Media Release - Preparing a Nation to Avoid a Blackout and Total Grid Collapse - NRS Assoc of SA - 4 July 2023 VPpdf
Media Release - Preparing a Nation to Avoid a Blackout and Total Grid Collapse - NRS Assoc of SA - 4 July 2023 VPpdf
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  1. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 1of 12PRESS/MEDIA RELEASE BY THE NRS ASSOCIATION OF SA(4JULY2023)SA’s ELECTRICITY CRISISQUO VADIS....PREPARINGAND ENABLING VIRTUALLY AN ENTIRE NATION TO AVOID A NATIONAL BLACKOUT AND TOTAL GRID COLLAPSE BY ALSO UTILISING A NRS CODE OF PRACTICEbyVALLY PADAYACHEE, CEng; CD(SA); Pr CPM; Pr Cert Eng; MBA; MSc (Eng); GCC; EDP (Wits),CHAIRMANOF THEMANAGEMENT COMMITTEEOF THENRS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH AFRICAINTRODUCTIONThe NRS Association of SA is pleased to announce that it has just approvedin June 2023for the adoption and implementation of acomprehensive NRS Code of Practice(“CoP”)that inter alia further mitigates the propensity of a national blackout and total grid collapse even at advanced stages of load shedding stages beyond stage eight (8). The country is currently in the midst of a national electricity crisis andwinterwhichhistorically from experience the coldest period is generally expected to be during the third week of July and the first week of August when the electricitydemand nationally is generally at its highest.The NRS Association pulled out all stops and fast tracked or accelerated with the cooperation and collaboration of
  2. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 2of 12a wide range and manyand different stakeholdersand interest groupsto compile, finalise, approve,and releasethe said NRS Code of Practicein the last many months of 2022 and 2023. WHO IS THE NRS ASSOCIATION OF SAThe National Rationalised Specifications Association of South Africa (“NRSA of SA”)is a high impact voluntary forum or entity of like-minded organisations (includes all eight metros, municipalities, Eskom Holdings, SABS and NERSA) that was formed+-25 years agoto collaborate and develop voluntary industry specifications with the primary intention of standardising equipment specifications across the South African Electricity Supply Industry (“ESI”) and the South African Electricity Distribution Industry(“EDI”) to inter alia protect the integrity of the South African national grid and associated equipment and systems through its various specifications and codes of practicesAPPROVAL OF NRS048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICE BY NRS ASSOCIATION OF SAThe Management Committee of the NRS Association of SA had unanimously acceptedin June 2023for adoption and implementation “NRS 048-9, Edition 3, Electricity Supply andQuality of Supply: Code of Practice that addressesloadshedding, loadreduction practices, system restoration practices, and critical load and essential load requirements under system emergencies”(an “electricity load”is simply any component or equipment of an electrical circuit that consumes power or energy)COLLABORATION WITH NERSAAformal request was made to NERSA on Friday 30 June 2023 for setting into motion and actioning a legal and compliance mandatingapproval processof the NRS 048-9 Edition 3 Codeof Practicethat wasapproved and adoptedby the NRS Associationof SA.VOLUNTARY STATUS OF NRS 048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICEUNTIL NERSA CONSLUDES ITS PROCESSES WITH RESPECT TO EDITION 3However, though formally approved by the NRS Association of SA the NRS 048-9, Edition 3 Code of Practicewill remain a “voluntary CoP” until NERSA, an entityestablished in terms of section 3 of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No. 40 of 2004) gives due consideration through its processes to make mandatory adherence or compliance to the said CoPa licensed condition for/by the various SA licensed electricity distribution utilities, including Eskom and the municipalities (“licensees”)pursuant to the requirements of the Electricity Regulation Act of 2006 (“ERA”)(as amended). Notwithstanding its voluntary status and during this interim period when NERSA is giving due consideration to Edition 3 any licensed electricity utility can still choose to adopt and implement the CoP in its operations as part of its Grid Code compliance requirements. As an NRS Association of SA we would encourage all such electricity utilities to not waste time and
  3. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 3of 12voluntarily adopt the CoPnoting we are in an electricity crisis situation and with all its associated challenges. Until NERSA concludes its processes with respect to Edition 3, the Edition 2CoPwill continue to remain the legally mandated licensed condition CoP in operation.THEDEVELOPMENT OF A NEW REVISED NRS CODE OF PRACTICETHAT PREPARESAND ENABLESVIRTUALLY THE ENTIRE NATION TO AVOID A NATIONAL BLACKOUT AND TOTAL GRID COLLAPSEThe NRS Association of SA is confident that given the thoroughness of the engineering, supporting work, diverse consultation, etc that went into the compilation of CoPat an acceleratedlevel the CoPis reasonably and comprehensively detailed at a level that it would adequately prepare and enable virtually the entire SA