Monetisation of Hindu Rāṣṭram, from Vedic times Rāṣṭram vasu, dāmōdara, बॽ--ऺॏश्ण क, pre- & post-Mauryan wealth revealed by monetised Bh ratam ancient coins (321-185 BCE) How vasu ‘wealth’ of rāṣṭram was created in Ancient Bh ratam India has successfully cleaned up her monetary system thanks to demonetisation from Nov. 8, 2016. Monetisation refers to the conversion of an object, e.g. a plate of metal, into money, which means that the chosen object is accepted as a medium of exchange. Such a substitution is called pratinidhi in Tantra Yukti research methodology of Bh ratam. Metals monetized as coins are a remarkable episode in the story of civilizations narrated in the oldest human document, the Rigveda. Standardisation of the coins in weight and accepting the coins as money is a process which can be traced from ancient texts, Indus Script Corpora and ancient coins of Bh ratam Janam. Ancient history of the nation offers many lessons on an idea of the wealth of the r ṣṭram. Over 8000 inscriptions in Indus Script Corpora are metalwork catalogues. Many hypertexts and hieroglyphs which get punch-marked or impressed on tens of thousands of punch marked and cast coins of ancient Bh ratam are also metalwork catalogues. Both these types of catalogues are a way of documenting the artha, ‘wealth’ of the Rāṣṭram created by artisans and traders of the nation. Tens of thousands of coins of a variety of metals of Ancient Bh ratam are representations of Pre& Post-Mauryan wealth -- monetised Bh ratam ancient coins (321-185 BCE). These coins constitute the data mines of the wealth of the R ṣṭram, detailing the wealth using hypertexts and hieroglyphs in the Indus Script tradition. Indus Script tradition itself is a continuum of Veda cultural tradition which documents nigama, naigama (with two meanings: veda text; company of merchants); kārṣāpaṇá and s’atamāna षत-मान [p= 1050,1] m. any object made of gold which weighs a hundred मानs S3Br. Ka1tyS3r.; m. n. a weight (or gift) of a hundred मानs in gold or silver ( -दषि् ) मान n. a partic. measure or weight (= क॑णत or रतिका ; accord. to Sch. on TS. and Ka1tyS3r. 100 मानs = 5 पलs or प्s) क॑णल [p= 308,1] n. rarely ([ Ya1jn5. i , 362]) m. (g. षऺमा*षद) the black berry of the plant Abrus precatorius used as a weight (the average weight being between one and two grains) Ka1t2h. TBr. Mn. Ya1jn5. Comm. on Ka1tyS3r. &c; a coin of the same 1 weight Mn. Ya1jn5.; a piece of gold of the same weight TS. Kaus3. Nya1yam.; f. Abrus precatorius (a shrub bearing a small black and red berry = गॏजा , रतिका) L. The story of a civilization, the monetisation of the wealthiest nation on the globe from ca. 8th millennium BCE has yet to be fully narrated. This is a start by collating the available resources made available by archaeology, numismatics and historical studies of the civilization. This monograph demonstrates that the continuum of the monetary system is traceable from the evidence of Indus Script Corpora. Many hieroglyphs of the script continue to signify symbols on early monetary system (punch-marked and cast coins) managed by śreṇi guilds of Takshasila mints and hundreds of other mints of the nation. षत--मान [p= 1050,1] m. any object made of gold which weighs a hundred मानs S3Br. Ka1tyS3r.; m. n. a weight (or gift) of a hundred मानs in gold or silver ( -दषि् mfn. Ka1tyS3r. ) ib. Mn. Ya1jn5. &c; weighing a hundred (रतिकाs Sch.) TS. Ka1t2h. S3Br. &c दषि्ा f. completion of any rite (र-षतठा) L. f. a gift , donation (cf. अभय- , रा*्-) Mn. iii R. ii; f. (°्ाम् आ- √ षदष् , " to thank " DivyA7v. vii , 104 ; Caus. " to earn thanks " , i); f. reward RV. viii , 24 , 21; f. Donation to the priest (personified along with रम्ऺ् पषत , ిर , and ऺख़म , i , 18 , 5 ; x , 103 , 8 ; authoress of x , 107 RAnukr. ; wife of Sacrifice [ Ragh. i , 31 BhP. ii , 7 , 21] , both being children of ॹषि and आकॐषत , iv , l , 4 f. VP. i , 7 , 18 f.); f. a fee or present to the officiating priest (consisting originally of a cow cf. Ka1tyS3r. . xv La1t2y. viii , 1 , 2 ). RV. &c; f. (scil. गख़) , " able to calve and give milk " , a prolific cow , good milch-cow RV. AV.; दषि् [p= 465,2] able , clever , dexterous Pa1n2. 1-1 , 34 Ka1s3. S3atr. (ifc.) बॽ--ऺॏश्णक [p= 726,1] mfn. costing or possessing much gold R.; m. N. of an अरऻार on the Ganges Katha1s. Dakshina gives horses, gives cows, gives gold and also silver, bestows food. Our spirit discriminating (all things) puts on dakshina for armour. (RV 10.107.7) RV 8.24.21 Whose hero powers are measureless, whose bounty Never may be surpassed, Whose liberality, like light, is over all. 2 3 RV 10.107 Griffith translation: Daksina (Guerdon = Reward or recompense) āvír abhūn máhi mâghonam eṣāṃ is the incipit, a tribue to dakshina, ‘reward, Guerdon’. 1. THESE mens' great bounty hath been manifested, and the whole world of life set free from darkness. Great light hath come, vouchsafed us by the Fathers: apparent is the spacious path of Guerdon. 2 High up in heaven abide the Guerdon givers-: they who give steeds dwell with the Sun for ever. They who give gold are blest with life eternal. they who give robes prolong their lives, O Soma. 3 Not from the niggards for- they give not fireely comes- Meed at sacrifice, Gods satisfaction: Yea, many men with hands stretched out with Guerdon present their gifts because they dread dishonour. 4 These who observe mankind regard oblation as streamy Vayu and light finding- Arka. They satisfy and give their gifts in synod, and pour in streams the seven mothered- Guerdon. 5 He who brings Guerdon comes as first invited: chief of the hamlet comes the Guerdon bearer-. Him I account the ruler of the people who was the first to introduce the Guerdon. 6 They call him Rsi, Brahman, Sama chanter-, reciter of the laud, leader of worship. The brightlyshining- Gods' three forms he knoweth who first bestowed the sacrificial Guerdon. 7 Guerdon bestows the horse, bestows the bullock, Guerdon bestows, moreover, gold that Rsisters. Guerdon gives food which is our life and spirit. He who is wise takes Guerdon for his armour. 8 The liberal die not, never are they ruined: the liberal suffer neither harm nor trouble. The light of heaven, the universe about us, all this doth sacrificial Guerdon give them. 9 First have the liberal gained a fragrant dwelling, and got themselves a bride in fair apparel. The liberal have obtained their draught of liquor, and conquered those who, unprovoked, assailed them. 10 They deck the fleet steed for the bounteous giver: the maid adorns herself and waits to meet him. His home is like a lake with lotus blossoms, like the Gods palaces adorned and splendid. 11 Steeds good at draught convey the liberal giver, and lightly rolling moves the car 4 of Guerdon. Assist, ye Gods, the liberal man in battles: the liberal giver conquers foes in combat. Wilson’s translationŚ 10.107.01 The great (splendour) of Maghavan has become manifest (for the rites) of these (worshippers); all life has been extricated from darkness, the vast light bestowed by the progenitors has arrived, a spacious path for the daks.in.a_ has been displayed. (I Maghavan: Maghavan = the sun, at whose rising and at midday the daks.in.a_ is to be given, not at sunset; cf. RV. 5.77.2]. 10.107.02 The donors of the daks.in.a_ have mounted high in heaven, those who are givers of horses dwell with the sun; the givers of gold obtain immortality, the givers of raiment, O Soma, prolong their life. [Raiment: the givers of clothing (abide with you) Soma; (they all) prolong their life]. 10.107.03 The divine nourishing Daks.in.a_, which is part of the sacrifice to the gods, is not for those who go wrong, for they do not gratify (the gods with worship), but many men through fear of incurring sin liberally extending the daks.in.a_ gratify the gods. 10.107.04 They see (the offering of) the oblation to Va_yu, of the hundred streams, to the all-conscious sun, to the men-beholding (deities); they who please (the gods) and offer (oblations at the festival, let flow the daks.in.a_, the mother of seven. [Mother of seven: i.e., which has the seven sam.stha_s as in children, the agnis.t.oma etc., or that which has seven mothers as regulators (nirma_tarah), the Hota_ and other priests]. 10.107.05 Summoned (by the priests) first advances the daks.in.a_-bearing (sacrificer); the head of the village bearing the daks.in.a_ goes in the front. I regard him as a king among men who first introduced the daks.in.a_. 10.107.06 They call him the r.s.i, the Bra_hman.a, the leader of the sacrifice, the chanter of the hymn, the reciter of the prayer, he knows the three forms of light who first worshipped with the daks.in.a_/ [The leader of the sacrifice: the last three epithets denote the Adhvaryu, the Udga_ta_, and the Hota_; three forms of light: i.e., Agni, Va_yu and A_ditya]. 10.107.07 Daks.in.a_ gives horses, daks.in.a_ gives cows, daks.in.a_ gives gold and also silver, Daks.in.a_ bestows food. Our spirit discriminating (all things) puts on daks.in.a_ for armour. 10.107.08 The givers of enjoyment do not die, they do not go to destruction, they suffer no injury, the givers of enjoyment suffer no pain. Daks.in.a_ gives them all this world and the entire heaven. 10.107.09 The givers of enjoyment first won the cow the source (of food), the givers of enjoyment have won a bride who was beautifully attired, the givers of enjoyment have won deep potations of wine, the givers of enjoyment have conquered those who without being challenged advance to meet them. 10.107.10 For the giver of enjoyment they deck out a fleet horse, to the giver of enjoyment is presented a maiden beautifully adorned, to the giver of enjoyment belongs this dwelling, adorned like a lake full of lotus flowers, delightful as a dwelling of the gods. 10.107.11 Horses capable of bearing heavy burdens bear the giver of enjoyment, a wellconstructed chariot rolls along (for the giver) of the daks.in.a_; O gods, protect the giver 5 of enjoyment in combats; may the giver of enjoyment be the victor over his foes in battles. षन-° गम [p= 545,3] the शॕद or the Vedic text Hariv. Pa1n2. Pur. &c; any work auxiliary to and explanatory of the शॕदs Mn. iv , 19 ( Kull. ) = पररषषट; नॖ--गम[p= 569,3] mf(ీ)n. relating to the शॕद or Vedic words or quotations (a N. given to the collection of 278 separate words occurring in the षनगम or शॕद and commented on by याक ; they are arranged in one chapter of three sections) , Vedic Nir. BhP.; m. an interpreter of the sacred writings Pa1n2. 5-4 , 118 Pat. षन-° गम a town , city , market-place A1past. Car. Lalit. a caravan or company of merchants (ifc. f(आ).) R. Das3.; नॖ --गम m. a trader , merchant Ya1jn5. MBh. R. &c https://archive.org/details/lecturesonancien00bhaniala Lectures on Ancient Indian Numismatics delivered by D.R. Bhandarkar, Carmichael Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University. The archive contains full text of the five lectures delivered in 1921. Lecture I. Importance of the Study of Numismatics ... 1-36 II. Antiquity of Coinage in India ... ... 37-75 III. Karshapana : its Nature and Antiquity ... 76-123 IV. Science of Coinage in Ancient India ... 124-166 V. History of Coinage in Ancient India ... 167-212 kārṣāpaṇá m.n. a partic. coin or weight equivalent to one karṣa . [karṣa -- m. a partic. weight Su r. (cf. OPers. karša -- ) and paṇa -- 2 or āpana -- EWA i 176 and 202 with lit. But from early MIA. kă hā°]Pa. kahāpaṇa -- m.n. a partic. weight and coin , KharI. kahapana -- , Pk. karisāvaṇa -- m.n., kāhāvaṇa -- , kah° m.; A. kaoṇ a coin equivalent to 1 rupee or 16 paṇas or 1280 cowries ś B. kāhan 16 paṇas ś Or. kāhă ṇa 16 annas or 1280 cowries , H. kahāwan, kāhan, kahān m.ś OSi. (br hmī) kahavaṇa, Si.kahavuṇa, °vaṇuva a partic. weight . kāˊrṣāpaṇika worth or bought for a k rṣ paṇa P ṇ. [k rṣ paṇá -- ]Pa. kāhāpaṇika -- , Or. kāhāṇiã.(CDIAL 3080-3081) का्ाण * प्[p= 276,3] mn. (g. अ्णिाण *षद ; cf. क््ण ) " weighing a क्ण " , a coin or weight of different values (if of gold , = 16 मा्s »क्ण ; if of silver , = 16 प्s or 1280 Kowries , commonly termed a Kahan ; if of copper , = 80 रतिकाs or about 176 grains ; but accord. to some = only 1 प् of Kowries or 80 Kowries) Mn. viii , 136 ; 336 ; ix , 282; (ifc.) worth so many का्ाण प्s Pa1n2. 5-1 , 29; n. money , gold and silver L. niṣká m.n. gold ornament for neck or breast RV., specific weight of gold Y jñ. Pa. nikkha -- , nek° m.n. gold necklace, a weight of gold ś Pk. ṇikkha -- m. gold , m.n. a coin ś Si. nik a goldsmithΥs weight . niṣkapardika without cowries . [kaparda -- ] B. nikaṛiyā penniless , Or. nikauṛīā, H. nikauṛiyā; -- Bi. Mth. nikauriyā Grierson BPL 1070 ← H. with a false H. Bi. equivalence of ṛ ~ r? (CDIAL 7470, 7472) षनक[p= 562,2] mn. (rarely n.) ( Un2. iii , 45 g. अ्णिाण *षद) a golden ornament for the nec; later a partic. coin varying in value at different times (= 1 दॎनार of 32 small or 16 large 6 Rettis , = 1 क्ण orऺॏश्ण of 16 मा्s , = 1 पल of 4 or 5 ऺॏ-श्णs , = 1 larger पल or दॎनार variously reckoned at 108 or 150 ऺॏ-श्णs , = 4 मा्s , = 16 र s ; also a weight of silver of 4 ऺॏ-श्णs)k or breast (also used as money)RV. &c …th ee t pes of Collegiate “o e eig t de oted the te s Ga a, Naiga a a d Ja apada. Ga a, I then told you, was an oligarchy and was thus a distinct political form of government. This conclusion was in the main based upon Chapter 107 of the Santiparvan of the Mahabharata, but received corroboration from what we knew from numismatics. At least three types of coins have been brought to light which were issued by three different Ganas, viz., the Malavas, Yaudheyas and Vrishnis. That all of them wee Ga as as al ead k o to us f o i s iptio s a d Kautil a s A thasast a. A d it a , the efo e, perhaps be argued that these coins teach us nothing new. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that tghey possess great corroborative value, which cannot be ignored in a subject connected with Ad i ist ati e Histo , hi h is still i its i fa …o e t pe of oi s fou d i the Pu ja o the o e se of which you find the word Negama, i.e. NaigamAh, and on the reverse such names as Dojaka, Talimata, Atakataka a d so fo th…the e e eall the i i oi s st u k the peoples of these ities. i id., pp.5-6)) O the a ti uit of oi age i a ie t Bha at, Bha da ka otes: A d so e hat sta tli g as it may appear, we notice that Panini refers to at least seven kinds of coins. Not only does he speak of the Ka shapa as, ut also of Nishkas, “ata a as a d so fo th…A d if se e diffe e t t pes of etalli currency were prevalent in India about 550 BCE, the beginning of the beginning of coin-making in this country must be placed earlier than 700 BCE… e ead of at least th ee lasses of gold oi age i the Jataka lite atu e… Vessa gtara Jataka) the Nishkas here spe ified ust… ep ese t the highest o de of gold oi s… “to of a s ake-king called Champeyya) In this Jataka we find two classes of coins specified, viz., the Karshapanas and Nishkas. The first evidently are the silver and the second the gold money of the country of Kasi… Bhu idatta Jataka .At the very first performance that he (sane-charmer dancer) gave in a village, the people, we are told, were so pleased that they heaped on him hiranya, su a a, ast a, ala ka a a d the like…the o d su a a ea s e el gold ullio of this eight…I have been able to trace at least two references to a type of gold coins called Suvarna-Mashaka… Masha is a unit in the weight system of Indian coinage which differs in weight according as the coin is of gold,silveror copper…i a ie t I dia of the si th o pe haps of the seventh century BCE no less than three types of gold coins were current. Of the lowest value was the Mashaka, of a higher denomination was the Suvarna and of a still higher denomination, the Nishka. (pp.45-53)… On textual evidence for coins in Veda lite atu e, Bha da ka o se es: Kat a a a s “ autasut a o tai s a efe e e to a oi alled “ata a a…i the hapte e titled the ‘ajasu a-nirupanam, refers to the “ata a a oi i th ee o se uti e sut as…Nishka…o u s th i e i Cha dog a…But if e o e tl i te p et the passage of this Upa ishad, the o d ishka i the ust e take to sig if a e kla e a d ot a oi … “ata;patha B ah a a i the Ka da deali g ith ‘ajasu a e ha e a se tio which treats of the Rathavimochaniya oblations. And in connection therewith we are told that behind the right-hind wheel of the car-stand, the king fastens two ROUND satamanas, which he has afterwards to gi e to the B ah a p iests as his fee fo this e e o ….“ata a a a , ho e e , ha e ee o e hundred a as o gu ja e ies i eight as e plai ed “a a a… ut as it is spoke of as itta o ROUND in shape in the first of the two instances just adduced, it must stand for coined money and not mere bullion weighing one hundred gunjas. (Another class of coins) The first passage is: Suvarnam 7 hiranyam bhavati rupasy evavaruddhyai satamanam bhavati satayur vai purushah. The second is: hiranyam dakshina suvarnam satamanam tasy oktam. It will be seen that here Suvarna is associated with satamana, and both are called hiranya or gold. As Suvarna is thus distinguished from hiranya, “u a a ust, like “ata a a, de ote a oi , a d ot si pl gold …T o passages of si ila i po t a e noticeable also in the Taittiriya Brahmana, which specify the reason by Satamana is given as a sacrificial fee. Here I shall cite one only, viz. Satamanam bhavati satayuh purushah satendriyah ayushyevendriye pratitishthathi. Nay, the very same passage is traceable in the Taittiriya Samita, which you are all aware forms the Samhita text of the Black Yajur Veda. This means that the Satamana type of coin was knowto the Aryan India not only in the Brahmana but also in the Samhita period. p. -58) What a out Nishka i the Vedi pe iod?...We see that i this pe iod th ee t pes of gold oi s ere known, viz., Suvarna, Satamana and Krishnala. We hear about them also in the post-Vedic period upto at least the decline and fall of the Gupta empire. But then in this later period we read about the Nishka coins also. Were they, however, known in the ea lie Vedi pe iod…? We ha e a passage i Atha a Veda where Kaurama, the liberal king of the Rushamas, bestows upon a Rishi along with other things a hu d ed Nishkas, hi h a he e ea Nishka oi o l , a d ot e kla es…“i ila l , i the fi st Mandala of the Rigveda we have a hymn in which the poet-priest Kakshivat praises the munificence of his pat o , Ki g Bha a a a… ‘V . . A hu d ed Nishkas f o the ki g, esee hi g, a hu d ed gift-steeds I at o e a epted… In hymn 33 of Mandala II of Rigveda, there is a line: Here divinity Rudra, to whom this hymn is addressed, is described as wearing a nishka or golden chain or necklace. But be it noted that this nishka is called visvarupa. What can visarupa mean? Does it signify o ifo ? If so, hat is ea t sa i g that ‘ud a s e kla e as o ifo ?...A good sense of the term visvarupa it is possible to fix upon, only if we admit that nishka means a necklace, originally at any rate, consisting of Nishka coins. The rupa in visvarupa can at once be recognized to be a word technical to the old Indian science of numismatics and denoting the symbol or figure on a coin which for that reason is styled rupya.The term is met with in this technical sense not only in the early Brahmanical but also in the Buddhist lite atu e… upa sig ifies a s ol o figu e o a oi , a d this e a les us at o e to pereceive the significance of visarupa. What the seer, or rather the composer of the hymn, means is that the necklace worn