, there is the
cassava. Testing of the powered cassava grating machine need to encourage small scale producers of cassava product
shows that the performance was excellent. to promote products quality and good hygienic values [1].
Several works have been carried out on cassava grating
II. JUSTIFICATION machines, Ndaliman [4] designed and developed a cassava
grating machine which has two modes of operation. The
The need to increase food supply has been recognized machine can be powered either electrically or manually. It
by many developing countries including Nigeria as a means takes care of power failure problems and can be used in
to attain food sustainability and self-sufficiency as a rural settlements where electricity supply is not in existence.
country. Thus considerable research especially in the area of Aideloje et al. [2] designed and fabricated a mechanically
starchy tubers used as food such as potatoes, yam, and powered mobile cassava grating machine using locally
cassava are being carried out. These have led to the increase

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
sourced material and tested to determine its output capacity. C. Component Parts
The machine is economically affordable and can be used for  Prime mover: this is the major component that brings
both household and industrial purposes. Yusuf, Akpenpuun about rotation. The prime mover is a 3.5hp gasoline
and Iyanda [6] designed and fabricated a simple pedal powered engine connected to the grating drum by the use
operated cassava grater for rural dwellers using locally of a belt and pulley.
sourced material. Bello, Lamidi and Oshinlaja [3] designed  The grating drum: this is cylindrical in shape which
and fabricated a home-scale cassava grating machine taking carries a perforated stainless plate wound around it. This
into consideration machine efficiency, safety factors, and serves as the grater.
portability. Okoli and Okonkwo [5] designed and fabricated  The feed hopper (inlet): here, the peeled cassava is
an improved double barrel cassava grating machine for poured into it and covered. It is a circular (oval) shaped
better and faster cassava processing. cross-section.
 The outlet: this is where the grated material falls for
V. MATERIALS AND METHOD
bagging and conveyance.
A. Machine Description
D. Design Analysis and Calculations
Cassava tubers, after peeling are required to be grated
before processing into other products. Powered cassava  Volume of the grating drum material
grater is a farm processing equipment which will serve as an For perforated stainless steel sheet
improvement over the traditional way of cassava grating by 𝑉𝑝𝑠𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿1 𝑡1
eliminating drudgery and time wastage, and improving r= 0.0875m
output capacity. The cassava grater comprises a grating L1 = 0.57m
drum, hopper and drum housing, a prime mover and the t1 = 0.0005m
body frame. The processing of cassava should follow 𝑉𝑝𝑠𝑚 = 2𝜋 × 0.0875 × 0.57 × 0.0005
immediately after harvest since its roots starts to decay
= 1.57 × 10−4 𝑚3
thereafter. The main consideration is to produce a cassava
grating machine that can be coupled or decoupled easily, the For the two circular plates material
hopper accommodates a specific volume peeled cassava 𝑉𝑐𝑝𝑚 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑡2
conveniently without wastage, the grating unit is made of
t2 = 0.003m
stainless metal so as to promote safe grating operation, and
𝑉𝑐𝑝𝑚 = 𝜋 × 0.08752 × 0.003 = 7.22 × 10−5 𝑚3
delivery chute is made sloppy for easy discharge.

B. Principle of Operation For rolled steel sheet

The rotation of the grating drum is initiated by a prime 𝑉𝑟𝑠𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿2 𝑡3
mover. The prime mover is started and it rotates the grating L2 = 0.56m
drum through the help of a belt and pulley attached to its t3 = 0.001m
ends. Peeled cassava tuber is held against the rotating 𝑉𝑟𝑠𝑚 = 2𝜋 × 0.0875 × 0.56 × 0.001
grating drum by opening the top cover pouring the cassava = 3.08 × 10−4 𝑚3
inside the drum’s housing. Sometimes, the peeled cassava
can be held against the rotating grating drum to effect  Weight of the grating drum material
grating. The grated cassava falls inside a trough placed at 𝑀𝑔𝑑𝑚 = (𝑉𝑝𝑠𝑚 𝜌1 + 𝑉𝑐𝑝𝑚 𝜌2 + 𝑉𝑟𝑠𝑚 𝜌2 )
the outlet. It requires two persons to operate the machine 1 = 7930 Kg/m3
effectively and conveniently. One feeding the machine and 2 = 7850 Kg/m3
the other offloading the grated materials and monitoring the 𝑀𝑔𝑑𝑚 = (1.57 × 10−4 × 7930 + 7.22 × 10−5 × 7850
prime mover. The operation of the machine is simple. When + 3.08 × 10−4 × 7850) = 4.23𝑘𝑔
operated mechanically, the machine is attached to a prime 𝑊𝑔𝑑𝑚 = 𝑀𝑔𝑑𝑚 × 𝑔 = 4.23 × 9.81 = 41.50𝑁
mover by a v-belt connected to the shaft pulley. Cassava is
fed through the chute into the basin or trough. Fig. 1. shows  Force required to grate cassava
the schematic diagram of an electrically powered cassava 2𝜋𝑁 2
grater. 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑔𝑑𝑚 𝑟 ( )
60
N is the desired speed of the grating drum
2𝜋 × 300 2
𝐹 = 4.23 × 0.0875 × ( ) = 365.30𝑁
60
 Torque at the grater drum surface
𝑇 = 𝐹 × 𝑟 = 365.30 × 0.0875 = 31.96𝑁𝑚