nation especially the various multitude of users comprising commercial, industrial, mining, electricity utilities (includes Eskom and the municipalities), small business, big business, parastatals, national key points, communities as a collective, critical load owners, essential load owners, and even the ordinary public, etc., to be at an advanced state of readiness to avoid going into an unlikely national blackout and total grid collapse situation or event especially in a state of emergency even at advanced levels of load shedding up to and including the unlikely stage 16 levelGOOD ESKOM GENERATION PERFORMANCE AND RISK OF HIGHER DEMAND AT WINTER PEAKThe NRS Association also notes that theEskom Generation team seems to be performing wellcurrently, the nationalgrid is performing reasonably optimally now, load shedding levels are low, the Energy Availability Factor (“EAF”)is on the climb though stilllow at around 60%, demand is down (+-30GW), renewable generation at around +-400MW,OCGTs used is relatively high around +-11to +-14and availabilityaround +-29 GW. Many years ago, when the Eskom Generation EAF was high, >+-80% levels Eskom Generation neverdid planned maintenance during winter to ensure inter alia Generation fleet availability was maximised without compromising the integrity of those generation units at a time when the availability, EAF was high. Historicallyalso manyyears agothemaximum demand during a coldish winter can be from +-34 GW to +-38 GW or even higher. It may or may not reach such high levels again even this winter. Presumably such high demands at the time historically were reflective of a vibrant economy and where many of the energy intensive users were utilising many more smelters etc that were either “power guzzlers” or “energy guzzlers” at the time.However, as a professional, responsible,and forward planning organisation the NRS Associationof SAis of the view that we are currently still “not out of the woods” yetand we may or can still experience advanced levels of load shedding later this month and in August 2023 and maybe during summer.
  4. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 4of 12PURPOSE OF A COUNTRY’S NATIONAL ELECTRICITY GRIDThe primary purpose of a country’s national electricity or power grid is to effectively, efficiently, resiliently, sustainably, and reliably transmit, transport and/or deliver electrical energy from power generating plants and prosumers to end use customers across the country.It also facilitates or enables the effective integration of diverse energy sources, promotes grid stability and resilience, provides economic benefits to the country and facilitating electricityor trading. In essence the national gridserves as a network of interconnected power transmission lines, power distribution lines, substations, transformers, switchgear, distribution energy resources, etc., that enable the delivery of electricity over long distancesand criss-crossing the terrain of the land.Unlike previousor pastyears and given the significant or exponential advances of power generation experience, technology, and research in the electrical energy sector the technical integrity, reliability,and resilience of most national grids globally (when and if properly maintained etc) arereasonably sound with the risk of anything possibly going wrong especially technically that may lead to a regional or national blackout or grid collapse is relativelylow.MITIGATING HUMAN OPERATORERRORHowever, there is one risk factor that could and can and has lead to electricity blackouts and/or grids collapsing. That factor is human operator error.Mitigating human operator error is crucial for a System Operator managing a national electricity grid to ensure the reliability, resilience,and stability of the national grid. The following are some of the techniques andmethods that are commonly used i.e. •training, development,and education•standardoperating protocols•implementation of technology such as grid modernisation, advanced automation,and control systems•redundancy and backup systemsto mitigate human error•minor and major incident investigation, reporting and learningsthereof•effective and efficient regulatory oversightBy implementing these techniques,actions, etc.,a System Operator, National Control Centre, Distribution Control Centres at Eskom,and the various municipalitiescan significantlyand immenselyreduce the risk of human operator error and enhance the overall reliability, resilience,and stability of the national electricity grid.POTENTIAL THREATS FACING SA’s NATIONAL GRIDSouth Africa’s electricity infrastructure is exposed to a variety of potential threats and vulnerabilities including:
  5. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 5of 12•generation, transmission and distribution plant and control systems failures; •extreme weather incidents and the impacts of climate change; •wilful damage (including vandalism and sabotage) to electricity infrastructure; •the impact of a sequence of unforeseen events and potential failure of barriers and protection systems and electricity constraints due to infrastructure capacity shortages anddisruptions to critical resources (such as coal, gas, and liquid fuel) that may arise from time to time. Should the associated risks materialise, the resulting impact on safety, society, the environment, and the economy can be significant. The risk of a national blackout, whilst inherent to the operation of a large power system, has a low likelihood of materializing given operating protocols and protection systems in place. However, should a national blackout materialize the impact on the country would be severe, impacting critical sectors of society and the economy including personal and occupational safety, water supply and sewage systems, telecommunications and transport infrastructure, and even national security.EMERGENCY LOAD REDUCTIONEmergency load reduction is a measure implemented by the System Operator and the various distribution control centres to prevent a national, regional, or local blackout when the power system conditions are such that demand cannot be met by the available power system capacity, or when adequate reserves required to manage the power system security cannot be maintained without a reduction in load. Emergency load reduction in this context refers to mandatory measures required over-and-above contracted load reduction (demand response), energy conservation schemes and demand side management measures as may be in place at the time. Emergency load reduction may take the form of load shedding (time-based interruption of supply to customers on a rotational basis) or load curtailment. Load curtailment can be implemented with the following options: •self-managed curtailment (self-reduction by customers in response to an instruction given by the system operator or upstream control centre), •load limiting (a limit remotely imposed on the total load drawn by a customer, typically enabled by smart meter technology) or •customer load switching (remote switching of customer circuits to specific appliances, typically enabled by smart meter technology or ripple control technology).LOAD SHEDDING VERSUS BLACKOUTLoad shedding differs from a blackout in that load shedding is a controlled intervention affecting a limited number of customers at a time, whilst a blackout happens without warning
  6. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 6of 12in an uncontrolled manner and can affect many (if not all) customers simultaneously for an unpredictable period. Load shedding is the single biggest constraint on South Africa’s economic growth; however, it is a necessary tool to prevent a collapse of the Interconnected Power System (IPS) during times of supply not being able to meet demand. As the NRS Association we wish to give further assurance to the media, the public, etc that migrating into “blackout situation” and a potential national grid collapse though technically is not impossible, but it is virtually not probable at all. (After allit has not happened in SA to date and in the 100 years of Eskom’s existence). The Eskom System Operator (“SO”) does have plans in place which are tested successfully regularly which is in fact a Grid Code requirement. It is very important also that higher stages of loadshedding does not mean we get closer to blackout. It means our electricity utility members especially Eskom and the municipalities are in control of the network and keeping it stable. Lastly “blackouts” and critically important are not caused by lack of generation capacity but by unexpected sudden events on the Transmission network that cascades and eventually results in generators protecting themselves by separating from the network. Usually, it is because of extreme weather events.DEVELOPMENT OF NRS 048-9 CODE OF PRACTICESINCE 2010It was in this context and aforementioned backgroundthat the NRS 048-9 Edition 1 Code of Practice was first developed in 2010 to address the need for a national CoPfor real-time emergency load reduction and restoration of electricity supply after a major system incident. The CoPaddresses not only the power system requirement (the load reduction required) but how this is done and communicated to have the least negative impact on critical infrastructure. The need for such a CoP arose after national load shedding was undertaken in South Africa in 2008. Requirements for extreme power system constraints and blackout restoration have also been included in the form of essential load requirements. This Edition3 of the CoPreplaces the second edition published in 2017. Several changes and enhancements have been included in this third editionThe NRS 048-09 Code of Practice strives to balance three fundamental objectives: •An equitable distribution of the “burdens” and” pain” caused by an electricity shortage and •The imperative of avoiding the catastrophic consequences of a blackout and•The impact of load shedding on “essential loads” and “critical loads”.NRS 048-9 EDITION 3 SCOPEThe CoP is intended to provide for the implementation of a nationally consistent response to a variety of system emergencies. As such, the CoP:
  7. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 7of 12•provides electricity suppliers (licensees) with a code of practice for developing emergency load reduction practices, as defined in the CoP•provides electricity suppliers (licensees) with best practice for prioritizing load restoration after a local,regional, or national blackout,•defines and categorizes critical loads and essential load requirements,•provides electricity suppliers (licensees), customers, and national and local government with best practice on how to address critical loads and essential load requirements in the context of emergency load reduction or system restoration,•identifies the responsibilities that all stakeholders have in relation to sharing information on critical loads and essential load requirements,•identifies the responsibilities that the licensee has in terms of information sharing related to load shedding schedules and system status, •provides standard definitions related to emergency load reduction principles tofacilitate common understanding between stakeholders,•defines the roles, responsibilities and limitations of licensees and customers in addressing various aspects of load shedding, •provides reporting formats to facilitate the collection of essential load data, and•specifies compliance and reporting requirements of licensees.This CoP is intended to be applied when all other measures as (indicated in the CoP) are inadequate to prevent a demand-supply constraint that could lead to risk of system collapse (at national or regional level).It should be noted that NERSA may from time-to-timemandate alternative protocols or clarifications on the provisions related to the application of this CoP. Users of this CoPare advised to confirm any such changes with NERSA or their electricity supplier.WIDER OR ADDITIONAL APPLICATION AREAS OF NRS048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICEWhilst laying down a national basis for the consistent application of load reduction and restoration practices by licensees (of NERSA), this NRS 048-9 Edition 3 also addresses:•options available to customers to minimize the impact of load shedding (e.g., alternatives to load shedding such as load curtailment);•the responsibilities of a variety of stakeholders (such as individual customers and local government) in relation to providing essential load information and protecting critical installations from the impact of load shedding; a•measures that need to be taken within individual customer installations in the event of supply interruptions or load reduction.•The development of mandatory load reduction requirements requires several factors to be taken into consideration. These factors sometimes present conflicting requirements and therefore need to be balanced on a
  8. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 8of 12pragmatic basis. The factors considered in developing this part of NRS 048 are:•the safety of people, the environment, and potential damage to plant associated with a critical national product;•the magnitude of the load reduction required and the speed at which this can be achieved.•equitable participation bycustomers in respect of the common power supply (Eskom and Grid level IPPs), a requirement of the Electricity Regulation Act, and how load reduction requirements are allocated between various regions across the country, metros, municipalities, large industrial customers, and international customers;•predictability of when and for how long a customer will be interrupted or required to reduce demand;•technical constraints on executing load shedding and curtailment or restoration;•the social impact of load shedding and curtailment; and•economic impact on the country.OTHER LONG-TERMMEASURES UTILISED BY THE SYSTEM OPERATOR TO MITIGATE A BLACKOUT AND TOTAL GRID COLLAPSE BESIDES THE NRS 048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICEMEASURESThe application NRS 048-9 Edition 3 should also be seen in the context of other long, medium,and short-term measures required to manage a potential imbalance in supply and demand. Measures to prevent such an emergency condition could include:•voluntary load reduction by customers in response to a system constraint, •pricing mechanisms that encourage load reduction on constrained days, •implementation of an energy conservation scheme, and •shorter-term interventions such as the use of interruptible load that has been contracted for -either under a supply agreement or through market mechanisms Other longer-term measures include: •adequate investment in generation and supply network capacity; •interventions to maximize generation and supply network availability; and•energy efficiency programmes. UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTIONThe final system defence against a national blackout is the under-frequency protection scheme which responds in under a second to a drop in frequency. Once this scheme is activated, supply and demand on the system needs to be brought back into balance by either using available reserves or by implementing emergency load reduction