by the deity Rudra was composed of Nishka coins and that just because these Nishka coins bore various rupas or figures on them, the necklace was naturally visvarupa. The earliest of coins found in India are the punch-marked coins, and we know that no less than three hundred different devices or rupas have been marked on them. No wonder if the necklace of Rudra which was made of Nishka oi s is des i ed as is a upa, i.e. o e ed ith a ifold upas o figu es…I ‘V VI. . , a panegyric by the Rishi Garga of the King Divodas, son of Srinjaya…giftgs esto ed this ki g o the poet-p iest… e tio is ade of dasa hi a api da…appea …to e utto s of gold hi h passed as unstamped money in the Rigvedic period. (ibid., pp. 63-70) 8 Karshapana of Magadha Janapada A remarkably lucid account in a forum for numismatics (SG Prabhu’s webpage) provides a summary of the incipient ideas of monetization of an economy. “It is evident that the first coins were minted in India just before 5th century BCE. Few scholars/historians have suggested that India had her coinage in the 8th century BCE (much earlier than Lydia/Ionia). The archaeological evidenc reveals that Indians invented coins around 500 to 400 BCE. Panini (500 BCE), in his treatise Ashtadhyayi has written about coins and its fractions: Satamana (sata = 100, mana = units), Nishkas, Sana, Vimsatika, Karshapana. Each unit was called ‘Ratti’ weighing 0.11 gram, a mass of Gunja seed (black tipped bright red seed). Satamana typically weighed 11 gms and Karshapana weighed 32 rattis. It is in 500-600 BCE, silver became abundantly available of which most of it came from Afghanistan and Persia as a result of international trade. Silver for coins were available in three types, namely Tuthatat of Tutha mountain, Gandika from Burma and Kambu from Afghanistan’s Kamboja. Kambu silver was used for earlier coins more than the other two types. Certain small ingots of silver whose mark is three circular dots, often known as pulley, represents possibly the earliest form. The heavy bent bars of silver and copper with heptha radiated symbol stamped on the two ends of concave surface seems to be the next in order. These two categories are computed to have been in circulation as coins at least as early as 600 BCE. On the other hand, from every ancient Indian sites, from Kabul till the modern Tamilnadu, thousands of pieces of silver alloys have been recovered and they are numismatically known as Punchmarked coins due to the manufacturing techniques used in them. These coins were made of much alloyed silver, not of gold or electrum that were used in Lydian and Ionian coins. The silver in the form of thin sheets were clipped to adjust them into proper weights. These rectangular, square, oval and sometimes curious shaped sheets were then impressed with one to six symbols by means of separate punches mostly on one side. Of these symbols, sun and six-armed wheel are most consistent which leads us to believe that they are the descendants of Surya dynasty (Surya Vamsi). The other varying symbols were probably to guarantee the weight and purity. Until 19th century, they did not draw much attention, it is only during 1890, when W. Theobald took a special attention in analyzing the symbols, it was understood to have varieties of forms such as hill, animal, reptile, human figures and other objects. Two well-known numismatists, DR Bhandarkar and Dr. DB Spooner put forward their theory saying that punching of various symbols followed a definite pattern and these were the royal issues. They further sparked later investigations into the fabric, mass, area, period of circulation, metrology etc. Yet, due to lack of inscriptions, punch marked coins are not clearly assigned to a particular king/dynasty. Perhaps, the punchmarked coinage is conjectured as a natural development like that of Paper Hundi or note of hand, originally struck by guilds or private merchants and subsequently passed under royal control. The origin of symbols which are found on the punch marked coins could be traced back to the culture since prehistoric times. Only drawings conveyed meanings those days. A simple representation of cow or bull on a precious metal of cow’s worth probably has made their trade much easier than physically exchanging cow with other essential commodities. The prominent symbols such as SUN, six armed wheel explains why royal authorities punched them to transform into a newer unit of wealth. It is apparent that these punch marked coins belonged to 9 two distinct periods – the coins of the first period contain one to four symbols and they are characterized by a specific weight though the symbol varied significantly from type to type. These coins belonged to a period when India had many janapadas and few Mahajanapadas (Small and large states). Janapadas namely Uttara Pancala, Rohilkhand, Dakshina Panchala, Doab, Saurashtra, Mala, Kamboja and Kuntala had only one symbol in their coinage. Gandhara produced the curious bent silver bar with heptha radiated symbols on its both ends on the obverse. Janapadas such as Kashi, Magadha, Koshala, Sadanira, Chedi, Avanti, Dakshina Koshala, Ashmaka, Vanga and Prachya produced four-symbol coinage. Between mid sixth and fourth century BCE, the Janapadas and Mahajanapadas were gradually absorbed into the rising Magadha empire, and coinage further evolved into five symbol form but in conceivable shapes. During Ashoka’s reign, the empire covered most of the country and coins also spread with imperial Maurya expansion. These coins were termed by numismatists as Imperial series of punch marked coins. The Imperial series coins weighed 32 rattis in weight and termed as Karshapanas. The coins are pieces of silver metal sheet of varying thickness, but they weighed almost the same (50 to 52 grains) except for varying shape and size. They can be as broad as 30 mm and as small as 8 to 10 mm. The thickness varies from fraction of mm to 2 mm. In the new system, the coins were grouped based on the symbol grouping. A symbol SUN is almost present in all symbol groups and hence coins bearing sun are assumed to have issued without break. The second more complex symbol – six armed wheel places several varieties in the same group. The third symbol in the classification table shows strong affinities among themselves, and they are formed of hill, animal, taurine etc. They have seven such categories and are termed as class symbol. The fourth place is assigned to symbols within the above class. The fifth varied largely and there are more than one group with whom they are associated. They represented a hide and seek pattern and are the largest. The coins hence may be assigned with a series number based on the fabric. The series one and two hence takes thin fabrics. Medium fabrics occupies second and third series. The series five is occupied by both medium and thick fabric. The series six and seven are entirely of thick fabric. The first four series have either minute reverse punch marks or just blank. The series five has minute as well as bold punch mark. The series six and seven reverse have bold punch marks.” https://www.forumancientcoins.com/india/earliest/punchmrk.html 10 Triratna? on Taxila coin 185-168 BCE detail http://www.cngcoins.com https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triratna_on_Taxila_coin_185168_BCE_detail.jpg#/media/File:Triratna_on_Taxila_coin_185-168_BCE_detail.jpg This is an Indus Script hypertext. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' (Rigveda) khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' Rebus: kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.); kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) kamaṭa = portable furnace for melting precious metals (Telugu) PLUS gōṭā m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone Rebus: khoTa 'ingot' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dala 'petal' Rebus: ḍhāḷako = a large ingot (G.) ḍhāḷakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (G.) When śrivatsa (child of Lakshmi, wealth) hypertext is ligatured to a mountain-range, the reading is a semantic determinative: dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' at work in an ancient mint, as in Takshasila. Such a hypertext occurs together with another hieroglyph: sattva 'svastika' rebus: jasta 'zinc' -- an important mineral additive to copper, to create alloys of brass -- implements, pots and pans, for which Bh ratam of ancient times was world-renowned. 11 Taxila (local coinage). Circa 185-168 BC. A Karshapana (24mm, 9.42 g, 4h). Plant and hill with hollow cross and standard Rev Srivatsa and hill above Nandipada and SwastikaHoard of mostly Maurya Empire coins. “Coins provide not only evidence of art and economy, but also a wisdom for understanding the history and politics of a nation. As a means of communication, they speak to the political and religious ideologies that underpinned a ruler's or state's claim to power. Coinage of India, issued by Imperial dynasties and Middle kingdoms began anywhere between 6th century BCE to 1st millennium BCE, and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage.[1] Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage. Cowry shells was [3] first used in India as commodity money. In recent discoveries punched mark 'Mudras' (Coins) of stone have been found in lost city of Dwaraka, which is said to be existed at least 5,000 years ago.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_of_India ” 12 Taxila coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols. Wheel/pacaladamma type. Wheel; above, crescent above triple-arched hill / Swastika flanked by nandipadas; Kharosthi legend below. 185-168 BCE Silver coin of a "King Vrishni" of the Audumbaras.Alexander Cunningham's Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century (1891) p.70 A Vrishni silver coin, cropped from File:Raja_vrishni_coins.PNG For a decipherment of hypertexts on this Vrishni coin, in Indus Script tradition, see: 13 Vrishni Janapada coin with hieroglyphs of iron mint and cakra. Harappa Script hieroglyphs on coins from Ancient Bharata mints. Unraveling p rad n Υmercury tradersΥ Τ rivatsa metaphor on coins and Bharhut/Sanchi sculptural friezes. Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/z57vd89 Sri Krishna is a historical reality like the Vrishni janapada coins. QED Harappa Script & Language. Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hk887gf Taxila coin with elephant and lion (185-168 BCE) 14 Taxila Post Mauryan local coinage Circa 185-168 BCE Taxila coin, elephant with arched-hill symbol (185-168 BCE). Taxila (local coinage). Unit (22mm, 7.93 g, 12h). Plant above voided cross and hill above Indradhvaja. Srivatsa above nandipada and hill above swastika.Taxila coin (circa 180 BCE). 15 Taxila (local coinage). Circa 180-160 BC. A Half Karshapana (22mm, 5.70 g, 6h). Hill and crescent symbol; cross above Rev Fountain design.Taxila coin, with hill, empty cross and palmette (180-160 BCE). Cast die-struck silver coin of the Kunindas, derived from the coinage of the Indo-Greeks, 1st century BCE. with Chaitya http://www.cngcoins.com https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Mauryan_coinage# 16 Sir Alexander Cunningham published 1896 - Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. by Sir Alexander Cunningham published 1896 [https://archive.org/details/coinsancientind00cunngoog] Coin of Kuninas with Shiva. Coin of Dharaghosha, king of the Audumbaras, in the Indo-Greek style, circa 100 BCE Rapson, E. J. (Edward James), 1861-1937 - Ancient India, from the earliest times to the first century, A.D, published 1914, p.154 17 Taxila (local coinage). Circa 220-185 BC.Karshapana (25x15mm, 8.77 g). Uniface punch-mark with column and hill symbols. Reverse: Blank. Taxila single-die local coinage. Column and arched-hill symbol (220-185 BCE). 18 Taxila (local coinage). Circa 220-185 BC. A Karshapana (25mm, 9.70 g). River symbol below three-arched hill with a crescent above, swastika, and pile of rocks. Taxila single-die local coinage. Pile of stones, hill, river and Swastika (220-185 BCE). Taxila (local coinage). Circa 220-185 BC. A Karshapana (19mm, 9.71 g). Two uncertain symbols below river symbol below three-arched hill with a crescent above, swastika, and pile of rocks. Reverse: Blank. Taxila single-dye coin. Pile of stones, hill, river and unknown symbols (220-185 BCE). 19 Taxila (local coinage). Circa 220-185 BC. Tree in enclosure flanked by hill surmounted by crescent and Nandipada above swastika / Blank reverse. Taxila local single-die coinage (220-185 BCE). Taxila (local coinage). Circa 185-168 BC. A Karshapana (22mm, 9.09 g). Three-arched hill surmounted by crescent and tree. Reverse blank. Taxila coin with hill and tree-in-railing (185168 BCE). 20 Taxila coin. 21 Taxila single-die coin with Lakshmi and arched-hill symbol (185-160 BCE). Taxila (local coinage). Circa 185-168 BC. Karshapana (14mm, 2.76 g). Hill symbol left; bull standing. Reverse blank.Taxila single die coin with bull and arched-hill symbol (185-168 BCE). 22 Taxila (local coinage). Circa 185-168 BC. A Karshapana (16mm, 8.80 g). Punch-mark with treein-rail, hill, taurine and swastika symbols Reverse BlankTaxila coin (185-168 BCE). 23 Taxila coin 200-200 BCE. Compare with Mitchiner# 4413. 24 Coinage of Pantaleon with dancing woman (Lakshmi?) and lion. Coin of Agatocles (180-190 BCE). An six-arched hill symbol surmounted by a star. Kharoshthi legend Akathukreyasa "Agathocles". Tree-in-railing, Kharoshthi legend Hirañasame.(Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Bopearachchi, p.176) Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Bopearachchi, p.176 Taxila, Amanda Gosh, p.835, Nos. 46-48 25 Rapson, Edward James, 1861-1937 - Sources of Indian history: coins https://archive.org/details/sourcesofindianh00rapsuoft Coin of Agathocles of Bactria. Obv: Stupa surmounted by a star. Rev: Trisula symbol, Kharoshthi legend HITAJASAME "Good-fame-possessing" (lit. meaning of "Agathocles"). From "Coins of the Indo-Greeks", Whitehead, 1914 edition, Public Domain.Coin of Agathocles. Obv Stupa surmounted by a star, Kharoshthi legend Akathukreyasa "Agathocles". Rev vegetal symbol and hirañasame (185168 BCE) Coin of Agathokles, king of Bactria (ca. 200–145 BC). British Museum. Personal photograph 2006. The coin shows inscriptions in Greek. Upper leftŚ ΢ΙΛ Ω΢. Upper downŚ Γ ΘΟΚΛ ΟΤ΢. The coin also shows a Buddhist lion and Lakshmi. 26 Coin of the Baktrian King Agathokles, written in Brahmi language. The coin shows Hindu deities: Vasudeva-Krishna and Balarama-Samkarshana. Bronze coin of Heliokles II (95-80 BCE) Obv: Bust of diademed king. Greek legend: BASILEOS DIKAIOU HELIOKLEOUS "Of King Heliocles the Just" Rev: Kharoshti (Indian) translation, elephant holding victory wreath. 27 Coin of Apollodotus I (180-160 BCE).Apollodotus zebu with nandipada hump Menander I (155-130 BCE) coin with elephant. 28 Silver Drachm of Menander II (95-80 BCE) with Zeus and Nike handing a victory wreath to a Wheel of the Law. Bopearachchi 4A and note 4; Bopearachchi & Rahman -; SNG ANS A coin of Artemidoros (85-80 BCE) Artemidoros pedigree coin as son of MAUESŚ BA΢IΛEΩ΢ ANIKHTOY APTEMI OPOY Rajadirajasa Maasaputasa cha Artemidorasa 29 Coin of the last Indo-Greek king Strato II (25 BCE-10 CE) Coin of Strato II. Obv: Bust of Strato II. Greek legend: BASILEOS SOTEROS STRATONOS "Of King Strato the Savior". Rev: Athena holding a thunderbolt. Kharoshthi legend: MAHARAJASA TRATARASA STRATASA "King Strato the Saviour". Rajuvula coin Northern Satrap with Greek legend and Athena Alkidemos. Northern Satrap Rajuvula. Obv. Bust of king and Greek legend. Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa "the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus [cakra] is irresistible". These coins are found near Sankassa along the Ganges and in Eastern Punjab. Possibly minted in Sagala.[15] The coins are derived from the IndoGreek types of Strato II. The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 30 Coin of Indo-Scythian ruler Azes II. Coin of Indo-Parthian ruler Gondophares. 31 Yuezhi copy of a coin of Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles. Coin of Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises with Greek legend. Kushan king Vima Kadphises. Double stater of Vima Kadphises. Obv: King wearing a crested helmet, with a long and heavy coat and holding a club. Flames issuing from shoulders. Seated on a low couch. Greek legend: BASILEUS OOIMO KADPHISIS "King Vima Kadphises". Rev: Shiva, radiate, wearing a necklace, with a long trident in right hand, in front of a bull. Kharoshthi legend MAHARAJASA RAJADIRAJASA SARVALOGA ISVARASA MAHISVARASA VIMA KATHPHISASA TRADARA "The Great king, the king of kings, lord of the World, the Mahisvara (a name of Shiva), Vima Kathphisa, the defender". From "Indo-Greek Coins", R.B. Whitehead (d. 1967), 1914 edition. 32 Bronze coin of the Sunga period, Eastern India. 2nd–1st century BCE. Coin of Shunga dynasty. Sunga coin circa 150 BC-100 AD Half Karshapana (2.44 gm) Elephant left with symbols Tree with symbols 33 Satakarni issue, Maharashtra – Vidarbha type (1st century BCE). Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". British Museum. 34 Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni (r. 167 – 196 CE). Silver coin of king Vashishtiputra S takarni (c. 160 CE).Silver coin of king Vashishtiputra S takarni (c. 160 CE). Obv: Bust of king. Prakrit legend in the Brahmi script: "Siri Satakanisa Rano ... Vasithiputasa": "King Vashishtiputra Sri Satakarni" Rev: Ujjain/S tav hana symbol left. Crescented six-arch chaitya hill right. River below. Early Tamil legend in the Tamil Brahmi script: "Arah(s)anaku Vah(s)itti makanaku Tiru H(S)atakani ko" - which means "The ruler, Vasitti's son, Highness Satakani" - -ko being the royal name suffix 35 Indian ship on lead coin of Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi, testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE. 36 Monolingual coin of Strato II Soter in Prakrit only. Obv. Apollo standing right, with quiver on back, holding arrow; thick bead-and-reel border. Obv. Diadem with Kharoshthi legend "Maharajasa tratarasa Stratasa" (Saviour King Strato). Approximate region of East Punjab and Strato II's capital Sagala. 37 Coin of Strato II and Strato III. Obv: Probable bust of Strato II. Possible Greek legend: CΙΛ Ω΢ CΩΣΙΡΟC CTRATΩΝΟC Κ Ι ΦΙ / CTRATΩNOC "Of Kings Strato the Saviour and Strato the Father-loving".[6] Rev: Athena holding a thunderbolt. Kharoshthi legend: MAHARAJASA TRATARASA STRATASA, POTRASA CASA PRIYAPITA STRATASA "King Strato the Saviour, and his grandson Strato the Father-loving. Rajuvula coin Northern Satrap with Greek legend and Athena Alkidemos. Coin of Northern Satrap Rajuvula (c. 10 CE), an imitation of Strato II, Mathura and Eastern Punjab. This was the main coin type of Rajuvula. 38 Location of the Vemakas relative to other groups: the Audumbaras, the Kunindas, the Vrishnis, the Yaudheyas, the Pauravas and the Arjunayanas. 39 Shiva temple with trident standard, Audumbara State, Punjab, 1st century BCE. British Museum. 40 Kum ra Karttikeya with vel and rooster, coin of the Yaudheyas (1st c. BCE)Karttikeya With Spear And Peacock, coin of the Yaudheyas 41 Six-headed Karttikeya on a Yaudheya coin. British Museum. 42 Coin of the Yaudheyas with depiction of Kum ra Karttikeya (1st c. BCE). Murugan in Coin of the Yaudheya. 