 Power required to grate cassava

2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋 × 300
𝑃 =𝑇×( ) = 31.96 × ( ) = 1004.05𝑊
60 60
= 1.35ℎ𝑝
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of an electrically powered Factor of safety = 2.0
cassava grater
𝑃 = 1.35 × 2 = 2.70ℎ𝑝

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Bending moment about C
 Torque transmitted from the electric motor 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑅𝐴 × (𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑊𝐺 (𝑏)
60 × 𝑃𝑚 60 × 2238 = −29.08 × 0.40 − 237.7 × 0.20
𝑇𝑚 = = = 13.30𝑁𝑚
2𝜋 × 𝑁𝑚 2𝜋 × 1440 = −59.17𝑁𝑚

 Torsional moment  Bending moment about D

9550 × 𝐾𝑊 9550 × 1.004 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) − 𝑊𝐺 (𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑅𝐵 (𝑐)
𝑀𝑡 = = = 31.96Nm = −29.08 × 0.50 − 237.7 × 0.30
𝑁 300
Tension on the belt + 858.48 × 0.1 = 0𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑡 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) × 𝑟1
r1 = 0.0925m  Moment consideration for horizontal loading
r2 = 0.040m Upward forces = downward forces
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 345.51N 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 591.70𝑁
𝑇1
2.3 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝜇𝜃 Taking moment about RA
𝑇2 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) − 𝑅𝐵 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 0
𝜇 = 0.3(constant for v-belt drive) 𝑅𝐴 = −147.93𝑁
𝑇1 𝑅𝐵 = 739.63𝑁
( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 −1 (0.39) = 2.45
𝑇2
𝑇1 = 583.79𝑁  Bending moment about A
𝑇2 = 238.28𝑁 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 822.07𝑁
 Bending moment about C
 Weight of the pulley 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑅𝐴 × (𝑎 + 𝑏) = −147.93 × 0.40 = −59.17𝑁𝑚
𝑊𝑃 = 𝑀𝑃 × 𝑔 = 1.5 × 9.81 = 14.72𝑁
 Bending moment about D
 Shaft design analysis 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 × (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) + 𝑅𝐵 (𝑐)
= −147.93 × 0.50 + 739.63 × 0.1
= 0𝑁𝑚

 Maximum bending moment

𝑀𝑏 = √𝑀𝑉2 + 𝑀𝐻2 = 83.67𝑁𝑚

Fig. 2: Shaft loading  Diameter of the shaft

16
𝐷3 = √(𝑘b 𝑀b )2 + (𝑘t 𝑀t )2
𝜋𝑆𝑠

𝑘𝑏 = Combined shock and fatigue applied to bending

moment (1.5)

𝑘𝑡 = Combined shock and fatigue applied to torsional

moment (1.0)

𝑆𝑠 = Allowable stress (40MN/m2 for mild steel)

Fig. 3: Reactions
16
𝑊𝐺 = 𝑊𝑔𝑑𝑚 + 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑎 = 41.5 + 196.2 = 237.7𝑁 𝐷3 = √(1.5 × 83.67)2 + (1.0 × 31.96)2
𝜋 × 40 × 106
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑊𝑃 + 𝑇 = 14.72 + 822.07 = 836.79𝑁 𝐷 = 25.45𝑚𝑚

 Moment consideration for vertical loading A standard shaft size of 30mm was used
Upward forces = downward forces
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑊𝐺 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 237.70 + 591.70 = 829.40𝑁 VI. PRODUCTION OF COMPONENT PARTS
Taking moment about RA
𝑊𝐺 (𝑎) − 𝑅𝐵 (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = 0 A. Hopper
The hopper which serves as the channel through which
𝑅𝐴 = −29.08𝑁
the cassava is fed for grating, was produced using stainless
𝑅𝐵 = 858.48𝑁
steel sheet. The plain sheet was placed on a steel table for
 Bending moment about A marking out by means of a scriber to its required dimensions
𝑀𝐴 = 0 and thereafter cut to shape before it was folded and welded.