  9. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 9of 12RESTORATION OF POWER SUPPLY AFTER A BLACKOUT AND/OR TOTAL GRID COLLAPSERestoration of supply to all customers after a significant system incident or blackout could take days to weeks. Whilst the order in which supply is restored to individual customers is often dictated by the nature of the incident, the ability to restore supply to essential loads as quickly as possible should form part of the restoration regime. This requires that essential load requirements are provided by customers to power system operators. THE CHANGES TO NRS048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICEWHEN COMPARED TO EDITION 2CoPThe changes and enhancements included in this NRS 048-9 Edition 3are:•consolidation of the loadshedding stages into a single system from stage 1 to 16, restricting all licensees to using this system as specified in this code of practice, or being able to explain to NERSA why they do not and how their specific system still adheres to the principles herein.•clarification on methods for setting baselines for curtailment customers.•Increased control of how load shedding and load curtailment are determined and carried out, providing more stability to the network and more certainty to curtailment customers.•Inclusion of the right for curtailment customers to reduce by 10 % per stage (2 stages of loadshedding), up to stage 10, 50 % of their load, or to go to essential loads, depending on their own capacity, rather than being forced to essential loads after Stage 4.•the specification of compliance and reporting requirements (general and real-time);•guidance on the implementation of smart metering as a technology platform for reducing the impact of load shedding on customers; and•extensive editorial changes to this specification.LIMITATIONS OFNRS 048-9 EDITION 3The NRS 048Edition 3has also been developed in the context of known system and technology limitations. These limitations include the embedded nature of some customers that may be severely impacted by load shedding in electricity networks as they are currently designed, as well as the limited penetration of smart metering technology in South Africa. This third editionCoPwas written with input fromliterally hundreds of consultations with severaldifferent stakeholders(both in the private and public sectors)andeight(8) subject specific Task teams, butsomeof the suggestions could not be accommodated in the CoP because of the ongoing:•lack of technological investment in the reticulation industry (e.g., smart meter technology, remote fast switching systems);
  10. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 10of 12•practical limitations of predicting generator plant failure;•lack of legal changes allowing any specific sectors or products to achieve special status;For this reason, the possibility of using economic considerations, which rely on advanced metering, legal agreements, and more research into the impact of load reduction on specific parts of the economy, especially at higher stages, has been unavoidably excluded from this third edition. It is anticipated that future editions willor maycontinue to examine this possibility until it can be included.NRS 048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICE DOES NOT IN ANY WAY SUBROGATE ANY ACTIONS DEEMED NECESSARY AND TAKEN BY THE SYSTEM OPERATOR IN AN EMERGENCYAND REAL TIMEWhilst this CoPprovides for an ordered and consistent approach to emergency load reduction, it does not subrogateany actions that the System Operatorand the various distribution control centresmay deem necessary in real time to ensure the security of the national power system (in terms of its compliance to the Grid Code, amongst others, to prevent a national blackout). This includes the requirement for the System Operator to prudently manage system operating reserves. In the context of an actual emergency compliance with real-time load reduction requirements will be given effect by the ‘upstream’ control centre (i.e., System Operator or control centre will instruct the level of load reduction required and take the necessary actions should this not be adequate). Besides having access to the NRS 048-9 Code of Practice the System Operator and National control Centre also has its own standard operating procedures or protocols to assist and direct itsactions (whennecessary) especially in the case of a real time power system emergency. It is therefore considered as a valuable tool or aideto the System Operator.NRS048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICE COVERS ENTIRE BASE LOAD UPTO AN UNLIKELY EVENT OFSTAGE 16 LOAD SHEDDING–MITIGATION OF HUMAN OPERATOR ERRORThe increase in load shedding stages from the current eight (8) stages as in the Edition 2 CoP to incorporating the whole system base load which equates to potentially and in the unlikely event up to stage 16 load sheddingis a new inclusion in NRS 048-9 Edition 3Code of Practice.In this respect the following motivation, rationale, and the need to move or migrate as a proactive planning measure from the current eight (8) stages of load shedding to possible elevated levels of load shedding up to stage 16 are provided. It’s also based on current realities on the ground viz; the operational status of the Eskom grid and the status of the Eskom Generation coal fired assets. The use ofstage six (6) load shedding prompted the System Operator (“SO”) to request the NRS 048-9 Work Group to also consider extending the load shedding stages to manage the possible load shedding above the current Stage eight (8).