1st century BCE, Punjab. British Museum 43 Karttikeya shrine with antelope. Yaudheya, Punjab, 2nd century CE. British Museum. 44 Illustration of the possible territories and forays into India of the Indo-Greeks. Negama, Taxila Punch-marked coins (PMC), Vidisha, Eran coins. Explaining the semantic expansion of hypertext on Gandhara PMC, ca. 400 BCE Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hjm4heu 45 Punch-marked coin. Ashoka. This hypertext on a Punch-marked coin is a Harappa (Indus) Script hieroglyph, a remarkable evidence of continuum of script tradition in Bh ratam.The hieroglyph 'plait of three strands' gets expanded semantically to orthograph the unique hypertext on Gandhara Punch-marked coins.On this punch-marked silver bent-bar coin of Gandhara, the three plaits (strands) are duplicated to signify six plaits emanating from the central 'dotted circle. The hypertext is read rebus in Meluhha: dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu, dhAtu 'mineral ore' PLUS meḍhi 'plait' rebus: meḍ ‘iron’. See Mohenjo-daro seal m1406 which signifies an identical three plaits. kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, three 'plaited hieroglyphs' emanting from the central 'dotted circle' signify meḍ dhAtu 'iron mineral'. A pair of such hieroglyphs: dula 'pair' rebus;dul 'metal casting'. Thus, the six arms of six plaits (strands) signify: dul meḍ dhAtu 'cast iron mineral'.baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. Thus, the hypertext is a technical specification of mintwork repertoire of Gandhara mint with the centre-piece of a furnace to smelt mineral ores. See semantics of Rigveda: dhāˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour). 46 This semantic expansion explains the unique hypertext orthographed on Gandhara silver-bent-bar Punch-marked coin. Archaic Silver Punch-marked coin, Gandhara region, silver 'bent-bar', early type (flat bar with wide flan), (c. 450-400 BCE), Rajgor series 34, 11.39g. Obv: two radiate symbols punched at extreme ends. Rev: blank. A silver 1/8 karshapana coin from the mint at Taxila, c.400's BCE http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/gandhara/coins/coins.ht ml Begram artisans moved to Vidisha. This is inferred from an inscription on Sanchi Stupa recording a donation by dantakara 'ivory workers'. Sanchi and Bharhut Stupa artwork is paralleled by Begram ivory models. The architraves of Bharhut and Sanchi stupas in the tradition of the Begram ivory plaque are adorned with a series of hieroglyphs. This is a demonstration of the continuum of deployment of Harappa (Indus) Script cipher (rebus-metonymy-layerd-cipher in Meluhha) to signify the plain text, deciphered message. This is an artistic style which is evidenced by a Begram ivory plaque of ca. 3rd century BCE. It is known that the ivory makers of Vidisa were the sculptors of the exquisite sculptural artifacts in Sanchi Stupa monument. Sculptors in this lineage are likely to have been the creators of the Bharhut Stupa monument and also artifacts of Mathura and Kankali-Tila with commonly-shared repertoire of orthographic motifs as powerful messaging systems for glosses of Indian sprachbund. There is an epigraph in Sanchi stupa which records the donations of dantakara to the dhAtugarbha (dagoba, stupa). 47 Dantakara who created the Begram ivories which serve as models for the torana-s had gained proficiency in working with stone sculptures and metal artifacts as demonstrated by the ornamentations on the Sanchi and Bharhut torana-s and punch-marked/cast coins found innearby locations of Vidisha and Eran. Begram ivory sculptors ca. 3rd century BCE were knowledge-bearers of the legacy of Indus Script writing system. The Begram ivory sculptors, dantakara who donated to Sanchi monument also were sculptors of the Sanchi and Bharhut torana-s disseminating knowledge systems using Indus Script hieroglyphs as devices for transmission of words and meanings which had all the signature features of Bharatiya culture and art forms in dance-steps or karaNa 'dance postures' or sculptures. Hieroglyph on a Begram ivory plaque: a pair of molluscs tied with a chisel HieroglyphŚ aṅkula ΥchiselΥ RebusŚ sangin Υshell-cutter'. sangi 'mollusc' Rebus: sangi 'pilgrim'. Dama 'cord, tying' Rebus: dhamma 'moral conduct, religious merit'. A variant ties a fish with the hieroglyph complex: ayira, ayila 'fish' Rebus: ayira, ariya 'noble conduct'. Thus connoting ariyadhama, ayira-dhamma; ariya-sangha, ayira-sangha (Pali). It should be underscored that the creators of these hieroglyphs were Meluhha speakers from Indian sprachbund (speech-union) and created the unique writing system deploying rebusmetonymy-layered cipher. Thus, the continued use of hieroglyphs in the early centuries of the common era are a validation of the Indus Script technique of writing. Though kharoshthi and brahmi script was used TOGETHER WITH these Meluhha hieroglyphs, the two scripts were used principally to write names or appellations using a Prakritam syllabary, the hieroglyphs continued to be used for conveying substantive adhyatmika and metalwork messages signifying life-activities of the artisans and their guilds. 48 Women standing under a Toraṇa. Begram Ivory Plaque which is a prototype for Bharhut-Sanchi Stupa Toraṇa 49 Hackin 1954, p.169, figs.18 Ivory? Size: 10.6 x 15.8 x 0.4 cm Begram rectangular plaque depicting three palmettos with curled-up ends, held together by rings made up of lotus petals. Between the palmettos elongated fruit is shown . This scene is bordered by a band depicting a series of four-leaved flowers set in a square frame. In this hieroglyhphic multiplex, there are three distinct orthographic components: Mollusc 1. mollusc (snail) pair depicted by a pair of antithetical S curved lines: sãkhī Rebus: sãkh conch-shell-cutter Palmetto or Spathe 2. spathe of a palm or palmetto: sippī f. spathe of date palm Rebus: sippi 'artificer, craftsman'. It could also be seen as a chisel: aṅkula RebusŚ sangin Υshellcutter'. Tied together, cord 3. a thread or cord that ties the mollusc pair and spath in the centre together into a composite orthographic unit. dām rope RebusŚ dhamma ΥdharmaΥ dhama employment in the royal administration . http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/deciphering-indus-scriptmeluhha.html Some hieroglyphs on Pre-Mauryan Punch-marked coins https://indiacoinsmarks.wordpress.com/ 50 This hieroglyph on early coins explains the six-armed semantic expansion signified on Gandhara Punch-marked coins. Mauryan Ashoka L.jpg Mauryan Ashoka royal symbol.jpg Kalashoka symbol. 51 Silver PMC. Silver 2.78 g http://nvpcollections.blogspot.in/2012/12/ancient-coins-part-1.html This hieroglyph, twist of three strands, signified on Punch-marked coins of Gandhara is traced to Harappa Script hieroglyph tradition. This signifies dhă vaḍ 'smelter' meḍhi 'plait' rebus: meḍ‘iron’ See Mohenjo-daro seal m1406 m1406 Seal using tri-dhAtu 'three-stranded rope': Rebus: trihAtu, three red ores. Hieroglyph: ्ातॏ [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. षि-््/आतॏ , threefold &c ; cf.षिषशषट- , ऺत- , ऺॏ-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dh ˊtu *strand of 52 rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.).ś S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś (CDIAL 6773) ्ातॏ primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists ्ातॏ means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [्ातॏ -लख़क] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गभण ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam) Harappa (Indus) script hieroglyphs signify dhAtu 'iron ore', Dharwar, Ib names of places in India in the iron ore belt. S. mī˜ḍhī f., °ḍho m. braid in a woman's hair , L. f.; G. mĩḍlɔ, miḍ° m. braid of hair on a girl's forehead ; M. meḍhā m. curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread .मॕढा [ mēḍhā ] meṇḍa A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) (CDIAL 10312). meḍhi, miḍhī, meṇḍhī = a plait in a woman’s hairś a plaited or twisted strand of hair (P.)(CDIAL 10312)]. Rebus: semantics 'iron': meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho)meṛed (Mundari)śmẽṛed ironś enga meṛed soft ironś sanḍi meṛedhard iron; ispāt meṛed steel; dul meṛed cast iron; i meṛed rusty iron, also the iron of which weights are cast; bica meṛed iron extracted from stone ore; bali meṛed iron extracted from sand ore; meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.) There are two Railway stations in India called Dharwad and Ib. Both are related to Prakritam words with the semantic significance: iron worker, iron ore. dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron (Marathi)(CDIAL 6773) PLUS kanka, karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' PLUS mēd, 'boatman, one who plays drums at ceremonies' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron (metal)’Alternative: dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu 'tumble' Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. A variant orthography shows a pair of three strands of twisted rope, signified as a total of six spokes emanating from a dotted circle in the centre (See image of Silver shatamana of Gandhara). Six spokes: baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. 53 Rebus reading: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS , meḍhi 'plait' meḍ ‘iron’ Thus, cast iron. PLUS dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) The expression dhă vaḍ is composed of two words: dhāu 'strand' rebus: dhāu 'three red ores, minerals' PLUS vaṭa 'string'. “That the guilds or corporations of taders were empowerd to issue coins is attested by the Negama coins from Taxila. The word Negama (Skt. Naigamah here should be taken to mean ‘the s’reis or corporations of merchants’. The Taxila Negama coins bear several other wordsŚ Dojaka, Atakataka, Ralimasa, Kaare, etc. (Allan, Catalogue of Coins of Ancient India, pp. 214-219, pls. XXXI and XXXIV). I think that these terms refer to the merchants’ localities where the respective coins were minted. Some Taxila coins bear the legend Pancanekame mening probably that they were issues of a joint body of five nigamas or of a guild called Panchanigama. This would indicate that in the Gandhara region during the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE, there existed several guilds of traders who were authorized to issue coins bearing their particular names.” (Bajpai, KD, 2004, Indian numismatic studies, Abhinav Publications, Delhi, p.2) “Some Taxila coins bear the legend Pancanakame (Alan, CCBM, pp. 214-19, Pl. XXXi and XXXiv). The legend shows that the coins were either the issues of a joint body of five nigamas or of a guild calledpancanigama. Further, it indicates that there existed, in the Gandhara region during the third-second centuries BCE, several guilds of traders who were authorised to issue coins bearing their particular names. The nigama or negama series of Taxila coins refer to Ralimasa which, like Dojaka, Dosanasa and Hiranasama, has been differently interpreted. DR Bhandarkar is inclined to take it as the name of a city.”(Paramanand Gupta, 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals, Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, p.147). 54 After Fig. 10.13. ibid. Coinage ascribable to the Mauryan and immediately post-Mauryan period. 6,7,8 silver punchmarked coins, national series; 9,10,11 coper cast coins; 12,13,15,16 die-struck copper coins; 14. inscribed copper coin, Taxila; obv. negama (Brahmi script), rev. kojaka (Kharosthi script). "We believe it is reasonable to conclude that during the Mauryan period silver punchmarked coins of the national series were very widely distributed in South Asia, and were accompanied by coins of the cast copper varieties."(Allchin, FR & George Erdosy, 1995, The archaeology of early historic South Asia: the emergence of cities and states, Cambridge University Press, p.221). It is known that sculptors of Sanchi and Bharhut artifacts were in the tradition of ivory carvers of Begram. The hieroglyphs -- for example, elephant, tiger, mountain-range, tree, fire-altar, sun's rays, svastika -- deployed on the coins of Mauryan period are comparable to the hieroglyphs on Indus Script 55 Corpora. The later-day inventors of Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts are likely to have been adept at Indus Script hieroglyph writing (mlecchita vikalpa, i.e. Meluhha cipher). arka 'sun' rebus: arka, eraka 'gold, copper moltencast' kanda 'fire-altar' kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' Ku. ḍãg, ḍãk stony land ś B. ḍāṅ heap , ḍāṅgā hill, dry upland ś H. ḍãg f. mountain -- ridge ś M. ḍãg m.n., ḍãgaṇ, °gāṇ, ḍãgāṇ n. hill -- tract . -- Ext. -- r -- : N. ḍaṅgur heap . M. ḍũg m. hill, pile , °gā m. eminence , °gī f. heap . -- Ext. -- r -- : Pk. ḍuṁgara -- m. mountain ś Ku. ḍũgar, ḍũgrī; N. ḍuṅgar heap ś Or. ḍuṅguri hillock , H. ḍug̃ ar m., G. ḍũgar m., ḍũgrī f. S. ḍ̠ug̃ aru m. hill , H. M. ḍõgar m.(CDIAL 5523) rebus: N. ḍāṅro term of contempt for a blacksmith ś Or. dhāṅgaṛ young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe ,H.dhaṅgar m. herdsman , dhãgaṛ, °ar m. a non-- Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of wells and tanks (CDIAL 5524) For rebus readings of elephant, tiger, see following paragraphs. Hieroglyph: svastika: satthiya 'svastika' rebus: satthiya, jasta 'zinc' Taxila coin Semantics of negama (Brahmi) and kojaka (Kharosthi) on Taxila coin which meant 'merchant caravans' and 'treasurer' respectively as may be seen from the glosses of Indian sprachbund (both Indo-Aryan including Prakritam and Dravidian): नि-° ग a town , city , market-place A1past. Car. a caravan or company of merchants (ifc. f(आ).) R. Das3. Lalit. trade , traffic W. नि-° ग the root (as the source from which a word comes ; hence ifc.” derived from “) (Nir.) the शॕद or the Vedic text Hariv. Pa1n2. Pur.&c any work auxiliary to and explanatory of the शॕदs Mn. iv , 19 ( Kull.) a sacred precept , the words of a god or holy man MBh. Pur.doctrine , instruction in , art of (comp.) Ba1lar.&c m. insertion (esp.of the name of a deity into a liturgical formula) S3rS. the place or passage (esp. of the शॕदs) where a word occurs or the actual word quoted from such a passage Nir One meaning of the word nigama is: the place where the passage from Veda occurs. It is possible that the semantics of nigama as a market or merchant guild are relatable to this vedic inference as the production of metalwork from a yajna, treating the yajna as a smelting process of metals, bahusuvarNaka, metals of many colours. नि-° ग [p= 545,3] a caravan or company of merchants (ifc. f(आ).) R. Das3. ;a town , city , market-place A1past. Car. Lalit. m. insertion (esp. of the name of a deity into a liturgical formula) SrS.the शॕद or the Vedic text Hariv. Pa1n2. Pur. &cany work auxiliary to and explanatory of the शॕदs Mn. iv , 19 ( Kull. )doctrine , instruction in , art of (comp.) Ba1lar.= पररषषट Cat. (Monier-Williams) 56 nigamá m. marketplace past. [√gam]Pa. nigama -- m. market town , Pk. ṇigama -- m.; OSi. niyama marketplace .(CDIAL 7158)*nigamagrāma market village . [nigamá -- , gr ˊma -- ]Si. niyamgama large village .(CDIAL 7159) Go<tiniGam>(A) {V} ``to ^start (doing something)''.(Munda etyma) It is possible that the gloss is linked to grAma 'village'. grāˊma m. troop, village RV., °aka -- m. MBh.Pa. gāma -- , °aka -- m. village , A . gāma -- , KharI. grama, Dhp. gama, NiDoc. grame pl.; Pk. gāma -- m. collection, village ś Gy. eur. gav m. village, town ś Ash. glam village , Kt. gŕom, Pr. gəm, Dm. gram, Paš. dar. lām, kuṛ. lāma, chil. lōm, ar. dlōm, lōm (not dialects in which it would collide with lām < kárman -- IIFL iii 3, 109), Niṅg. Shum. lām, Woṭ. gām m., Gaw. lām, Kal. grom, Kho. gram (in cmpds. and place names), Bshk. lām, Tor. gām, Mai. gã, Gau. gaõ, Sv. grām, Phal. grōm, Sh. girōm cowpen (earlier → Bur. gir*lm clan, village Morgenstierne in Lorimer BurLg I, xxii), dr. gām village , gur. gāõ (← Ind. ̤ kui < kuṭī -- ); K. gām m. village , S. gãu m., L. girã m., P. grã, girã, °rāũ m., WPah. bhad. ḍḷã, bhi . bhal. ḍḷaũ n., paṅ. cam. grã; cur. girã field ś rudh. gyeũ village , kha . grão, Ku. gaũ, gng. gɔ̃, N. A. gāũ, B. Or. gã, Bi. gãw, Mth. gão, gām, Bhoj. Aw. lakh. H. gãu m., Marw. gãv, G. gām n., M. gãv, gāv m.n., Ko. gãvu m., Si. gama; -- ext. -- ṭa -- : Sk. grāmaṭikā -- f. wretched village , Pk. gāmaḍa -- m., G. gāmṛũ n. small village .gr mín -- ś *agr min -- , agr mya -- , *nirgr mika -- , saṁgr má -- ś gr makūṭa -- , gr maṇīˊ -- , *gr mad ra -- , *gr madh na -- , gr mav sin -- , gr mastha -- , gr m ntá -- , *gr m rdha -- ś *gōgr ma -- , *nigamagr ma -- , *paragr ma -- , *p ṇ avagr ma -- , *p lagr ma -- , m trgr ma -- .Addenda: grāˊma -: WPah.kṭg. (kc.) graũ m. (obl. kṭg. graũ, kc. grama) village .(CDIAL 4368) Traders’ Guild Coin – Nigama (2nd century BC), Copper, 1.29 g, Brahmi legend written in circular fashion, Nigamaye (of Nigam). The other side has a motif similar to capital U. The U hieroglyph on the reverse is a crucibleŚ kuThara ‘crucible’ rebusŚ kuThAru ‘armourer’ koThAr ‘warehouse’. 57 Taxila, regional 'Guild' coinage, c. 2nd century BC, 'Five Guilds' type, MAC4423-4425, 4.76g. Obv: Dharmachakra (Wheel of Law) Rev: a row of Buddhist symbols (Triratna, Swastika, Triratna), Kharoshthi legend Panchanekame below. http://classicalnumismaticgallery.com/searchauctionitem.aspx?auctioncode=2&pricerange=&key word=&category=1&material=0&lotno= Artifact finds of Sanchi and Bharhut demonstrate the use of Brahmi and Kharosthi syllabic writing which demonstrate that the language of the artists and artisans was Prakritam. Use of Brahmi and Kharosthi writing is also evidenced on a punchmarked coin of Taxila (Fig. 10.13.14) with inscriptions: obv. negama(Brahmi) and rev. kojaka (Kharosthi). "In the northwest Kharosthi continued to flourish and most of the known inscriptions in that are were written in this script between c. BCE 200 and CE 200. Kharosthi gained wide currency for coin inscriptions in the same reion. That its use spread at an early date into the Ganges valley can be inferred from the fact that at Bharhut the masons used Kharosthi letters for their masonry marks. Recently a number of Kharosthi inscriptions have been discovered on potsherds from sites in Bengal. Coinage. Around the opening of the second century BCE the establishment of an Indo-Greek kingdom in Gandhara introduced into the northwest a major new currency system, with a predominantly silver and bronze coinage. At an early stage the Greeks employed bilingual inscriptions in Greek and in Prakrit in Brahmi or Kharosthi script, and their coins provided a model which later rulers in the region were to initiate. The Greeks were followed into India by a series of foreign groups, first the Sakas and later the Kusanas who were among those to emulate the Greek patterns of coin...On the coins of Kaniska and his successors in the second century CE a wide variety of deities was depicted, including, beside the mainly Iranian pantheon, the Buddha and Siva, as well as Greek and Egyptian deities."(Allchin, FR & George Erdosy, 1995, The archaeology of early historic South Asia: the emergence of cities and states, Cambridge University Press, p.311). 