 Bending moment about B

𝑀𝐵 = 𝑅𝐴 × 𝑎 = −29.08 × 0.20 = −5,82𝑁𝑚

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
D. Pulley
These are part of the transmission system of the grating
machine. They can be used to increase or decrease speed
transmission from the electric motor to the shaft or vice-
vassal.

Fig. 4: Hopper

B. Grating Drum
The grating drum which performs the grating of cassava
that is fed into the hopper, is housed within the hopper. It
consist of a solid shaft, passing through two circular plates, Fig. 7: Pulley
folded galvanized steel sheet and perforated stainless steel E. Shaft
sheet. The two circular plates were placed at both ends of The shaft was used to transmit power to the grating
the folded steel sheet and welded to the shaft. drum. It is a solid shaft machined from mild steel. In order
to maintain satisfactory performance, the shaft was
stiffened, supported on rigid bearings and properly
balanced. It was equally designed to withstand bending,
tensile, compressive and torsion loads all acting at the same
time.

F. Maintenance of the Cassava Grating Machine

Fig. 8.shows the assembled cassava grater. Maintenance
activities should be carried out so as to prolong the life span
of the machine and to obtain optimum performance. The
important maintenance activities to be carried out regularly
on the machine for effective and maximum performance
include:
 Lubrication of the moving parts before operation
Fig. 5: Grating Drum  If any machine component is worn out, it should be
C. Support Bearings replaced
The bearings were used to support the grating unit and  The belt driving the pulleys should be checked before use
also to aid in the transmission of speed via the pulley from for proper tightening
the electric motor to the grating unit. They enhance the  When carrying out any maintenance or repairs on the
smooth running of the grating machine. machine, all bolts and nuts must be properly tightened
 The machine should undergo daily routine maintenance
so as to improve its life span and durability.

Fig. 6: Support Bearing

Fig. 8: Assembled cassava grater

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
VII. CONCLUSION

This work focused on the design and production of a

powered cassava grating machine using locally sourced
material which makes it affordable to both the middle and
the low class populace. The cassava grating machine can be
coupled or decoupled easily, the hopper of the machine was
designed to accommodate a specific volume of peeled
cassava conveniently without wastage, the grating unit was
made of stainless metal so as to promote safe grating
operation, and the delivery chute was made sloppy for easy
discharge. The machine is powered either electrically using
a 3hp electric motor or mechanically using a 6.5hp gasoline
engine. The powered cassava grating machine is durable,
light-weighted, easily operated and will greatly reduce
importation of similar machine types. The machine is
portable and can be used commercially to produce cassava
pulp and also, it solves the problem of fatigue resulting from
the manual grating of cassava. Test indicated that the
machine performed excellently well.

REFERENCES

[1.] Adetunji, O.R. and Quadri, A. H. (2011). Design and

Fabrication of an Improved Cassava Grater, Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology. 12(2):120-129.
[2.] Aideloje, V. E., Okwudibe, H. A., Jimoh, A. Z., and
Olawepo, B. B. (2018) Development and Utilization
of Mobile Cassava Grating Machines in Nigeria,
Journal of Environmental Issues and Agriculture in
Developing Countries, 10(3), 168-180.
[3.] Bello, S. K., Lamidi, S. B., and Oshinlaja, S. A.
(2020) Design and Fabrication of Cassava Grating
Machine, International Journal of Advances in
Scientific Research and Engineering, 6(11), 162-167.
[4.] Ndaliman, M. B. (2006) Development of Cassava
Grating Machine: A Dual-Operational Mode,
Leonardo Journal of Sciences, Issue 9, 103-110.
[5.] Oke, O. L. (2004). Cassava in Food Industry: A
Paper Presented at the Cassava Stakeholders Forum
and Exhibition, with the theme Unlocking the
Potential of Cassava for Sustainable Development as
part of the Presidential Committee on Cassava Export
Promotion held at Aso Rock Villa, June 7th – 8th
2004, Pg. 2.
[6.] Yusuf, K. O., Akpenpuun, T. D., and Iyanda, M. O.
(2019) Design and Fabrication of Simple Pedal
Operated Cassava Grater Suitable for Rural Dwellers,
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental
Management , 23(6), 1007-1011.

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