  11. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 11of 12In NRS048-9 Edition 1, with stages capped at Stage four (4), requiring,or necessitatingutilities to “find” electricity load under emergency conditions, with 75% of the load not being used it was reasonably easy. However, attempting to do so beyond stage 4 is not that easy.In Stage eight (8) load shedding almost half the electricity load is shed, and the other half is waiting to be shed. It’s generally much harder to “find” such electricity load under emergency conditions. The NRS 048-9 Edition 3, Code of Practice also provides amethodology for utilities to reduce the whole load base in a structured way. Once all the load is used there is therefore no need for a contingency option.Hence the NRS Association of SA is comfortable in stating that by removing the contingency the propensity of an operator making a “human operator error” is absolutely reduced especially in situations of elevated levels of load shedding even beyond stage 8 up to the unlikely level of stage 16.STAGE 16 LOAD SHEDDINGTHOUGH INHERENTLY POSSIBLE ISAN UNLIKELY EVENTThe NRS Association of SA wishes to reiterate and assure especially the publiconce againthat the need to plan for a potential load shedding beyond stage eight (8) up to and including load shedding at possible elevated levels (including in the unlikely event to up to stage 16) and the removal of the associated contingency measures is primarily a proactive measure as a responsible organisation (through its various structures) to enable or empower the various electricity utilities (especially Eskom) and some key customers to be in a maximum state of readiness and preparedness to respond in theevent of and the need to (and hopefully not) institute load shedding beyond stage eight (8) levels. It therefore does not mean that with the reference to stage 16 in NRS 048-9 Edition 3 it’s now a fait accompli that the electricity utilities are planning to migrate to stage 16 load shedding. It’s NOTthe caseNRS 048-9 EDITION 3 CODE OF PRACTICE MITIGATES POTENTIAL HUMAN OPERATOR ERRORBy also proactivelyforwardplanning and preparing for load shedding up to and including at possible elevated levels we believe that the riskfor any errors (if any) to “creep in” by the System Operator (“SO”), National Control Centre(“NCC”)and other distribution control centres (including municipalities) at significantly higher levels of load shedding stages will be reasonably and acceptably mitigated to an absolute minimal. EXEMPTIONS FROM LOAD SHEDDING OR LOAD REDUCTIONThe NRS 048-9 Edition 3Code of Practicestill caters for load shedding or load reduction exemption applications at a high level along the following lines;•NERSA is still accountable for considering applications for such exemptions.
  12. NRS Assoc of SA-MediaRelease 3/7/2023Page 12of 12•However,for practical reasons this functionis delegated to the various electricity utilities to consider such applications based on NRS 048-9 and their needsand requirements but with priority being always givento the protection of the national grid•If the applicant is unhappy with the decision from the said electricity utility,then such application can be escalated to NERSA whose decision will then be final•Alternatively,an application can be referred by the utility itself to NERSA for consideration if the utility is unable to consider the said application for various reasons. •In essence NERSA is only accountable for exceptions to ascertain or see if they are in line with NRS 048-9. If they arenot,then they also get referred to NERSA for further consideration•A proper register shall be maintained by all electricity utilities of such applications•NERSA given its mandate and NRS048-9 compliance is a license condition NERSA retainsthe right to audit suchregisters of utilities and can reverse or change decisions taken by a utilitywith respect to an application.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion as an NRS Association we wish to give recognition to the staff working under very difficult conditions at the National Central Control (“NCC”) and the System Operator (“SO”) and other distribution control centres (including municipalities). We believe that they are doing a fantasticjob in continuing to “keep the lights on” because Eskomhas still not gone into a “totalblackout situation”in over 100 years of its existence.Not many countries in the world have achieved this magnificent milestone.We regard these system operator and distribution control room individuals the pilots of the power system grid. Justas a competent pilot keeps an aircraft afloat these individuals are keeping the power system grid “afloat”.Arguably and notwithstanding Eskom’s performance related challenges forvarious reasons in certain areas of the business in recent years thesecontrol room persons (including from the municipal control rooms) seem to have a maintained a sustained high level of performance undervery difficult circumstancesPer: Vally PadayacheeMobile: 0832972287Email: vally@vpassociates.co.za
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