58 After Fig. 10.12. Allchin & Erdosy, 1995. Coinage ascribable to the pre-Mauryan period (c. BCE 4th century). Northwest regions: 1. silver bar coin (double standard); 2. silver round coin (half standard); 3. silver square coin. Ganges valley (Kasi); 4. cup-shaped silver punchmarked coin; 5. silver punchmarked coin. Ancient coins of Eran, Vidisha with Indus Script hieroglyphs of metalwork 59 Eran-Vidisha AE 1/2 karshapana, Hastideva, four punch type Weight: 4.89 gm., Dimensions: 18×14 mm. Railed tree on left and taurine fixed in open railing on right; river at the bottom; upside down legend punch at the top reading hathidevasa Blank reverse Reference: K.B. Tiwari 1981: 41 / Pieper 490 (plate coin) Eran-Vidisha AE 1/2 karshapana, Narayanamitra, five punch type Weight: 5.02 gm., Dimensions: 20×17 mm. Railed Indradhvaja in centre; elephant on right; taurine fixed in open railing on left 60 river at the bottom and legend punch on top reading rajno narayanamitasa Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.182, type 1 / Pieper 488 (plate coin) ran-Vidisha AE 1/2 Weight: 3.85 Double orbed ‘Ujjain symbol’ legend punch Damaru symbol Reference: Pieper Eran-Vidisha, AE 3/8 karshapana, Damabhadra, four punch type gm., Dimensions: 17×16 mm. on left and railed tree on rightś river at the bottomś on top reading damabhadasa flanked by two svastikas 491 (plate coin) karshapana, 61 Satakarni, five punch type Weight: 3.64 gm., Dimensions: 20×17 mm. From left to right elephant, ‘Ujjain symbol’ with crescent and railed Indradhvajaś river at the bottom; legend punch on top reading siri satakanisa Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.199/ Pieper 493 (plate coin) Bhagila, AE 3/8 karshapana, four punch ‘bull type” Weight: 3.11 gm., Dimensions: 19×19 mm. Bull on the left, railed tree on right; river at the bottom; legend punch at the top reading bhagilaya which is followed by a lotus flower. Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.161, type 1,var.2 / Pieper 495 (plate coin) 62 Bhagila, AE 3/4 karshapana, four punch ‘bull type’ Weight: 6.88 gm., Dimensions: 22×21 mm. Bull on the left, railed tree on right; river at the bottom; legend punch at the top reading bhagilaya which is followed by a lotus flower. Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.161, type 1,var.2 / Pankaj Tandon collection Bhagila, 1/2 AE karshapana, four punch ‘cobra type’ Weight: 4.67 gm., Dimensions: 20×19 mm. Cobra snake on the left and railed tree on the right; river at the bottom; on the top 63 is a legend punch reading upside-down bhagilaya followed by a lotus flower. Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.163, type II, var.2 / Pieper 496 (plate coin) Bhagila, AE 1/2 karshapana, four punch ‘cobra type’ Weight: 5.03 gm., Dimensions: 21×21 mm. Cobra snake on the left and railed tree on the right; river at the bottom; on the top is a legend punch reading upside-down bhagilaya followed by a lotus flower. Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.163, type II, var.2 / Pankaj Tandon collection Kurara, die-struck AE Weight: 1.90 gm., Dimensions: 13×13 mm. ‘Ujjain symbol’ with nandipdada on one of its orbs on left;, railed tree on right; Brahmi legend on top reading kuraraya 64 Blank Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.172, class II / Pieper 500 reverse (plate coin) Kurara, die-struck AE Weight: 0.98 gm., Dimensions: 11×10 mm. Railed tree on left and Indradhvaja on right; Brahmi legend on top reading kuraraya Srivatsa-on-railing on reverse. Reference: / Pieper 501 (plate coin) Vidisha, Weight: Obv.: Rev.: Reference: die-struck 1.18 Brahmi AE, wheel gm., Dimensions: 13 Eight-spoked legend reading Pieper 65 type mm. wheel vedisa collection Vidisha, die-struck AE, hill type Weight: ?., Dimensions: ? (weight and dimensions not stated by the auctioneers) Three-arched hill with crescent on top; Brahmi legend below reading vedisa(sa) Blank reverse Reference: The photo of this coin is taken from Bhargava auction 8, coin 32 Vidisha, die-struck AE, uniface ‘legend, tree and hill’ type Weight: 9.36 gm, Dimensions: ? (dimensions not stated by the auctioneers) Obv: Centrally placed Brahmi legend (ve)disasa; railed tree at top; three-arched hill at the bottom. Rev: Blank Reference: Dilip Rajgor & Shankar Tiwari, ONS-NL 125 (1990), p.6, type 1 Photo from Classical Numismatic Gallery, auction 18, lot 7 66 Malwa, clay sealing Weight: 4.48 gm., Dimensions: 20×15 mm. Railed yupa (sacrificial post) with side decorations and a Brahmi legend below reading khadasa ReferenceŚ Pieper collection “Thanks to Shailendra Bhandare for the correct reading. According to Bhandare the legend refers to the worship of Skanda; similar objects pertaining to the Skanda cult have been reported from regions of Malwa, Vidarbha and the Deccan.” http://coinindia.com/galleries-eran2.html Indus Script hieroglyphs on Eran_Vidhisha coins deciphered: yupa Skambha as mEDha ‘pillar, stake’ rebusŚ meD ‘iron’ med ‘copper’ (Slavic) dula ‘pair’ rebusŚ dul ‘cast metal’ kadasa kanda? rebusŚ kanda ‘fire-altar’ Thus, fire-altar for cast copper/iron. bhagila text: rebus: गभणगळॎत, गभणषगळॎत, गभणगॎळ (p. 225) [ garbhagaḷīta, garbhagiḷīta, garbhagīḷa ] a (गभण & गळ्ं ) That has dropped or cast the womb. भागॎ (p. 607) [ bh gī ] c भागॎदार or भागॎलदार c A partner, an associate in a joint concern. 2 A sharer or partaker; a shareholder. DAng ‘hill range’ rebusŚ dhangar ‘blacksmith’ PLUS kuThara ‘crucible’ rebusŚ kuThAru ‘armourer’ Vedi in VedisaŚ vedi ‘fire-altar’ rebusŚ vetai ‘alchemy, transmutation of base metals into precious metals’ vedha ‘pierced hole’ rebusŚ vedi ‘fire-altar’ वेनिका f. a sacrificial ground , altar VarBr2S kulyA ‘hood of snake’ rebusŚ kol ‘working in iron’ kolle ‘blacksmith’ kolhe ‘smelter’ nAga ‘snake’ rebusŚ nAga ‘lead (ore)’.eraka ‘knave of wheel’ rebusŚ eraka ‘moltencast, copper’ poLa ‘zebu’ rebusŚ poLa ‘magnetite ore’ tAmarasa ‘lotus’ rebusŚ tAmra ‘copper’ kANDa ‘water’ rebusŚ khaNDa ‘metal implements’ gaNDa ‘four’ rebusŚ kanda ‘fire-altar’ (see Ujjain symbol) kariba ‘elephant trunk’ ibha ‘elephant’ rebusŚ karb ‘iron’ ib ‘iron’ kanga ‘brazier’ sangaDa ‘brazier’ rebusŚ kanka ‘gold’ karNI ‘supercargo’ 67 kuTi ‘tree’ rebusŚ kuThi ‘smelter’ kuThara ‘crucible’ rebusŚ kuThAru ‘armourer’ koThAri ‘warehouse’ dhAv ‘strand of rope’ rebusŚ dhAtu ‘ore’ kandit ‘bead’ rebusŚ kanda ‘fire-altar’. Tree shown on a tablet from Harappa. kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In semantic expansion, tree as hieroglyph also signifies an armourer. कॏठाॹ [p= 289,1] ‘a tree, a monkey, an armourer’ (Monier-Williams) Eran, anonymous 1/2 AE karshapana, five punch ‘symbol type’ Weight: 5.35 gm., Dimensions: 20×19 mm. ‘Ujjain symbol’, Indradhvaja, railed tree, river. Blank reverse Reference: Pieper 482 (plate coin) http://coinindia.com/galleries-eran1.html 68 Eran-Vidisha, 300-200 BCE, Copper, 8.63g, type http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=30019.0 Eran-Vidisha, 200 BCE, armswww.coinnetwork.com Copper (2), 1.98g 69 & 2.43g, Swastika 4 symbols with Taurine ancientcoinsofindiaaruns.blogspot.com “Vidisha, Sanchi and Udayagiri complex, together with Dhar, Mandu and Eran, all in Madhya Pradesh, have yielded ancient metallic objects (exemplified by the Delhi iron pillar)…” http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/12-14/features3372.htm 70 Indus script hieroglyphsŚ karaDi ‘safflower’ rebusŚ karaDa ‘hard alloy’ś poLa ‘zebu’ rebusŚ poLa ‘magnetite’ś jasta ‘svastika’ rebusŚ sattva ‘zinc, spelter’ kariba ‘trunk of elephant’ ibha ‘elephant’ rebusŚ karb ‘iron’ ib ‘iron’ś kuTi ‘tree’ rebusŚ kuThi ‘smelter’ sangaDa ‘brazier, standard device’ rebusŚ sangaTas ‘collection of implemnts’ dhAV ‘ strand of rope, dotted circle’ rebusŚ dhavaD ‘smelter’ś dhAtu ‘mineral ore’ś kANDa ‘water’ rebusŚ khaNDa ‘implements’. Infixed within the ‘standard device’ is a ‘twist’ hieroglyphŚ meDha ‘twist’ rebusŚ meD ‘iron’ med ‘copper’ (Slavic) Billon drachm of the Indo-Hephthalite King Napki Malka(Afghanistan/Gandhara, c. 475–576). Obverse shows a fire altar with a spoked wheel on the left kanda ‘fire-altar’ eraka ‘knave of wheel’ rebusŚ eraka ‘moltencast, copper’. Eraka! this is the source for the name of Erakina. Eraka is also 71 the appellation of Subrahmanya in Swamimalai, a place renowned for cire perdue castings of pancaloha murti-s and utsava bera-s. Eraka is an emphatic semantic indicator of copper metalwork and metalcastings. We have been that a Mihirakula coin showed a fire-altar. Toramana’s coins are also found in plenty in Kashmir. (J F Fleet, Coins and history ofToramana, IA,1889 26.) See: “Notes on the Yuezhi – Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society 2008, p.19 Erakina has a fort in ruins attributed to the Dangis who are kshatriyarajput, in Bundelkhand region, Rajasthanand spread across the statesMadhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana(in Haryana and Panjab they are called kshatriya Jat) , Gujarat, Uttrakhand,Maharashtra,Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, and Nepal. Dangi is a dialect of Braj Bhasha. Eran was a coin-minting centre. Semi-circle on Eran coins may have signified a crucible: kuThAra ‘crucible’ RebusŚ kuThAri ‘warehouse keeper’ kuThAru ‘armourer’. Eran was on the Bharruch (Bhragu Kachha), Ujjain to Kaushambi, Mathura, Taxishila trade route. [Pl. 39, Tree symbol (often on a platform) on punch-marked coins; a symbol recurring on many Indus script tablets and seals.] Source for the tables of symbols on punchmarked coins: Savita Sharma, 1990, Early Indian Symbols, Numismatic Evidence, Delhi, Agam Kala Prakashan. See more examples at http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/01/tree-yupa-indus-scripthieroglyphs.html 72 Pushkalavati, 300-100 BCE, Cast Copper, Hollow Cross / Chaitya Mahasenapatis-Andhra, Kondapur,Sagamana Chutukula, 100 BCE, Bronze, 4.8g, Swastika 73 Kuninda, Amogabhuti, 200-100 BCE, Silver Drachm, 2.1g, Swastika on Reverse Chutus of Banavasi / Anandas of Karwar, Mulananda, 78-175 CE, Lead, 9.55g, Swastika to left of Tree-in-railing 74 Vidarbha, 200 BCE, Cast Copper, 3.86g, Swastika with Taurine symbol Vidarbha, Pavani and Bhandara region, 300-100 BCE, Cast Copper,Tri-Kakani, 10.95g 75 Taxila, 185-160 BCE, Bronze, 2.3g, Swastika in reverse direction Taxila, 300-100 BCE, Copper, 1.5 Karshapana, 21mm, 12.43g, Elephant / Lion 76 Obv: Tree-in-railing (center); Elephant (left); Swastika (top right); Indra-dhwaja-in-railing ie triangle headed standard (right); River with swimming fish/turtles (bottom) Rev: blank/uniface Eran-Vidisha, 300-200 BCE, Copper, 8.63g, 4 symbols type Kurara, die-struck AE Weight: 0.98 gm., Dimensions: 11x10 mm. Railed tree on left and Indradhvaja on right; Brahmi legend on top reading kuraraya Srivatsa-on-railing on reverse. Reference: / Pieper 501 (plate coin) 77 Bhagila, AE 3/8 karshapana, four punch 'bull type'' Weight: 3.11 gm., Dimensions: 19x19 mm. Bull on the left, railed tree on right; river at the bottom; legend punch at the top reading bhagilaya which is followed by a lotus flower. Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p.161, type 1,var.2 / Pieper 495 (plate coin Vidarbha, 300-100 BCE, Copper, 0.92g, 6-arm Wheel / Ujjaini symbol 78 Vidarbha, anonymous uniface die-struck AE Weight: 1.50gm., Dimensions: 14x12 mm. Railed tree in centre; taurine fixed in open railing on the left with a nandipada on top left; on the right is an Indradhvaja and at the bottom a river. Blank reverse Reference: Mitchiner (MATEC) 4775-4780 Eran, anonymous 3/4 AE karshapana, 79 three punch 'symbol type' Weight: 6.10 gm., Dimensions: 22x22 mm. Obv.: Indradhvaja, railed tree and 'Ujjain symbol'. Rev.: Worn traces of obverse design of Ujjain undertype depicting 'bull facing railed Indradhvaja'. Reference: BMC, pl.XVIII, no.16 / Pieper 481 (plate coin) Eran, anonymous 3/4 AE karshapana, three punch 'symbol type' Weight: 6.10 gm., Dimensions: 22x22 mm. Obv.: Indradhvaja, railed tree and 'Ujjain symbol'. Rev.: Worn traces of obverse design of Ujjain undertype depicting 'bull facing railed Indradhvaja'. Reference: BMC, pl.XVIII, no.16 / Pieper 481 (plate coin) Eran, anonymous 1/8 AE karshapana, two punch 'symbol type' Weight: 1.15 gm., Dimensions: 11x9 mm. Railed tree on the left and Ujjain symbol on the right. Blank reverse Reference: Pieper 477 (plate coin) 80 Eran, anonymous AE karshapana, five punch 'horse type' Weight: 10.25 gm., Dimensions: 23x22 mm. Horse on the left, railed tree in centre,elaborate Ujjain symbol on the right, railed Indradhvaja on top, river at the bottom. Blank reverse Reference: BMC, pl. XVIII, no.14/ Pieper 467 (plate coin) Eran-Vidisha AE 1/2 karshapana, Bhumidata, six punch type Weight: 5.10 gm., Dimensions: 21x21 mm. Railed tree in centre; elephant on left and railed Indradhvaja on right; river at the bottom; on top right taurine in fixed railing and on top left legend punch reading rajno bhumidatasa Blank reverse Reference: S. Tiwari collection, p. 196, var.3 / Pieper 489 (plate coin) 81 Symbols on Pre-Mauryan Punch Marked Coins Symbols on Mauryan Punch Marked Coins 82 Symbols on Parallel-Mauryan Period Punch Marked Coins Bindusara, Asoka, Dasratha and Samprati Punch Marks 83 Salisuka, Devadharman and Satadharman Ajatsatru, Susunaga, Saisunaga, Kalasoka 84 Nandivardhana, Nandin, Mahapadma, and Candragupta Maurya Sisunaga II, Saisunaga, Nandin and Mahapadma Punch Marks Punch Marks from Chandragupta Maurya and other Mauryan era. 85 NoteŚ Images from “Indian Numismatics” By D. D. Kosambi Various Symbols on Punch Marked Coins – From Delhi National Museum https://indiacoinsmarks.wordpress.com/ Meluhha script & language. Renaming Punch-marked coins and symbols in Meluhha metalwork vocabulary of ancient Bharat Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/h978cjj John Huntington has demonstrated the continuum from Vedic times related to some symbols on punch-marked coins, traceable to Harappa Script hieroglyphs/hypertexts. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/10/vajra-six-angled-hypertext-of-punch.html Vajra ्ट् -कख़् 'six-angled' hypertext of Punch-marked coins khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint'. 86 Metalworkers of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization expand their functions in janapada-s to manage mints and monetary transactions of the janapada-s. With the decipherment of Harappa (Indus) Script as rebus cipher in Meluhha Script (Bharata sprachbund,language union), it is now possible to rename the punch-marked coins and symbols punched on the coins using Meluhha lexis (vocabulary) since most of the symbols used are a continuum from Harappa (Indus) Script tradition. Thus, it is no longer necessary to name the symbols on Punchmarked coins with expressions such as taurine symbol, srivatsa, svastika, arrow, dotted circle, elephant, bull. All the symbols can now be expressed in Meluhha language, the lingua franca of Bhāratam Janam from ca. 7th millennium BCE. A coin is mudda ‘seal, stamp’. mudr ˊ f. seal, signet -- ring MBh. [Prob. ← Ir. EWA ii 654] Pa. muddā -- f. seal, stamp , muddikā -- f. signetring ś NiDoc. mu(ṁ)dra, mutra seal ś Pk. muddā -- , °diā -- f., °daya -- m. seal, ring ś S. muṇḍra f. seal , °rī f. finger -- ring with seal ś L. mundrī f. ring ś P. mundar m. earring , mundī f. ring ś Ku. munṛo earring , gng. mun*lṛ ring , N. mun(d)ro, MB. mudaṛī; Or. muda seal , mudi ring , mudā act of sealing ś Bi. mud̃ rī iron ring fastening blade of scraper ś G. mud̃ rī f. ring , M. mudī f., Ko. muddi; Si. mudda < muduva, st. mudu -- seal, ring ś Md. mudi ring .mudraṇa -- , mudrayatiś mudr kara -- . mudr kara m. maker of seals MW. [mudr ˊ -- , kará -- 1] Si muduvarayā goldsmith . (CDIAL 10203, 10204) ் ை muttira, n. < mudrā. 1. Impress, mark; ை ். ை ் ை ை ை ு ் ை் ( ் . ெை ் . 1, 8, 9, ் .). 2. Seal, signet; ஞ் . ெ ் ் ைு ் ்( ு . 24, 8). 3. Stamp, as for postage, for court fees; ெ ் ் ை ி . 4. Badge of a soldier or peon; ெ ை் ் க ் ் குக் ை ை ி ் . ் ைக்க க்கை் muttirai-k-kaṇakkar, n. < ் ை +. A class of temple servants; க ி ் ெ ு ் ு க ை். ( ை். ை ். i, 2.) Four Harappa Script hieroglyphs are uambiguous on the Sunga coin and are relatale to the mineral/metal resources deployed in mint-work: The Meluhha rebus readings, respectively, from l. to r. are: iron, implements, red ore, zinc mēḍhā 'a twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerkś (Gujarati) मॕढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. 87 A variant for the 'twist' hieroglyph reading: kãsā 'twist, loo' rebus: kãsā 'bronze'. kaṇḍa, 'arrow' rebus: kaṇḍa,'implements/sword dhātu 'strand' (Rigveda) S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope .rebus: dhāū, dhāv, dhātu 'red ore' Hieroglyph: svastika: sāthiyo (G.); satthia, sotthia (Pkt.) rebus: svastika pewter (Kannada), jasta 'zinc' (Hindi) Thus, when a hypertext is orthographed including one or more of thee hieroglyphs, the message is clear and unambiguous, as, for example on a common hypertext on early Punch-marked coins which include three of these hieroglyphs: :mēḍhā 'twist' rebus: mēḍ 'iron', kaṇḍa 'arrow rebus:kaṇḍa,'implements' dhātu 'strand' rebus: dhātu 'red ore'. An alternative reading is also apposite for the 'loop' imagery: kāca m. loopΥ rebusŚ kāsa 'bronze'. Thus, the frequently signified hypertext on Punch-marked coins may be read: dhatu kāsa kaṇḍa 'mineral (metal), bronze implements'. One some Punch-marked coins, hieroglyph mēḍhā 'twist' is elaborated with a hypertext which signfies:khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. 88 Bhaja Chaitya ca. 100 BCE. Hieroglyphs are: fishfin pair; pine-cone; yupa: kandə pineΥ rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements, fire-altar' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Yupa: Or. kāṇḍa, kãṛ stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'. 89 Sunga 18575 BCE karabha'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' kaṇḍa 'firealtar' Yupa: Or. kāṇḍa, kãṛ stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023). RebusŚ kāṇḍa,'implements'. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' Mountain range + crucible: OP. koṭhārī f. crucible (CDIAL 3546) Rebus: koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' PLUS ḍāng'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' 90 Four dotted circles joined together orthographed as 'Ujjaini symbol': gaṇḍa 'four' rbus: kaṇḍa'implements' PLUS dh tu ΥstrandΥ (Rigveda) S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope .rebus: dhāū, dhāv, dhātu 'red ore'. Thus, metal implements (with a variety of ore alloys). karṇaka क्ण क m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: karṇaka 'helmsman' PLUS koḍa 'one'rebus: koḍ 'workshop' पख़ळ [pōḷa] ΥzebuΥ rebus: पख़ळ [pōḷa] Υmagnetite, ferrite oreΥ 91 . Kausambi 200 BCE arA 'spokes' rebus: Ara 'brass' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast' arka'copper'.PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, copper mint. dala 'petal' rebus: ढाळ [ḍhāḷa] ḍhāḷako 'ingot' (Marathi) kola 'tiger' rebus: kol'blacksmith' karabha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' ḍāng 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' 92 Taxila. Pushkalavati 185-160 BCE Karshapana Kalinga. Copper punch-marked 3rd cent. BCEarka 'sun' rebus: arka 'copper gold' 93 Mauryan Dynasty .(321 to 185 BC ) Silver punch marked coins. ು್ಯರ , ು್ ಂ ೆಳಿ ಾ್ ಗು Hieroglyph: hare: N. kharāyo hare , Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) खार् 94 Is it a stylized 'ram' in the centre, reduplicated? dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS meḍho 'ram' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerkś (Gujarati) मॕढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. Janapadas, 600 300 BCE dhātu'strand' (Rigveda) S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope .rebus: dhāū, dhāv, dhātu 'red ore'. Three combined are orthographed as a triangle with 95 curved endings: tri-dhātu 'three strands' (Rigveda) rebus: tri-dhātu 'three red ores' (perhaps, magnetite, haematite, laterite). May also refer to eraka, arka 'red copper ores' (pyrites).. Source: http://ancientcoinsofindiaaruns.blogspot.in/2010_03_01_archive.html Ancient Indian Coins. "ರ ಿನ ಾರ ್ ಾ್ ಗು." Thanks to Arun joepaladka@yahoo.co.in for these excellent images. Silver punch-marked Mauryan. Ashoka. This braided orthography of three strands may be a variant to signify: tri-dhātu 'three strands of rope' Rebus: dhāv 'red ore' (ferrite) ti-dhāu 'three strands' Rebus: ti-dhāv 'three ferrite ores: magnetite, hematite, laterite'. Asmaka OP. koṭhārī f. crucible (CDIAL 3546) RebusŚ koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' PLUS gota 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lac, braid'.PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rbus: kaṇḍa 'implements' ḍhāḷa 'sprig' rebus: ḍhāḷako 'large ingot' 96 kama ha Υarcher, bowΥ RebusŚ kammaṭa Υmint, coiner, coinageΥ dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus:aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' PLUSmēḍhā 'a twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerkś (Gujarati) मॕढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. Thus, alloy metal castings, iron castings. 97 Vidarbha janapada . Seven symbols Five symbols 98 Taxila symbol. A hypertext composed of 'round stone' 'crucible pair' 'a pair of persons standing with spread legs': gota 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lac, braid'. OP. koṭhārī f. crucible (CDIAL 3546) RebusŚ koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' karṇaka क्ण क m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: karṇaka 'helmsman' Mauryan. Karshapana The symbol circled in brown represents the sun (of the type shown below): 99 Six-armed symbol (circled in blue) of the type shown below: The one circled in green is a three-arched hill. The one circled in purple is probably a tree. 100 kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=1332.0 101 Mauryan. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rbus: kaṇḍa 'implements' Thus, metal alloy implements. gota 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lac, braid'. PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rbus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS mēḍhā 'a twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerkś (Gujarati) मॕढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. Thus, the hypertext signifies: ferrite metal implements 102 Agrawal, Banu & Rai, Subas, Indian Punchmarked coins, 1994 103 104 PL Gupta, Amaravati hoard of silver punchmarked coins, 1963 http://coincoin.com/bGuptaAmarS.jpg maraka'peacock' Rebus: marakaka loha 'copper alloy' (Samskrtam) Gupta, PL & Hardaker, 1985, Ancient Indian silver punchmarked coins, Magadha-Maurya series 105 Kothari, Narendra, 2006, Ujjaini coins. Hieroglyph 1: க ை ் , [ *kamaṭam, ] s. A turtle, a tortoise, (Winslow Tamil lexicon) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.. Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, multi-symbol type Weight: 4.22 gm., Diameter: 18 mm. Centrally placed Ujjain symbol; svastika and Indradhvaja on right and railed tree on left; fish-tank above the Ujjain symbol and parts of 106 chakra on top right; river at the bottom. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 379 (plate specimen) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/4 karshapana, multi-symbol type Weight: 5.98 gm., Diameter: 17x15 mm. Six-armed symbol in center; svastika and taurine above a railed tree on the left; Ujjain symbol above Indradhvaja on the right; river at the bottom; above the six-armed symbol is a square tank with two fishes and two turtles. Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb. Reference: Pieper 384 (plate specimen) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, tree type Weight: 4.19 gm., Diameter: 15x14 mm. Obv.: Tree-on-hill on right and six-armed symbol on left. Rev.: Ujjain symbol with alternating taurines and svastikas in the orbs. Reference: Pieper 400 107 Ujjain, inscribed AE 1/2 karshapana, 'tank between trees' type Weight: 5.62 gm., Diameter: 14x14 mm. Fishtank from which a water channel is branching flanked by two railed trees; Brahmi legend part below reading 'sidhatho(madana)' Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 409 (plate specimen) Until now the legend on this coin type had been read as 'rathimadana'. This is the first specimen to show at least the first three letters of the legend clear beyond doubt. Credit goes to Harry Falk to have read the legend as 'sidhato'. The second part of the name appears to have been correctly identified from the available specimens except for the last letter which still is somewhat doubtful but '...madana' is well possible. In that case the complete name would be 'Sidhathomadana'. Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/8 karshapana, makara type Weight: 1.17 gm., Diameter: 10x8 mm. Obv.: Makara to right in form of an aquatic creature with fishtail and head of an elephant; Ujjain symbol at top. Rev.: Ujjain symbol with a dot in each angle. Reference: Pieper 366 (plate specimen) The makara is the vahana (mount) of Ganga, the goddess of the river Ganges, and of the sea-god Varuna. Its frontal part is that of a terrestrial animal, its hind part that of a sea-creature. The depiction of a creature with fish-tail and elephant's head, like on this coin, is frequently used in depictions of a makara. 108 mahā kara = मकर [ makara ] m (S) An aquatic monster understood usually of the alligator, crocodile, and shark, but, properly, a fabulous animal. It is the emblem of the god of love. (Marathi) H ‫ گهڙيال‬घषियाल ghaṛiyāl [S. घतिका+आलः or आलॏ], s.m. A crocodile; the Gangetic alligator, Lacerta gangetica (cf. magar).H ‫ مگر‬मगर magar [Prk. मकरख़; S. मकरः], s.m. An alligator; a crocodile. mah kara = मकर [ makara ] is a hieroglyph multiplex composed of a number of hieroglyph components: 1. Crocodile snout, ghara Rebus: khār ‘blacksmith’ 2. Fish-tail, xolā Rebus: kolle 'blacksmith' 3. Elephant trunk as snout, ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ib 'iron' ాు సి a wild crocodile or alligator (Telugu). Rebus: khār ‘blacksmith’ kh r 1 खार् लख़ऻकारः m. (sg. abl. kh ra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is kh ran 1 खारन् , which is to be distinguished from kh ran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-kh r, p. 111b, l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab kh r, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). kh ra-basta खार-बऺ्ீ्त िमणरऺॕषशका f. the skin bellows of a blacksmith. Synonym: ayo ‘fish’ (Mu.)ś rebusŚ aya ‘(alloyed) metal’ (G.) kāru a wild crocodile or alligator (Te.) Rebus:khār a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-kh r) (Kashmiri) Combined rebus reading: ayakāra ‘iron-smith’ (Pali) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/12 karshapana, tortoise type Weight: 0.79 gm., Diameter: 9x7 mm. Obv.: Tortoise in square frame/tank with a crescent at each angle. Rev.: Dotted Ujjain symbol, one additional taurine in field. Reference: Pieper 375 (plate specimen) 109 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, horse type Weight: 5.00gm., Diameter: 20x15 mm. Obv.: Horse to right between railed tree on left and chakra on right; on top from left to right Ujjain symbol, Indradhvaja (and shrivatsa); river at the bottom. Rev.: Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 347 gōṛā 'horse' rebus: gota 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lac, braid'. Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/12 karshapana, lion type Weight: 0.73 gm., Diameter: 9 mm. Obv.: Lion (Tiger?) to right, svastika above. Rev.: Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 368 (plate specimen) kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'blacksmith' 110 Ujjain, inscribed civic AE 1/2 karshapana, civic issue Weight: 4.97 gm., Diameter: 14 mm. Obv.: Elephant to right; Ujjain symbol above. Rev.: Brahmi legend 'ujeniya'; above the legend, chakra on left and footprint on right; river at the bottom Reference: Pieper 402 (plate specimen) A rare specimen of the civic type of the Ujjaini coinage with the name of the city inscribed in bold Brahmi letters. The type is one example among a number of other civic coins of the Narmada valley which are inscribed in the name of the respective city. Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, elephant type Weight: 3.75 gm., Diameter: 16x14 mm. Obv.: Elephant with raised trunk to right with chakra on top left; (railed) tree on right. Rev.: Ujjain symbol with a taurine in each angle. Reference: Pieper 362 (plate specimen) 111 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/6 karshapana, elephant type Weight: 1.45 gm., Diameter: 10x9 mm. Obv.: Elephant to right with svastika, taurine and Indradhvaja above. Rev.: Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 360 (plate specimen) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, bull + tree type Weight: 4.98 gm., Diameter: 18x18 mm. Obv.: Bull to right facing Indradhvaja above railing on right; river line with fishes above the bull. Rev.: Ujjain symbol with a shrivatsa in each orb. Reference: Pieper 344 (plate specimen) 112 Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapanaa, bull + tree type Weight: 3.32 gm., Diameter: 16x12 mm. Obv.: Bull to right facing its head towards the viewer with taurine and svastika above and another svastika in front of the bull; railed tree on right; river at the bottom. Reference: Pieper 343 (plate specimen) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, bull + tree type Weight: 3.72 gm., Diameter: 17x15 mm. Obv.: Bull to right facing a railed tree on right; Indradhvaja flanked by two taurines above the bull. Rev.: Worn undertype of Ujjain type 'vase-holding deity (Anapurna) Reference: Pieper 342 (plate specimen) 113 Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, bull + tree type Weight: 3.52 gm., Diameter: 17x15 mm. Obv.: Bull to right facing railed tree on right; Indradhvaja flanked by two taurines above the bull. Rev.: Ujjain symbol with a dot in each orb. Reference: Pieper 340 (plate specimen) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/ 16 karshapana, bull type Weight: 0.52 gm., Diameter: 9x8 mm. Obv.: Bull to left with Ujjain symbol above, railed tree on right. Rev.: Ujjain symbol with thick dot inside each orb and a taurine in each angle. Reference: Pieper 339 (plate specimen) 114 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/6 karshapana, bull type Weight: 1.62 gm., Diameter: 11x8 mm. Obv.: Bull to right with six-armed symbol above and railed tree on right. Rev.: Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 335 (plate specimen) sãgaḍ, 'lathe, portable brazier' rebus: samgraha, samgaha 'arranger,manager' sanghāta 'adamantine glue' Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/8 karshapana, bull type Weight: 0.83 gm., Diameter: 12x10 mm. Obv.: Bull to right with three-arched hill above and taurine on right; railed tree on right. Rev.: Ujjain symbol enclosed in 'hollow cross' with a taurine in each angle of the cross. Reference: Pieper 336 (plate specimen) 115 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/8 karshapana, bull type Weight: 0.95 gm., Diameter: 10x9 mm. Obv.: Bull to right, Ujjain symbol and svastika above. Rev.: Multiple Ujjain symbols, svastika in field. Reference: Pieper 328 (plate specimen) Ujjain region, c/m anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana Weight: 5.13 gm., Diameter: 16x15 mm. Countermark (=standing human figure, his left akimbo, his right raised; Indradhvaja on left). Faint traces of worn undertype of which Ujjain symbol and parts of a tree are visible. Reference: Pieper 421 (plate coin) / see Kothari 286 116 Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/4 karshapana, 'taurine-holding deity' Weight: 3.00gm., Diameter: 15x14 mm. Frontally standing female figure holding taurine in raised left, right akimbo; chakra above Ujjain symbol on left; svastika above railed tree on right. Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb. Reference: Pieper 298 (plate coin)/ BMC pl.XXXVII, no.8 Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, 'Annapurna type' Weight: 3.17 gm., Diameter: 17x15 mm. Frontally standing female figure holding a vase or pot in her upraised right hand, left akimbo; 6-armed symbol on top left; horizontally placed Indradhvaja and taurine on bottom left; railed tree on right. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 294 (plate coin) /BMC pl.XXXVII, no.21 117 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva+ nandi type' Weight: 3.40 gm., Dimensions: 18 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; bull facing the deity from the right; Ujjain symbol on top; railed tree on left; river at the bottom. Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb. Reference: Pieper 311 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/4 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 7.22 gm., Dimensions: 17 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda in right and kamandalu in left; sun above railed tree on left and 6-armed symbol on right; taurine and svastika on top. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 268 (plate coin) 118 Maurya, punchmarked AR karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 3.57 gm., Dimensions: 16 x13mm. Standing Shiva with crested hair holding danda and kamandalu; sun; six-armed symbol; three-arched hill with crescent on top; 'bale-mark'. 'Bale-mark' Reference: Pieper 135 (plate coin)/ GH 566 "Avanti in ancient western Malwa was one of the Mahajanapadas and Ujjain was the dominant urban center of that region. It was described as a very fertile land of mild climate with a prosperous and flourishing trade. Particular mention was made of agricultural products, cotton crafts, a highly developed iron industry, mineral resources, ivory, pearls, corals and precious stones. Trade routes crossed at Ujjain connecting it closely with the other trade centers of that time. In the 4th century BC Avanti lost its independence being henceforth a province of the Mauryan Empire. Before he became king himself, Asoka was appointed as viceroy of Ujjain by his father, king Bindusara. After Asoka's death weak successors followed him and central control soon diminished giving way to local independence. There are good reasons to assume that the local Ujjain copper issues started about or shortly after 200 BC. The close affinities to the Mauryan silver karshapanas in style, use of symbols and symbol arrangements support this view and so does the occurrenc of the 'balemark' symbol on the reverses of some Ujjain coins. Of course there was a continued use of Mauryan silver karshapanas and tiny silver/ billon masakas and some early uninscribed cast copper types were still issued 119 at Ujjain during the first half of the 2nd century BCE." (Weilfried Pieper) Coin galleries, Ujjain http://coinindia.com/galleries-ujjain4.html Tree in railing. Svastika and comb. Found in river bed 4 feet from surface immediately below the Ruhunu Maha Kataragama Temple. http://coins.lakdiva.org/codrington/chapter_iii_edit.html dãtɔ m. a kind of rake or harrow (Gujarati) rebus: dhatu 'mineral, ore' PLUS satthiya 'svastika' rebus:svastika 'pewter', jasta 'zinc'. Magadha janapada. Silver karshapana 120 c. 5th-4th century BCE Weight: 3.08 gm., Dim: 26 x 24 mm. Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others, plus banker's marks / Banker's marks meḍha 'polar star' (Marathi). meḍ 'iron' Ref: GH 36. (Ho.Mu.) ... Silver karshapana c. 5th-4th century BCE Weight: 3.45 gm., Dim: 25 x 23 mm. Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others, plus banker's marks / Banker's mark Ref: GH 48. 121 Silver karshapana c. 5th-4th century BCE Weight: 3.37 gm., Dim: 21 x 22 mm. Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others, plus extra sun symbol / Blank Ref: GH 159. 122 Silver karshapana c. 5th-4th century BCE Weight: 3.13 gm., Dim: 19 x 27 mm. Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others, plus banker's marks / Banker's marks Ref: GH 200. 123 Silver karshapana c. 5th-4th century BCE Weight: 3.09 gm., Dim: 15 x 24 mm. Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others, plus banker's marks / Blank Ref: GH 359. 124 Mauryan.Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.14 gm., Dim: 13 x 13 mm. Ref: GH 509. Mauryan.Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.38 gm., Dim: 13 x 15 mm. 125 Ref: GH 516. Loop in a stringŚ kárṇik f. round protuberance Su r., pericarp of a lotus MBh., ear -- ring Kath s. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇikā -- f. ear ornament, pericarp of lotus, corner of upper story, sheaf in form of a pinnacle ś Pk. kaṇṇiā -- f. corner, pericarp of lotus ś Paš. kanīˊ corner ś S. kanī f. border , L. P. kannī f. (→ H.kannī f.); WPah. bhal. kanni f. yarn used for the border of cloth in weaving ś B. kāṇī ornamental swelling out in a vessel , Or. kānī corner of a cloth ś H. kaniyã f. lap ś G. kānī f. border of a garment tucked up ś M. kānī f. loop of a tie -rope ś Si. käni, kän sheaf in the form of a pinnacle, housetop (CDIAL 2849) Ta. kaṇ eye, aperture, orifice, star of a peacock's tail. Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud. Ko. kaṇ eye. To. koṇ eye, loop in string. Ka. kaṇ eye, small hole, orifice. Koḍ. kaṇṇï id.Tu. kaṇṇů eye, nipple, star in peacock's feather, rent, tear. Te. kanu, kannu eye, small hole, orifice, mesh of net, eye in peacock's feather. Kol. kan (pl. kan l) eye, small hole in ground, cave. Nk. kan (pl.kan ḷ) eye, spot in peacock's tail. Nk. (Ch.) kan (pl. -l) eye. Pa. (S. only) kan (pl. kanul) eye. Ga. (Oll.) kaṇ (pl. kaṇkul) id.; kaṇul maṭṭa eyebrow; kaṇa (pl. kaṇul) hole; (S.) kanu (pl. kankul) eye. Go.(Tr.) kan (pl. kank) id.; (A.) kaṛ (pl. kaṛk) id. Konḍa kaṇ id. Pe. kaṇga (pl. ŋ, kaṇku) id. Manḍ. kan (pl. -ke) id. Kui kanu (pl. kan-ga), (K.) kanu (pl. kaṛka) id. Kuwi (F.) kannū (pl. kar&nangle;ka), (S.) kannu (pl. kanka), (Su. P. Isr.) kanu (pl. kaṇka) id. Kur. xann eye, eye of tuber; xannērn (of newly born babies or animals) to begin to see, have the use of one's eyesight (for ērn , see 903). Malt.qanu eye. Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159a) k ca3 m. loop, string fastened to both ends of a pole, carrying yoke lex. [← Drav. Kui kāsa, Kuvi kāñju, Kan. kāgaḍi, kāvaḍi T. Burrow BSOAS xii 372, EWA i 195. See kamaṭha -- ] Pa. kāca -- , kāja -- m. carrying -- pole , Pk. kāya -- , kāva -- , m. (deriv. kāvōya -- m. one who carries a yoke )ś S. kāo, kāyo m. rafter ś Si. kada carrying -- pole ś -- Pk. kāvaḍa<-> m., H. kãwaṛ,kāwaṛ, °war f., G. kāvaṛ f., M. kāvaḍ f. (CDIAL 3009) *k cah ra bearer of a carrying -- pole . [k ca -- 3, h ra -- ]Pa. kājahāraka -- m.; Pk. kāhāra -- m. carrier of water or other burdens , n. carrying -- pole ś K. kahar m. palanquin -- bearer , S. kahāru m.; P. kahār m. palanquin -- bearer, water -- carrier ś N.kahār a class of cultivators who also act as bearers ś B. kāhār a low caste of palanquin -- bearers and water -- carriers ś Or. kāhāḷa, °āra, kāãḷa, °ãra a low caste of bearers , Bhoj. kahār, Aw. lakh.kahār, kaharawā; H. kahār m. palanquinbearer, water -- drawer ś M. kahār m. palanquin -- bearer .AddendaŚ *k cah ra -- : G. kahār m. litter -- bearer .(CDIAL 3011) Ta. k pole with ropes hung on each end, used to carry loads on the shoulder; lever or beam for a well-sweep, lever of a steelyard; k vaṭi pole used for carrying burdens; k vu (k vi-) to carry on the shoulder (as a palanquin, a pole with weight at each end), bear anything heavy on the arms or on the head; k vuvōr palanquin-bearers. Ma. k vu, k vaṭi split bamboo with ropes suspended from each end for carrying burdens; k vuka, k vikka to carry on a pole. Ka. k ga i, k va i bamboo lath or pole provided with slings at each end for the conveyance of pitchers, etc. Tu. k va i split bamboo with ropes suspended from each end for carrying burdens across the shoulders. Te. k vaṭi, k va i yoke or pole with a sling attached to each end, placed upon the shoulder for carrying burdens; kã̄ i, (VPK) k i, k im nu, k im ku, k ṇ i, k ṇi, k ni, 126 k va i yoke of plough, etc. Kol. (Kin.) k vaṛi carrying yoke. Pa. k ñ- to carry with carrying yoke; k cal carrying yoke. Ga. (Oll.) kã̄j-, k ñ- to carry with carrying yoke; (S.) k nj- to carry on the shoulders; (Oll. S.) k sal carrying yoke. Go. (Tr. Ph. SR.) k nj n , (G. Mu. Ma. Ko.) k nj- to carry on the shoulders (Voc. 624); (Y.) k vṛi, (Ma.) k veṛi, (G.)k viṛ(i), (Ko.) k veṛ, (A.) k haṛicarrying yoke (Voc. 660). Konḍa (Sova dial.) k sa the shaft of a k vṛiś (BB) k nj carrying yoke. Pe. kavṛi id. Manḍ. kavṛi id. Kui k sa pole or stick carried on the shoulder from the ends of which loads are suspended and carried; (K., Mah. p. 77) k nju carrying yoke. Kuwi (Su.) k nju (pl. k ska) id.; (F.) k ca banghi-pole; k njū (pl. k ska) a banghi. ? Kur. x xō a triangular frame made by folding a bamboo stem (used in pairs for carrying logs.) ? Malt. qowe to carry or lift on the shoulders. / Cf. Skt. k ca-, k ja-, Pali k ca-, k ja-, Pkt. k a- a yoke to support burdens; Pkt. k va a- carrying yoke, k va ia- one who carries burdens with yoke; H. k waṛ, etc. carrying yokeś Turner, CDIAL, nos. 3009, 3011, and (part of) 2760.(DEDR 1417) Rebus:Bronze: kāˊṁsya made of bell -- metal K ty r., n. bell -- metal Y jñ., cup of bell - metal MBh., °aka -- n. bell -- metal . 2. *kāṁsiya -- . [kaṁsá -- 1] 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. (?) bronze , Pk. kaṁsa -- , kāsa -- n. bell -- metal, drinking vessel, cymbal ś L. (Jukes) kãjā adj. of metal , aw ṇ. kāsā jar (← E with -- s -- , not ñj); N.kãso bronze, pewter, white metal , kas -- kuṭ metal alloy ś A. kãh bell -- metal , B. kãsā, Or. kãsā, Bi. kãsā; Bhoj. kãs bell -metal , kãsā base metal ś H. kās, kãsā m. bell -- metal , G. kãsũ n., M. kãsẽ n.; Ko. kãśẽ n. bronze ś Si. kasa bell -- metal . 2. L. kãihã m. bell -- metal , P. kãssī, kãsī f., H. kãsī f. *k ṁsyakara -- , k ṁsyak ra -- , *k ṁsyakuṇ ik -- , k ṁsyat la -- , *k ṁsyabh ṇ a - .Addenda: kāˊṁsya -- : A. kãh also gong , or < kaṁsá -- .(CDIAL 2987) Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.ś kammaṭi a coiner. (CDIAL 1236) Ta. karu mould, matrix; karukku engraving, carving, embossed work. Ma. karu figure, mould; karukku-paṇi embossed work; karaṭu the original of a copy. Ka. karu embossed work, bas-relief;karuv-i u to put bosses or raised figures, mould, model. Tu. karu, garu, karavi a mould. Te. karugu, karuvu id. Kuwi (S.) garra form, mint; lu- gara womb (for lu, see 1123). (DEDR 1280) ghōṭa m. horse p r., °ṭī -- f. A vad., °ṭaka -- m. Pañ- cat., °ṭikā -- f. lex. [Non -- Aryan, prob. Drav., origin EWA i 361 with lit.] Pa. ghōṭaka -- m. poor horse ś Pk. ghōḍa -- , °ḍaya -- m., °ḍī -- f. horse , Gy. as (Baluči) gura, pers. gôrá, pal. gṓri f., arm. khori horse , eur. khuro m., °rī f. foal , boh. pol.khuro stallion ś Ash. g&otodacutemacr;ṛu m. horse , goṛ äˊ f., Wg. g&otodacutemacr;ṛa, Pr. irí, Dm. gọŕɔ m., guŕi f., Paš. gōṛāˊ, Niṅg. guṛə́, Shum. gṓṛo, Woṭ. gōṛ m., gēṛ f., Gaw. guṛɔ́ m., guṛīˊ f., Kal. urt. ghɔ́ŕ*l, Bshk. gór m., gēr f., Tor. ghō m., ghəē f. (aspirate maintained to distinguish from gō bull J. Bloch BSL xxx 82), Mai. ghå m., ghwī f., Chil. Gau. gho, Sv. ghuṛo m., g'uṛia f., Phal. ghūṛu m., °ṛi f., Sh. *gōu (→ . gōwá), K. guru m., °rü f., (Islam b d) guḍü, r m. pog. ghōṛŭ, kash. ghuṛŭ, o . ghōṛō, S. ghoṛo m.,°ṛī f., L. P. ghoṛā m., °ṛī f., in cmpds. ghoṛ -- , WPah. ghoṛo m., °ṛī f., °ṛu n. foal , Ku. ghoṛo, A. ghõrā, in cmpds. ghõr -- , B. ghõṛā m., ghũṛi f. (whence Chittagong ghunniODBL 695), Or. ghoṛā, °ṛī, Bi. ghor, °rā, OAw. ghora, H. ghoṛ, ghoṛā m., ṛī f. (→ N. Bhoj. ghoṛā, 127 N. °ṛi, Bhoj. °ṛī), Marw. ghoṛo m., G. ghoṛɔ m., °ṛī f., °ṛũ n. poor horse , M.ghoḍā m., °ḍī f., Ko. ghoḍo. *ghōṭakarūpa -- , *ghōṭ g ra -- .Addenda: ghōṭa -- : S.kcch. ghoṛo m. horse , WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ghòṛɔ, m. horse , kṭg. ghòṛu m. small horse, colt , Garh. ghoṛū m. horse , Brj. ghoṛo, ghoro m., ghoṛī, ghorī (CDIAL 4516) Punch-marked coins with 12 Harappa Script hieroglyphs signify smelter's technical repertoire Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/zbxzqd5 Common orthography of these hieroglyphs is: 1. dotted circle in the centre; 2. Six spokes emanting from the centre; 3. hieroglyphs ligtured to the tips of the spokes. Fourth hypertext from l.: dhă vaḍ 'smelter' PLUS bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS mēḍhā 'twist' rebus: mēdhā 'yajna, dhanam' meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) Fifth hypertext from l.: dhă vaḍ 'smelter' PLUS bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS Or. kāṇḍa, kãṛ stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023) RebusŚ kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus bronze implements of smelter furnace. Sixth hypertext from l.: dhă vaḍ 'smelter' PLUS bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus:kāsa'bronze'.PLUS Or. kāṇḍa, kãṛ stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023) Rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'.Thus, bronze smithy/forge implements of smelter furnace Twelfth hypertext from l. dhă vaḍ 'smelter' PLUS bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.PLUS ayo'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS Or. kāṇḍa, kãṛ stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023) RebusŚ kaṇḍa 'implements'. Thus, iron, alloy metalmint,smithy/forge implements of smelter furnace. 1. and 2. Dotted circle and six spokes baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS dhă vaḍ 'smelter' (dhāī 'strand' PLUS vaṭa 'string, circle') Hieroglyph: ्ातॏ [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. षि-््/आतॏ , 128 threefold &c ; cf.षिषशषट- , ऺत- , ऺॏ-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dh ˊtu *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.).ś S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś (CDIAL 6773) ्ातॏ primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists ्ातॏ means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [्ातॏ -लख़क] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गभण ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam) Harappa (Indus) script hieroglyphs signify dhAtu 'iron ore', Dharwar, Ib names of places in India in the iron ore belt. 3. Hieroglyphs ligatured to the tips of the spokes Round pebble: goṭa 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lace braid'; खख़ट [khōṭa] f 'A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge'. kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' 129 Rakhigarhi Seal. RG4 3cm.square. dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu 'element, mineral' kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi'smithy, forge' Thus minerals smithy/forge. For decipherment of hieroglyphmultiplex of one-horned young bull PLUS standard device, see decipherment given below. S. mī˜ḍhī f., °ḍho m. braid in a woman's hair , L. f.; G. mĩḍlɔ, miḍ° m. braid of hair on a girl's forehead ; M. meḍhā m. curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread .मॕढा [ mēḍhā ] meṇḍa A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) (CDIAL 10312). meḍhi, miḍhī, meṇḍhī = a plait in a woman’s hairś a plaited or twisted strand of hair (P.)(CDIAL 10312)]. Rebus: semantics 'iron': meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho)meṛed (Mundari)śmẽṛed ironś enga meṛed soft iron; sanḍi meṛedhard iron; ispāt meṛed steel; dul meṛed cast iron; i meṛed rusty iron, also the iron of which weights are cast; bica meṛed iron extracted from stone ore; bali meṛed iron extracted from sand ore; meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.) Harappa Script continuum on punch-marked coin symbols.Insights of Fabri et al validated by Meluhha Script cipher Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/gu24z4h 130 This is a tribute to Pran Nath, KN Dikshit and CL Fabri who had provided insights citing parallels between Harappa (Indus Script) and symbols on Punch-marked coins. With the decipherment of Meluhha script & langauge of the Corpora of Inscriptions dated from ca. 3300 BCE (which is the date of the Harappa potsherd with three inscribed hieroglyphs signifying tagara 'tabernae montana' rebus: tagara 'tin'), it is now possible to delineate a glossary of hieroglyphs and readings in Meluhha for the parallels identified in a brilliant and lucid article of 1834 in JRAS (which is embedded for ready reference). ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal (tin+ copper alloy)' (Rigveda) PLUS karavu'crocoile' (Telugu) rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) Together,ayakara 'metalsmith' (Pali) barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin &c.(Marathi) PLUS pattar 'trough'; rebus pattar, vartaka 'merchant, goldsmith' (Tamil) ெ ் ை்² pattar , n. < T.battuḍu. A caste title of goldsmiths; ை்ை ை். पख़ळ pōḷa 'zebu, a bull set at liberty' पख़ळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)' rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi'smithy, forge' 131 karabha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' kola 'tiger' Rebus:kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kol 'blacksmith' PLUSkrammara 'look back' rebus: kamar 'smith, artisan' PLUS kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter' 1. koDiya ‘rings on neck’, ‘young bull’ koD ‘horn’ rebus 1Ś koṭiya 'dhow, seafaring vessel' khōṇ ī 'pannier sack' खख़ंडॎ (p. 216) [ khōṇ ī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कां बळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) khOnda ‘young bull’ rebus 2Ś kOnda ‘lapidary, engraver’ rebus 3Ś kundAr ‘turner’ क ड ं [kōṇḍa] A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste. ख ट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal 2. sangaDa ‘lathe’ sanghaṭṭana ‘bracelet’ rebus 1Ś .sangh ṭa ‘raft’ sAngaDa ‘catamaran, doublecanoe’rebusčaṇṇ am (Tu. ജം ാല, Port. Jangada). Ferryboat, junction of 2 boats, also rafts. 2 janga ia Υmilitary guard accompanying treasure into the treasury' ചങാതം čaṇṇ δam (Tdbh.; സം ാതം) 1. Convoy, guardś responsible N yar guide through foreign territories. rebus 3: जाकि jaŚkaṛ जां गि j ng ‘entrustment note’ जखड्ं tying up (as a beast to a stake) rebus 4: sangh ṭa ‘accumulation, collection’ rebus 5. sangaDa ‘portable furnace, brazier’ rebus 6Ś sanghAta ‘adamantine glue‘ rebus 7Ś sangara ‘fortification’ rebus 8Ś sangara ‘proclamation’ 9Ś samgraha, samgaha Υarranger, managerΥ. kkharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka hare . [ longeared like a donkey Ś khara -- 1?]N. kharāyo hare , Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) ``^rabbit'' Sa. kulai `rabbit'.Mu. kulai`rabbit'. KW kulai @(M063) खरगख़ऺ (p. 113) kharagōsa m ( P) A hare. (Marathi) RebusŚ kh r खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) 132 So. ayo `fish'. Go. ayu `fish'. Go <ayu> (Z), <ayu?u> (Z),, <ayu?> (A) {N} ``^fish''. Kh. kaDOG `fish'. Sa. Hako `fish'. Mu. hai (H) ~ haku(N) ~ haikO(M) `fish'. Ho haku `fish'. Bj. hai `fish'. Bh.haku `fish'. KW haiku ~ hakO |Analyzed hai-kO, ha-kO (RDM). Ku. Kaku`fish'.@(V064,M106) Mu. ha-i, haku `fish' (HJP). @(V341) ayu>(Z), <ayu?u> (Z) <ayu?>(A) {N} ``^fish''. #1370. <yO>\\<AyO>(L) {N} ``^fish''. #3612. <kukkulEyO>,,<kukkuli-yO>(LMD) {N} ``prawn''. !Serango dialect. #32612. <sArjAjyO>,,<sArjAj>(D) {N} ``prawn''. #32622. <magur-yO>(ZL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. *Or.<>. #32632. <ur+GOl-Da-yO>(LL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish''. #32642.<bal.bal-yO>(DL) {N} ``smoked fish''. #15163. (Munda Etyma) Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' (Rigveda) क्ण क karṇaka m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: क्णक karṇaka 'helmsman' PLUS meḍ 'body' (Santali.Ho. Mu.) rebus:mẽṛhẽt, meḍ iron (Santali.Ho.Mu.) PLUS eraka 'upraised hand' (Tamil)Rebus: erako 'moltencast, metal infusion', eraka, arka 'copper, gold' PLUS H. dãtāwlī f. rake, harrow . (CDIAL 6162). Ku. danīṛo m. harrow ś N. dãde toothed sb. harrow ś A. dãtīyā having new teeth in place of the first , dãtinī woman with projecting teeth ś Or. dāntiā toothed ś H. dãtī f. harrow ś G. dãtiyɔ m. semicircular comb , dãtiyɔ m. harrow . (CDIAL 6163). G. dãtɔ m. a kind of rake or harrow (CDIAL 6153). Pk. daṁtāla -- m., °lī -- f. grass -- cutting instrument ś S. ḍ̠andārī f. rake , L. (Ju.) ḍ̠ãdāl m., °lī f.; Ku. danyālo m. harrow danyāw (y from danīṛo < dantín -- ); N.dãtār tusked (← a Bi. form); A. dãtāl adj. tusked , sb. spade ś B. dãtāl toothed ś G. dãtāḷ n., °ḷī f. harrow ś M. dãtāḷ having projecting teeth , dãtāḷ, °ḷē, dãtāḷ n. harrow, rake .Garh. dãdāḷu forked implement , Brj. dãtāl, dãtāro toothed , m. elephant . (CDIAL 6160).Rebus: dhatu 'mineral (ore)(Samskritam) PLUS dula 'two' kamaḍha 'archer, bow' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, ḍhanga 'mountain coiner'. range' Rebus: ḍhangar 'blacksmith' 133 kāṅga 'comb' Rebus: kanga 'brazier, fireplace' (See also semantics of 'harrow' above). khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati) tabar 'axe' rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper'. Signs 288, 296, 301खां डा [kh ṇ ] A division of a field. (Marathi) खंड्ं (p. 192) [ khaṇ aṇēṃ ] v c ( खंडन S) To breakś to reduce into parts (Marathi) RebusŚ kh ṇ Υ(metal) implementsΥ kana, kanac = corner (Santali); kañcu = bronze (Te.) kan- copper work (Ta.). Oval shape: mũhe ΥingotΥ Dotted circle: dhātu.dhāū, dhāv 'a strand' rebus: dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red ore' (Rigveda) dhātu 'mineral ore' arā 'spokes' rebus: āra 'brass' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast' arka 'copper, gold'. kāca m. loop, string fastened to both ends of a pole, carrying yoke lex. [← Drav. Kui kāsa(CDIAL 3009) rebus: kāsa 'bronze'. ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs' rebu: dhatu 'mineral' kāru 'pincers' rebus: khār'blacksmith' 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs dhatu 'crossroad' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral'; karaṇḍa 'duck' rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' 134 koṭṭu cock's comb, peacock's tuft. rebus: खख़ट [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down). h ḷ ΥsprigΥ h ḷ ko Υlarge ingotΥ मॕढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi) rebus: meḍ'iron' (Mu.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic languages) medhā 'yajna, dhanam' kaṇḍa 'water' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' dhatu 'crossroad' Rebus: dhatu 'mineral' PLUS kaṇḍō 'a stool' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements'. kamaṭha 'turtle' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. kāca m. loop, string fastened to both ends of a pole, carrying yoke lex. [← Drav. Kui kāsa (CDIAL 3009) rebus: kāsa 'bronze'. kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā'warehouse'. mreka, melh 'goat' rebus:milakkhu 'copper' (Pali),mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskrtam) Or. kāṇḍa, kãṛ stalk, arrow (CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa 'a quantity of iron, excellent (Panini) k ṇ a ΥimplementsΥ PLUS maṇḍā 'raised platform, stool' Rebus: maṇḍā 'warehouse' PLUS kāca m. loop, string fastened to both ends of a pole, carrying yoke lex. [← Drav. Kui kāsa (CDIAL 3009) rebus: kāsa 'bronze'. Thus, bronze and metal implements warehouse. 135 Jayaswal, KP, 1834, Comment on: The punch-marked coins, a survival of the Indus Civilization, in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society, 1834, pp. 72-721 Fabri, CL, 1834, The punch-marked coins, a survival of the Indus Civilization, in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society, 1834, pp.307-318 https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3MIsAAAAIAAJ&dq=india+punch+marked+coin+symbol s&source=gbs_navlinks_s Metalwork metaphors of Harappa script & language ca 2500 BCE on ancient sculptures inscriptions, ancient coins Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/jxkfh3h Executive Summary Meluhha dāmōdara (Sri Krishna) metalwork dhm tŕ̊ 'smelting apparatus' (Rigveda) metaphors of Harappa script & language ca 2500 BCE dāvaṇi 'assemblage, tie-rope' are traced into temple sculptures, ancient coins ca. 200 BCE. The metahpors are elaborated with rebus renderings of hieroglyphs: stair (ladder), step, temple, tree, spoked wheel, sun's orb, lotus, fish-fins, long rope, rope strands, shiva (artisan), kamandalu on symbos of ancient coins. 136 The magnificent Bharhut sculptural frieze precisely signifies a dāvaṇi 'assemblage', guild of dhă vaḍ 'smelters' for iron metalcastings and hard alloys of copper and production of kahapana coins. meṭṭu step, stair rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ, mRdu 'metal, iron'. kārṣāpaṇá m.n. a partic. coin or weight equivalent to one karṣa . [karṣa - m. a partic. weight Su r. (cf. OPers. karša -- ) and paṇa -- 2 or āpana -- EWA i 176 and 202 with lit. But from early MIA. kă hā°] Pa. kahāpaṇa -- m.n. a partic. weight and coin , KharI. kahapana -- , Pk. karisāvaṇa -- m.n., kāhāvaṇa -- , kah° m.; A. kaoṇ a coin equivalent to 1 rupee or 16 paṇas or 1280 cowries ś B. kāhan 16 paṇas ś Or. kāhă ṇa 16 annas or 1280 cowries , H. kahāwan, kāhan, kahān m.ś OSi. (br hmī) kahavaṇa, Si. kahavuṇa, °vaṇuva a partic. weight .(CDIAL 3080) 137 Two footsteps on the stairs of the ladder, Bharhut sculptural frieze. These hypertexts signifykunda, a nidhi of Kubera (which will be semantically explained in this monograph based on the hieroglyph evidence in Harappa Script tradition). A spoked wheel is ligatured to each foot. In Bauddham tradition, this is dhamma cakka. A pun on the word 'dhamma' is dhmA 'smelter-blower', dhmAtr 'blower of a smelter furnace'. The ladder signifies seṭh 'head of an artisan guild'. Hieroglyph: dāvaṇi 'upper garment worn by worshippers' is dāvaṇi 'an assemblage' signified by the group of worshippers on the sculptural frieze. The venerated object is the tree-invedika (railing): kuThi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. Below the vedika 'platform' of the tree a slab signifies writing with hieroglyphs: daLa 'petals' rebus: dhALako 'ingots'. The flowers on the slab signified as hieroglyphs are: karadI 'safflowers' rebus: karaDi 'hard alloys' kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kundam, kund a sacrificial fire-pit (Skt.) kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner. eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus erako 'moltencast'eraka, arka 'copper, gold' arA 'spoke of wheel' rebus: Ara 'brass'. śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore). शॕषद the space between the supposed spokes of a wheel-shaped altar , S3ulbas. वेनि 3[p= 1017,3]f. (later also शॕदॎ ; for 1. 2. » col.2) an elevated (or according to some excavated) piece of ground serving for a sacrificial altar (generally strewed with कॏष grass , and having receptacles for the sacrificial fire ; it is more or less raised and of various shapes , but usually narrow in the middle , on which account the female waist is often compared to it) RV. &c; a kind of covered verandah or balcony in a court-yard (shaped like a शॕषद and prepared for weddings &c = षशतषदण ) Ka1v. Katha1s. vḗdi f. raised piece of ground serving as an altar and usu. strewed with ku a grass RV., stand, bench MBh., platform for wedding ceremony K v., vēdika<-> m. bench R., °kā -f. MBh. [Cf. vēdá -- m. bunch of ku a grass used as broom AV.] Pa. vēdi -- , °dī -- , °dikā -- f. cornice, ledge, rail ś Pk. vēi -- , vēiā -- f. platform ś A. bei quadrangular frame of greenery forming platform on which ceremonial bathing of bride and bridegroom is performed .(CDIAL 12107) ² vēti , n. < vēdi. 1. Low platform within a house, for sacrifices, weddings, etc.; ் ி ை ் க ் ் ் ை. ் ் ் ெ ் க் ் ை ெ் ... ் ை (ெ ை . ை . 91). 2. See க¹, 1. ( ெு ் . உஞ் க். 34, 224). 3. Outer wall of a 138 fortification; compound wall; ் . ( ை .) 4. See க¹, 3. ெ ் ை , ு ஞ் . 5. Sacrificial pit; ் ை ். ( ் .) 6. The 18th nakṣatra. See கை் ை¹, 1. ( ் .) ³- ் ் vēti- , 11 v. tr. < bhēda. 1. To cause change; ிக ைெ்ெு ் ். ( ் . க.) 2. To change, transmute, as baser metals; ் ் ் ு ை் ெ ு க ் ் . கிக் ... க்க ுை ் ெ ு ெ ் ிை்ு ( க்க கெ் . 217). ் ி ை ் ் ் க ் ு ் ் ி ் ் ்( ு. . 8). 3. To render hostile; ி ை ெ்ெு ் ். &sup4ś vēti , n. < ³. Transmuting; ் ் ் ு ை் ெ ு க ் க. க க ு ெை ் ் ( ு. ் . 7). க¹ vētikai , n. < vēdikā. 1. Plat- form, pial; ் .( ் .) ெ ் ை ்க ் ெ ் ெ ் க( ெ் . 5, 148). 2. Marriage dais; ை. ( ் .) 3. Stool, pedestal; க ு ் ை ்( க ி . 15.) 4. Altar, raised platform for oblations of rice, etc., in temples; ெி ை ் . ( ் . க.) 5. (Šaiva.) Place of worshipś ்ு ் ை ் . Loc. 6. Plank; ெ க. ( க. .) 7. Street; ு. ( ெ . .) க² vētikai , n. < bhēdikā. 1. Transmuting; ெு ் க. க ் ் க ் (க ் ெை . உுக். 68). 2. Shield; கைக ் . ( ் .) 3. Arrow; ( ெ . .) ் . Sri Krishna as dāmōdara is an abiding metaphor of Krishna Avatara. The expression is an elaboration of dāˊman rope (Rigveda), dhāī˜ (Lahnda) rebus: 1. dhmātŕ̊ -- n. implement for smelting RV. 2. dhāˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) Mn., ashes of the dead lex., *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.). [√dh ] Pa. dhātu -- m. element, ashes of the dead, relic ś KharI. dhatu relic ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś -- Si. dā relic ś -- S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773) *dhmātra fireplace . [dhmātŕ̊ -- n. implement for smelting RV. -- √dham]Phal. dhatāˊr, dahatāˊr m. fireplace (→ Bshk. dātar), Sv. dāntar -- kuṭha. dhmāna -- n. puffing Su r.Ś see dhamana -- . [√dham] *vātadhmāna -- .(CDIAL 6888) dhamá in cmpds. blowing P ṇ., dhamaka -- m. blacksmith Uṇ.com. [√dham]Pa. dhama -- , °aka -- m. one who blows , Pk. dhamaga<-> m.; K. dam m. blast of furnace or oven, steam of stewing ś -- Kho. Sh.(Lor.) dam breath, magical spell ← Pers. dam. dhámati blows RV. [√dham] Pa. dhamati blows, kindles , Pk. dhamaï, °mēi; K. damun to roar (of wind), blow up a fire ś S. dhãvaṇu to blow (with bellows), beat (of pulse) ś P. dhauṇā to blow (with bellows) , WPah.kha . rudh. dhamṇū, G. dhamvũ. -Kt. dəmō -- , Pr. -- lemo -- to winnow rather < dhm yátē. -- Kho. (Lor.) damik to work a charm on deriv. dam charm ← Pers. rather than < *dhāmayati. -- Ext. -- kk -- or X 139 MIA. phukk -- , phuṁk -- s.v. *phūtka -- : L. dhaũkaṇ to blow (with bellows) ś P. dhauk(h)ṇā, dhaũk(h)ṇā to blow (with bellows), bellow, brawl ś Ku. dhaũkṇo to blow, breathe , dhaũkalo bellows ś H. dhaũknā to blow (with bellows), breathe on, pant .dhamana n. blowing with bellows lex. [√dham] K. damun m. bellows . -Ash. domótilde; wind (→ Pr. dumūˊ), Kt. dyīmi, Wg. damútildemacr;, Bashg. damu; Paš.lauṛ. dāmāˊn, kuṛ. domón, uzb. damūn rain (< *storm → Par. dhamāˊn wind IIFL i 248): these Kaf. and Dard. forms altern. < dhmāna -- ?(CDIAL 6730 to 6732). dāˊman, dāvani is thus a metonymy, a metallurgical metaphor which signifies metalwork with metal elements, metal ores. The root word dāˊman 'strand, rope' is rendered in Harappa Script inscriptions, Meluhha language and on many sculptural friezes in Bharata tradition to signify smelting of mineral ores. This monograph presents the inscriptional, sculptural and literary evidences. 140 141 142 143 144 Damodara 145 Lila. SRI KRISHNA being tied to a tree by Mother Yashoda, to punish him for stealing fresh butter dāvaṇi 'assemblage, tie-rope' tāmam 'garland for an idol' ுெ்ெ ் tāmam , n. < id. +. Garland for an idol; க ி ் ை் ் கை் ் . ுெ் ெ ் ் ் ு ் ஞ் ் ு ் ் tiru-p-paḷḷi-t் ெ்ெு ் (S. I. I. iii, 211). నాు (p. 588) d menat u d mena-t u. [Tel.] n. A cord, a tetherŚ a long cord, fastened to a stake or tree at each end, to which cattle are secured by short halters. ము (p. 588) d mamu d mamu. [Skt.] n. A cord, a string. రాు. A wreath, a string of pearls. ారు. దుు d m-ōdaru u. n. A title of Krishnaś as bound with a cord in infancy. "Funiger," cord-girt, the cordelier. dāˊman rope RV. 2. *dāmana -- , dāmanī -- f. long rope to which calves are tethered Hariv. 3. *dāmara -- . [*dāmara -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √d 2] 1. Pa. dāma -- , inst. °mēna n. rope, fetter, garland , Pk. dāma -- n.; Wg. dām rope, thread, bandage ś Tir. dām rope ś 146 Paš.lauṛ. dām thick thread , gul. dūm net snare (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.)ś Shum. dām rope ś Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo twine, short bit of goatΥs hair cord , gur. dōm m. thread (→ . dōṅ thread )ś K. gu -- dômu m. cowΥs tethering rope ś P. dãu, dāvã m. hobble for a horse ś WPah.bhad. daũ n. rope to tie cattle , bhal. daõ m., jaun. dãw; A. dāmā peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ś B. dām, dāmā cord ś Or. duã tether , dāĩ long tether to which many beasts are tied ś H. dām m.f. rope, string, fetter , dāmā m. id., garland ś G. dām n. tether , M. dāvẽ n.; Si. dama chain, rope , (SigGr) dam garland . -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭāˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék rope , Shum. ḍamaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊ; -- with -- ll -- : N. dāmlo tether for cow , dãwali, dāũli, dāmli bird -- trap of string , dãwal, dāmal coeval (< tied together ?)ś M. dãvlī f. small tie -- rope .2. Pk. dāvaṇa -- n., dāmaṇī -- f. tethering rope ś S. ḍ̠āvaṇu, ḍ̠āṇu m. forefeet shackles , ḍ̠āviṇī, ḍ̠āṇī f. guard to support nose -- ring ś L. ḍãvaṇ m., ḍãvaṇī,ḍāuṇī (Ju. ḍ̠ -- ) f. hobble , dāuṇī f. strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head , aw ṇ. dāvuṇ picket rope ś P. dāuṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. string for bedstead, hobble for horse , dāuṇī f. gold ornament worn on womanΥs forehead ś Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. peg for tying cattle to , gng. dɔ̃ṛ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ś A. dan long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong , danā bridle ś B. dāmni rope ś Or. daaṇa string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung , dāuṇi rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ś H. dāwan m. girdle , dāwanī f. rope , dãwanī f. a womanΥs ornament ś G. dāmaṇ, ḍā° n. tether, hobble , dāmṇũ n. thin rope, string , dāmṇī f. rope, womanΥs head -- ornament ś M. dāvaṇ f. picket -- rope . -Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *d mayati2. 3. L. ḍãvarāvaṇ, (Ju.) ḍ̠ãv° to hobble ś A. dāmri long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together , Or. daũrā, daürā rope ś Bi. daũrī rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain , Mth. dãmar, daũraṛ rope to which the bullocks are tied ś H. dãwrī f. id., rope, string , dãwrī f. the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn . -- X *dh gga<-> q.v. *d mayati2ś *d makara -- , *d madh ra -- ś udd ma -- , prōdd ma -- ś *antad manī -- , *galad man -- , *galad mana -- , *gō ad man -- , *gō ad mana -- , *gō ad mara -- . d mán -- 2 m. (f.?) gift RV. [√d 1]. See d ˊtu -- . *d mana -- rope see d ˊman -- 1. Addenda: d ˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dãu m. tying . 3. *d mara -- : Brj. dãwrī f. rope . 6284 *d mayati1 tames . [̤ damáyati. -- √dam] Ash. dă m -- to seize, reach , Kt. Bashg. dam -- ; Wg. dă m -- to seize, bite, sting ś Gaw. dām - to seize ś N. dāunu to break in (bullock or horse) , halo dāunu to plough ś H. dāwnā to subdue, destroy ś Si. damanavā to tame, subdue (rather than < damáyati bec. of pret. dämuvā); -- Pk. dāmiya -- tamed ś Si. dämi submissive or both < *d miya -- . -P. dāuṇā to hobble (horse or ass) and words for treading out grain prob. der. fr. rope , see d ˊman -- 1, *d mana -- , *d mara -- , *d mayati2. 6285 *d mayati2 ties with a rope . [d ˊman -- 1] Bi. dãwab to drive bullocks trading out grain , H. dāwnā, dãnā; G. dāmvũ to tie with a cord . -- Nomina actionis from this verb rather than derived directly from d ˊman -- 1, d manī -- (but cf. Bi. daũrī < *d mara<-> denoting both rope and nomen actionis)Ś N. (Tarai) dāuni threshing , Bi. daunī treading out corn , Mth. dāuni; -- Ku. daĩ f. driving oxen or buffaloes to 147 tread out grain , N. dāĩ, dãi, Bi. dawãhī, Mth. damāhī; H. dāẽ f. tying a number of bullocks together for treading corn, the treading out, the unthreshed corn. -- S. ḍ̠āiṇu to shackle the forelegs and P. dāuṇā to hobble horse oṛ ass rather < *d yayati. *dāmara -- rope see d ˊman -- 1.(CDIAL 6283 to 6285) ² t vaṇi , n. < dāmanī. 1. Long rope to tie cattle in a row; ெ ுக க் கை்ு ் ் க ் ் கி . (W.) 2. Cattle-fair; ை்ு ் ் . Loc. 3. Cattle-shed; ை் ைக் ை்ை கக் கை்ு ை ் . ( ் . க.) ³ tāvaṇi , n. < U. dāmanī. 1. A piece of cloth worn generally by girls over their petticoats; ெ ்க ் ை் ை ் ு ் ை. 2. Pieces from the shroud kept as relic of the deceased; ை ் ் ் ு ் ிிு ் ் ் ை் ஞ ெக ை் ் கக் க ்ு ் ் ு. Chr. 3. Saddle cloth; ைி ் ை. Loc. t maṇi, n. < dāmanī. 1. Long line of rope with halters attached for fastening cattle; ுக க்கை்ை உ ு ் க ு ் ் க் கி . Loc. 2. Headstall of a halter; ுக ் க ் கு ் ் கை்ிிுக் ் ் .க ் க க் கை்ி ு ை ி ் க ் ( ெு ் ெ ் . 244, உ ை). 3. String, rope; கி . ( ை .) 4. Sheet in boat tackle; கெ்ெ ் ெ ி ் ் ெக்க ் க் கி . Naut. ் ி t maṇi-c-cuḻi, n. < +. Curly marks of cattle on the two sides of the spinal column; ுக ் க ் ் ி ் ு ெக்க ் ் ிக ் . ( . ். 787.) ெ் ் t maṇi-ppiṇaiyal , n. < id. +. Yoking of five or seven bulls in a long rope for threshing corn; ை்ைிக்க ை்க க் கை ிை்ு க் ் 57Loc. 148 Two sculptural friezes from Amaravati Stupa. A guild of artisans carries three strands of rope (hieroglyphs) towards the tree (hieroglyph). An ingot offering is presented on a stool with feline legs (kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'blacksmith'): kuThi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' The three strands of rope signify three mineral ores. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMzmDzIJtpQ Harappa (Indus) script hypertexts on Amaravati sculptural proclamations signify dhāma religious conduct (Old Bengali) and relate to metal- mint-work 149 Hieroglyph: parasol:Ta. kuṭai umbrella, parasol, canopy. Ma. kuṭa umbrella. Ko. koṛ umbrella made of leaves (only in a proverb); keṛ umbrella. To. kwaṛ id. Ka. ko e id., parasol. Koḍ. ko e umbrella. dhAtu 'strands of rope' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral ore, element'; kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter', kariba 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karba 'iron'; kharA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blackwmith'; kol 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron', kolle 'blacksmith', kolhe 'smelters'. Parasol hieroglyph: Ta. kuṭai umbrella, parasol, canopy. Ma. kuṭa umbrella. Ko. koṛ umbrella made of leaves (only in a proverb); keṛ umbrella. To. kwaṛ id. Ka. ko e id.,parasol. Ko . ko e umbrella. Tu. ko è id. Te. g o ugu id., parasol. Kuwi (F.) gūṛgū, (S.) gudugu, (Su. P.) guṛgu umbrella (< Te.). / Cf. Skt. (lex.) utkūṭa- umbrella, parasol. (DEDR 1653).. Rebus: koD 'workshop'. Ta. koṭṭakai shed with sloping roofs, cow-stall; marriage pandal; koṭṭam cattle-shed; koṭṭil cow-stall, shed, hut; (STD) koṭambe feeding place for cattle. Ma. koṭṭil cowhouse,shed, workshop, house.Ka. koṭṭage, koṭige, koṭṭige stall or outhouse (esp. for cattle), barn, room. Ko . koṭṭï shed. Tu. koṭṭa hut or dwelling of Koragars; koṭya shed, stall. Te. koṭṭă̄ mu stable for cattle or horses; koṭṭ yi thatched shed. Kol. (Kin.) koṛka, (SR.) kork cowshed; (Pat., p. 59) konṭo i henhouse Nk. khoṭa cowshed. Nk. (Ch.) koṛka id. Go. (Y.) koṭa, (Ko.) koṭam (pl. koṭak) id. (Voc. 880); (SR.) koṭka shed; (W. G. Mu. Ma.) koṛka, (Ph.) korka, kurka cowshed (Voc. 886); (Mu.) koṭorla, koṭorli shed for goats (Voc. 884). Malt. koṭa hamlet. / Influenced by Skt. goṣṭha-. (DEDR 2058) Tu. ko è id. Te. go ugu id., parasol. Kuwi (F.) gūṛgū, (S.) gudugu, (Su. P.) guṛgu umbrella (< Te.). / Cf. Skt. (lex.) utkūṭa- umbrella, parasol.(DEDR 1663) Rebus: koD 'workshop, smithy'.kulā winnowing fanΥ (Oriya.Assamese)(CDIAL 3350) rebusŚ kol Υworking in ironΥ kolhe 'smelter'. kaláśa waterpot RV., a metaphor of prosperity. nidhí m. setting down (food), hoard RV. [√dh ]Pa. nidhi -- m. receptacle, treasure ś Pk. ṇihi -- m. storehouse ś 150 Si. nī subterranean treasure -- chamber, mine ś -- Kho. (Lor.) niya a place where there is litter and rubbish phonet. rather < nidh ˊ -- .(CDIAL 7207) The inverted 'srivatsa' or fishfin khambhaṛ 'fin' base of the vase of prosperity signifies kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'. I suggest that the hypertext messagig on this sculptural frieze is a proclamation of metal-, mint-work as a nidhi, a treasure. Thre carriers of the three strands of rope are nidhāˊΥdepositingΥ the metallic in the treasury. dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) Mn., ashes of the dead lex., *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.). [√dh ]Pa. dhātu -- m. element, ashes of the dead, relic ś KharI. dhatu relic ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś M.dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś -- Si. dā relic ś -- S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) A face (of an artisan) emrges ou of tree trunk within vedika, sacred railing. A worshipper carries three strands (of a rope): tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper' dhAu 'strand'. Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )(CDIAL 6773).dhAtu 'strand' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral ore' (Rigveda) tri-dhAtu 'three strands' rebus: tri-dhAtu 'three mineral ores': e.g. haematite, magnetite, laterite three ferrite red coloured ores. A face emergs out of the tree trunk: mũhe ‘face’ rebus mũhã = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; kolhe tehen me~ṛhe~t mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali) Rebus: mūhā 'ingot'; mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of Kolhes 151 (Santali) compound formation:mleccha-mukha 'copper' (Samskritam) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) Another worshipper holds an ingot as an offering in front of the tree-in-railing (vedika). Hieroglyph: kuṭa2, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. tree lex., °ṭaka - m. a kind of tree Kau .Pk. kuḍa -- m. tree ś Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ tree , dar. kaṛék tree, oak ̤ Par. kōṛ stick IIFL iii 3, 98.(CDIAL 3228) कॏषट a [p= 288,2] m. a tree L., the body कॏषठ [p= 289,1]mfn. " leafless , bare " or " crooked , wry " (Comm. ; said of a tree) Shad2vBr.m. a tree L., a mountain (Monier-Williams) Rebus:kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore, to smelt iron’śkoṭe ‘forged (metal)(Santali) kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron’ś kolheko kuṭhieda koles smelt iron (Santali) kuṭhi, kuṭi (Or.ś Sad. koṭhi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmithś kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of ēkuṭi has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kuṭhi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2’ 6” dia. At the base and 1’ 6” at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6” to 7” in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari) kuṭhi = a factoryś lil kuṭhi = an indigo factory (koṭhi - Hindi) (Santali.Bodding) kuṭhi = an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kuṭhi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kuṭhi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. koṭhī ) (Santali. Bodding) kuṭṭhita = hot, swelteringś molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kuṭṭakam, kuṭṭukam = cauldron (Ma.)ś kuṭṭuva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudg to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d)ś gudva, gūdūvwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). d ntar-kuṭha = fireplace (Sv.)ś kōti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.)ś kōlh house with mud roof and walls, granary (P.)ś kuṭhī factory (A.)ś koṭh brick-built house (B.)ś kuṭhī bank, granary (B.)ś koṭho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.)ś koṭhīlare earthen jar, factory (G.)ś kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouseś a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collectedś koṭhī a store-roomś a factory (Gujarat) ko = the place where artisans work (Gujarati) http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/09/harappa-script-hieroglyph-kuti-tree.html An orthographically parallel metaphor for a face emerging out of the trunk of a tree is the signifier of a face ligatured to a Yupa as in Bhuteshwar friezes: 152 Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मॕड (p. 662) [ mē a ] f (Usually मॕढ q. v.) मॕडका m A stake, esp. as bifurcated. मॕढ (p. 662) [ mē ha ] f A forked stake. Used as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or not. मॕढा (p. 665) [ mē h ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a palisade, a paling. मॕढॎ (p. 665) [ mē hī ] f (Dim. of मॕढ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece. मॕया (p. 665) [ mē hy ] a (मॕढ Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. मॕढॕजख़षॎ (p. 665) [ mē hējō ī ] m A stake-जख़षॎ; a जख़षॎ who keeps account of the षतषि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मॕढॕमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जख़षॎ of a village.मं्ला (p. 665) [ mēndhal ] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double िग़कठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मंढरॎ & घख़डा. It answers to षिलॎ the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi) मंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda) The association of dwarfs, gaNa is consistent with the interpretation of Ganesa iconography with elephant trunk: karibha 'elephant trunk' (Pali) rebua: karba 'iron' (Tulu); ib 'iron' (Santali) kara 'trunk' khAr 'blacksmith'. Siva's gaNa are Bh ratam Janam, metalcaster folk engaged with पख़त॑ 153 pōtṟ Υpurifier priest' to signify dhā̆va , dhamaga Υsmelter, blacksmithΥ working in alloy of three mineral ores. The garland depicted on Bhutesvar sculptural friezes signifies: dhAman 'garland, rope' rebus: dhamaga 'blacksmith', dhmAtr 'smelter'. मॕ्ा = ्न Naigh. ii , 10. pl. products of intelligence , thoughts , opinions) RV mēdhḥ मॕ्ः An offering, oblation. Thus,mēḍhā 'stake' is central to the process of yajna and creation of ्न dhana, 'wealth'. (See depiction of dwarfs on Bhutesvar sculptural friezes to signify kharva, karba). Hieroglyph: खवव (-बण) a. [खश्ण -अि् ] 1 Mutilated, crippled, imperfect; Yv. Ts.2.5.1.7.-2 Dwarfish, low, short in stature. Rebus: karba 'iron' = kharva 'a treasure, nidhi of Kubera'. 154 Worship of linga, of fire by Gandharva, Shunga period (ca. 2nd cent. BCE), ACCN 3625, Mathura Museum. Worship signified by dwarfs, Gaṇa (hence Gaṇeśa = Gaṇa + īśa). Mathura Museum. Kharva gaNa worship Shiva linga with vedika. ca. 1st cent. BCE A tree associated with smelter and linga from Bhuteshwar, Mathura Museum. Architectural fragment with relief showing winged dwarfs (or gaNa) worshipping with flower garlands, Siva Linga. Bhuteshwar, ca. 2nd cent BCE. Lingam is on a platform with wall under a pipal tree encircled by railing. (Srivastava, AK, 1999, Catalogue of Saiva sculptures in Government Museum, Mathura: 47, GMM 52.3625) The tree is a phonetic determinant of the smelter indicated by the railing around the linga: kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. tree Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. kuṭa, °ṭi -- , °ṭha -- 3, °ṭhi -- m. tree lex., °ṭaka -- m. a kind of tree Kau .Pk. kuḍa -- m. tree ś Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ tree , dar. kaṛék tree, oak ̤ Par. kōṛ stick IIFL iii 3, 98. (CDIAL 3228). See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/worship-of-siva-linga-is-cultural-bond.html dāvaṇi 'assemblage, tie-rope' Both meanings of the vocable are signified on the Bharhut sculptural frieze. The assemblage of worshippers are shown wearing d vaṇi Υatie-ropes' upon upper garments. The vedika is ornamented with square coins. 155 Hieroglyph: rēṣṭrī ΥladderΥ RebusŚ seṭh head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace) are: blacksmith, turner, smelter, coppersmith, ironsmith (magnetite ore). *śrētrī ladder . [Cf. śrētr -- one who has recourse to MBh. -- See rití -- . -- √ ri]Ash. ċeitr ladder (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720) *śrēṣṭrī2 line, ladder . [For mng. line conn. with √ riṣ2 cf. rḗṇi -- ̤ √ ri. -- See rití -- . -- √ riṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ -- f. line, row (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. id. . -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -- , śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. a partic. progression of arithmetical figures )ś K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ladder .(CDIAL 12724) Rebus: śrēṣṭhin m. distinguished man AitBr., foreman of a guild , °nī -f. his wife Hariv. [ rḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. guild -- master , Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -, siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. wholesale merchant ś P. seṭh m. head of a guild, banker , seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh rich man ś N. seṭh banker ś B. seṭh head of a guild, merchant ś Or. seṭhi caste of washermen ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi merchant, banker , H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. wholesale merchant, employer, master ś M.śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. respectful term for banker or merchant ś Si. siṭu, hi° banker, nobleman H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < iṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12726) This denotes a mason (artisan) guild -- seni -- of 1. brass-workers; 2. blacksmiths; 3. ironworkers; 4. copper-workers; 5. native metal workers; 6. workers in alloys. 156 Stupa of Bharhut. Staircase superimposed with a tree in railing surrounded by worshippers. A second foot-step at the bottom of the staircse. A foot-step at the top of the staircase, footstep in 157 descent, inscribed with spoked wheel. A narrative of the descent of sacredness, divine. The vedika is decorated with square coins. Some distinguished persons are identified and indus script hieroglyphs associated are deciphered as śrēṣṭhin, 'guild master and dhă vaḍ 'smelter'’of tri-dhAtu,'three minerals'. The weltanschauung, 'world perception' of artisans in a Vedic village was governed by 1. dharma, assigned responsibilities and 2. the metaphor of a kole.l 'smithy-forge' as a kole.l 'temple'. త ెట [ seṭṭi ] or ెటి seṭṭi. [from Skt. రేఠ.] n. A merchant, వరుు. A title assumed by all members of the Bēri Komati, or Balija caste who are merchants. ை்ி¹ ceṭṭi, n. < Pkt. sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin. [M. ceṭṭi.] 1. Vaišya or mercantile caste; ் . ை்ி ் ் க் க ் ை்ி ை் ெு க ் ( ெு . 20, 126). 2. Title of traders; ி ெ ைக ் ெை்ைெ் ெ ை். 3. Skanda; ுக ் . கை ் ை் ி ் ை்ை ை்ி ( . 742, 10). ை்ி ் ceṭṭicci, n. Fem. of ை்ி. [K. seṭṭiti, M. ceṭṭicci.] Woman of Vaišya casteś ெ் ெ ் . Colloq.க க்க ை ் ை்ிkācu-k-kāra-c-ceṭṭi , n. < id. +. A sub-division of the Tamil chetti caste who are by profession money-changers, dealers in coins, gold, silver and gems; ை்ி கு ் ு ை ி ை ெ ் கை். க ³ kācu , n. prob. kāš. cf. kāca. [M. kāšu.] 1. Gold; ெ ் . ( . .) 2. Necklace of gold coins; ் ் ி.க ் ெ் ் க க ெ்ெ ( ் . ுெ்ெ . 7). 3. An ancient gold coin = 28 gr. troy; ு ெ ெ ் ் . (Insc.) 4. A small copper coin; ெ் க்க . ஞ் ு ை் க ் ( ு. உை ் ெ ் . 72). 5. Coin, cash, money; ை க்க ் . எெ் ெை்ெ்ெை்ை ெ க ் கு ் (S.I.I. i, 89). 6. Gem, crystal bead; . ் ிக் க ெ ு ்( . 2, உ ை, ெக். 29). 7. Girdle strung with gems; க ெை ் . ெை்ு ை ் ் க ( க. 468). 8. (Pros.) A formula of a foot of two nēr acaiveṇpā; ்ெ ி ் ் ை் ் ெ ை்ு ் ் . (க ை க, ். 7.) 9. The hollow in the centre of each row of pallāṅkuḻi; ெ ் ் ி ை்ை ் ்க ்க ் ை் ் ை ுக் ிக ் . 158 Sign 186 * rētrī ladder . [Cf. śrētr -- one who has recourse to MBh. -- See rití -- . -√ ri]Ash. ċeitr ladder (< *ċaitr -- dissim. from ċraitr -- ?).(CDIAL 12720)* rēṣṭrī2 line, ladder . [For mng. line conn. with √ riṣ2 cf. rḗṇi -- ̤ √ ri. -- See rití -- . -- √ riṣ2]Pk. sēḍhĭ - f. line, row (cf. pasēḍhi -- f. id. . -- < EMIA. *sēṭhī -- sanskritized as śrēḍhī -- , śrēṭī -, śrēḍī<-> (Col.), śrēdhī -- (W.) f. a partic. progression of arithmetical figures )ś K. hēr, dat. °ri f. ladder .(CDIAL 12724) RebusŚ rḗṣṭha most splendid, best RV. [ rīˊ - ]Pa. seṭṭha -- best , A .shah. man. sreṭha -- , gir. sesṭa -- , k l. seṭha -- , Dhp. śeṭha -- , Pk. seṭṭha -- , siṭṭha -- ; N. seṭh great, noble, superior ś Or. seṭha chief, principal ś Si. seṭa, °ṭu noble, excellent . rēṣṭhin m. distinguished man AitBr., foreman of a guild , °nī -- f. his wife Hariv. [ rḗṣṭha -- ]Pa. seṭṭhin -- m. guild -- master , Dhp. śeṭhi, Pk. seṭṭhi -- , siṭṭhi -- m., °iṇī -- f.; S. seṭhi m. wholesale merchant ś P. seṭh m. head of a guild, banker , seṭhaṇ, °ṇī f.; Ku.gng. śēṭh rich man ś N. seṭh banker ś B. seṭh head of a guild, merchant ś Or. seṭhi caste of washermen ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. sēṭhi merchant, banker , H. seṭh m., °ṭhan f.; G. śeṭh, śeṭhiyɔ m. wholesale merchant, employer, master ś M. śeṭh, °ṭhī, śeṭ, °ṭī m. respectful term for banker or merchant ś Si. siṭu, hi° banker, nobleman H. Smith JA 1950, 208 (or < iṣṭá -- 2?)(CDIAL 12725, 12726) 159 Bharhut medallion. Shows a field of square mint coins. see jetavana jataka. A vase held in the hands of the central figure signifies a vase of prosperity. The tree on a railing: kuThi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. eraka 'knave of wheel' redbus: erako 'moltencast' PLUS arA 'spokes' rebus: Ara 'brass'. poLa 'zebu' rebus: poLa 'magnetite ferrite ore'. 160 Stupa of Bharhut. ca. 150 BCE. Center-piece of the torana (arch) is the sacred tree venerated by worshippers. Scarfs adorn the branches: dhatu 'scarf' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral ore'. The lower frame of the frieze shows a slab with hieroglyphs: daLa 'petals, leaves' rebus: dhALako 'ingot'. tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus:tAmra 'copper';atop the lotus is the hypertext of 'srivatsa':khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa'mint, coiner, coinage' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy'. Thus, iron, copper mint. Elephant on pillar: karabha, 161 ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant'. The top frame is adorned with a railing, vedika. Amaravati stupa. Wheel spokes topped with 'srivatsa': khambhaṛ Υfish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coinage' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' PLUS arA 'spokes' rebus: Ara 'brass'. Thus, iron, copper, brass, metal alloy mint. Ujjain symbol is a ligature of 4 circles to a + glyph circle: dhAu 'strand', rebus: dhAtu 'mineral ore'; semantic determinative: vaṭṭa -- roundΥ , thus, together, dhāvaḍ rebus: 'smelter'. The + glyph signifies kaṇḍa 'fire-altar'. 162 dhāvaḍ 'smelter'. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar. Thus, a fire-altar for dhātu 'mineral ores'. I suggest that the so-called Ujjaini symbol with four dotted circles orthographed on a + glyph refer to dhātu 'strand' rebus: dh tu 'mineral ore', thus four mineral ores: copper PLUS magnetite, haematite and laterite (all red ores). Hence, the hypertext is read rebus as: dhāvaḍ 'smelter'. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-altar. Thus, a fire-altar for dhātu 'mineral ores'. vrttá turned RV., rounded Br. 2. completed MaitrUp., passed, elapsed (of time) KauṣUp. 3. n. conduct, matter Br., livelihood Hariv. [√vrt1] 1. Pa. vaṭṭa -- round , n. circle ś Pk. vaṭṭa -- , vatta -- , vitta -- , vutta -- round ś L. (Ju.) vaṭ m. anything twisted ś Si. vaṭa round , vaṭa -- ya circle, girth (esp. of trees) ś Md. vaΥ round GS 58(CDIAL 12069) mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends (Santali)खख़ट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) Maurya, punchmarked AR karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' 163 Weight: 3.57 gm., Dimensions: 16 x13mm. Standing Shiva with crested hair holding danda and kamandalu; sun; six-armed symbol; three-arched hill with crescent on top; 'bale-mark'. 'Bale-mark' Reference: Pieper 135 (plate coin)/ GH 566 What is referred to as 'bale-mark' is an orthograph of three twists or strands or plaits of hair or rope. M428 Mohenjo-daro. Sun's rays arka 'sun' rebus: arka, eraka 'copper, gold'erako 'moltencast'. arka 'sun' rebus: arka, eraka, eruvai 'gold, copper' erako 'moltencast' मॕढॕकमर 'an ironsmith' meṭa sand hill. (DEDR 5058) Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) Rebus: semantics 'iron': meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho)meṛed (Mundari);mẽṛed iron; enga meṛed soft iron PLUS koṭh ri 'crucibleΥ RebusŚ koṭh ri ΥtreasurerΥ. Thus, ironwork treasurer/warehouse m1406 dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu ΥtumbleΥ Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’ kara a Υdouble-drumΥ RebusŚ kara a Υhard alloyΥ.dhAtu Υstrands of ropeΥ RebusŚ dhAtu Υmineral, metal, ore' 164 Hieroglyph/hypertext: mēḍhā 'twist' rebus meḍ 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) medhā 'dhana, yajna' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, iron smithy/forge. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/07/endless-knot-hieroglyph-on-indus-script.html Hypertext of three twists of plaits dhAu 'strand', rebus: dhAtu 'mineral ore'; semantic determinative: vaṭṭa -- roundΥ , thus, together, dhāvaḍ rebus: 'smelter'. thus, I suggest that this hypertext signifies smelter working with iron ore smithy/forge. For reading the six-armed hypertext see: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/10/vajra-six-angled-hypertext-of-punch.html Six-spoked hypertext emanating from dotted circle is: dhAu 'element, mineral ferrite' PLUS muhA 'furnace quantity, ingot' PLUS kANDa 'arrow' rebus: kaNDa 'implements' baTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace'. कुद [p= 291,2] a turner's lathe L.; one of कॏबॕर's nine treasures (N. of a गॏयक Gal. ) L. Nave of spoked wheel. Decoded as (molten cast copper) turner, kund r ‘turner’. era = knave of wheelś rebusŚ era = copperś erako = molten cast (G.) eraka, (copper) ‘metal infusion’ś ra ‘spokes’ś rebusŚ ra ‘brass’ as in rakūṭa (Skt.) kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kundam, kund a sacrificial fire-pit (Skt.) kunda ‘turner’ kund r turner (A.)ś kũd r, kũd ri (B.)ś kund ru (Or.)ś kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295) Vikalpa: era, er-a = eraka = ?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) [Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel, nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke] ை ் ² ram , n. < ra. 1. Spoke of a wheel. See ைக்க ். ைஞ் ் ் ி ் ் ு( ெ ் . 253) (Tamil) Rebus: कख़ंड् [kōṇ aṇa] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) kõd ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) कख़ंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) कख़ंद् [ kōndaṇa ] n (कख़ंद्ं ) Setting or infixing of gems.(Marathi) খ োদকোর [ khōdak ra ] n an engraverś a carver. খ োদকোরর n. 165 engraving; carving; interference in other's work. খ োদোই [ khōd i ] n engravingś carving. খ োদোই করো v. to engrave; to carve. খ োদোন ো v. & n. en graving; carving. খ োরদত [ khōdita ] a engraved. (Bengali) खख़दकाम [ khōdak ma ] n Sculptureś carved work or work for the carver. खख़दषगरॎ [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engravingŚ also sculptured or carved work. खख़द्ाशळ [ khōdaṇ vaḷa ] f (खख़द्ं ) The price or cost of sculpture or carving. खख़द्ॎ [ khōdaṇī ] f (Verbal of खख़द्ं ) Digging, engraving &c. 2 fig. An exacting of money by importunity. v लाश, मां ड. 3 An instrument to scoop out and cut flowers and figures from paper. 4 A goldsmith's die. खख़द्ं [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c Τ i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खख़द खख़दॐ न षशिार्ं or -पॏऺ्ं To question minutely and searchingly, to probe. खख़दाీ [ khōd ī ] f ( H) Price or cost of digging or of sculpture or carving. खख़दॎंश [ khōdīṃva ] p of खख़द्ं Dug. 2 Engraved, carved, sculptured. (Marathi) kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kundam, kund a sacrificial fire-pit (Skt.) kunda ‘turner’ kund r turner (A.) S. kuṇḍa f. corner ; P. kū̃ṭ f. corner, side (← H.). (CDIAL 3898) Rebus: kundār turner (A.) kũdār, kũdāri (B.); kundāru (Or.); kundau to turn on a lathe, to carve, to chase; kundau dhiri = a hewn stone; kundau murhut = a graven image (Santali) kunda a turner's lathe (Skt.)(CDIAL 3295). meṭ sole of foot, footstep, footprint (Ko.)ś meṭṭu step, stair, treading, slipper (Te.)(DEDR 1557). Rebus:मॕढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.); m. an elephantkeeper Gal. (cf. मॕठ). Ta. mēṭṭi haughtiness, excellence, chief, head, land granted free of tax to the headman of a village; mēṭṭimai haughtiness; leadership,excellence. Ka. mēṭi loftiness, greatness, excellence, a big man, a chief, a head, head servant.mēti. n. Lit: a helper. A servant, a cook, a menial who cleans plates, dishes, lamps and shoes, Τc. (Eng. ‘mate’) ట [ mēṭi ] or టి mēṭi [Tel.] n. A chief, leader, head man, lord (Telugu) ை்ி mēṭṭi, n. Assistant house-servant; waiting-boy (Tamil) me ‘body’, ‘dance’ (Santali) ை்ு¹் meṭṭu-, v. tr. cf. ை்ு-. [K. meṭṭu.] To spurn or push with the foot; க ் க் ். க ் ை்ி ை்ிெ் ெ ிெு ் (ெ ெ் ் ். 12). (Tamil) meṭṭu ‘to put or place down the foot or feetś to step, to pace, to walk (Ka.)ś meṭṭisu ‘to cause to step or walk, to cause to tread on’ (Ka.) me ‘dance’ (Santali)ś me ‘iron’ (Ho.) talka sole of foot; tala, tola sole of shoe (Santali) talka = palm of the hand, ti talka (Santali.lex.) ti = the hand, arm (Santali.lex.) Rebus: talika = inventory, a list of articles, number, to count, to number; hor.ko talkhaetkoa = they are counting the people; mi~hu~ merom reak talikako hataoeda = they are taking the number of the cattle (Santali.lex.) 166 H. khũdalnā to trample under foot → M. khũdaḷṇẽ to tread mortar, treat roughly, shake and toss ś S.kcch. khūndhṇū to trample ś M.khurãdaḷṇẽ, khurũd° to trample, crush .(CDIAL 3717) Glyph: meD 'to dance' (F.)[reduplicated from me-]; me id. (M.) in Remo (Munda)(Source: D. StampeΥs Munda etyma) meṭṭu to tread, trample, crush under foot, tread or place the foot upon (Te.)ś meṭṭu step (Ga.)ś mettunga steps (Ga.). ma ye to trample, tread (Malt.)(DEDR 5057) ట (p. 1027) [ meṭṭu ] meṭṭu. [Tel.] v. a. &n. To step, walk, tread. అుుెట, ట ొ్ అ్న ను , రొుు . " ్ ల ్న ల ల ్న ల తుు్ండు ేి." BD iv. 1523. To tread on, to trample on. To kick, to thrust with the foot.ెటిక meṭṭika. n. A step , ట, ోాను (Telugu) Rebus: meD 'iron' (Mundari. Remo.) Tepe Yahya. Seal impressions of two sides of a seal. Six-legged lizard and opposing footprints shown on opposing sides of a double-sided steatite stamp seal perforated along the lateral axis. Lamberg- Karlovsky 1971: fig. 2C Shahr-i-Soktha Stamp seal shaped like a foot. Glyph: aṭi foot, footprint (Tamil) Rebus: aḍe, aḍa, aḍi the piece of wood on which the five artisans put the article which they happen to operate upon, a support (Kannada) 167 GlyphŚ araṇe ΥlizardΥ (Tulu) eraṇi f. anvil (Gujarati)ś aheraṇ, ahiraṇ, airaṇ, airṇī, haraṇ f. (Marathi) ை Ta. araṇai typical lizard, Lacertidaeś smooth streaked lizard, Lacerta interpunctula. Ma. araṇa green house lizard, L. interpunctula. Ka. araṇe, r ṇe, r ṇi greenish kind of lizard which is said to poison by licking, L. interpunctula. Tu. araṇe id. (DEDR 204). GlyphŚ bhaṭa ‘six’ (G.) rebusŚ baṭa = kiln (Santali) baṭa = a kind of iron (Gujarati) [Note: six legs shown on the lizard glyph] The rebus readings are: aḍi ΥanvilΥ airaṇ ΥanvilΥ (for use in) baṭa Υiron workingΥ or kiln/furnacework. 168 169 Gateway decoration.Sanchi Stupa. 170 Bharhut coping from stupa, Cleveland Museum, Sunga, India, 2nd Century, BCE., Sculpture and painting- The Cleveland Museum, ACSAA 171 This is a magnificent example of a Meluhha hieroglyph narrative. It is a sculpturel frieze at Sanchi where devotees.venerate the tree emerging out of a temple.tree (kuTi) rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. guDi 'temple'. It is a kole.l 'smithy' Rebus: kole.l 'temple'.. Atop the roof of the walled smelter (out of which another Mathura panel shows a sivlinga emerging), the srivatsa hieroglyph together with a flower within a circle is shown as holding aloft the tree emerging out of the arch in the temple complex. The tree is topped by a parasol with garlands. kuTa 'parasole' rebus: kuTi 'smelter' is a semantic signifier reinforcement of the tree hieroglyph. The flower is puju again phonetically reinforced by the ayira puca/pica 'fish-tail'. The entire narrative is a rebusmetonymy representation of worship at a smithy as a metaphor for a temple. 172 tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper' 173 Section of a coping rail. 30.5x122 cm. 2nd cent. BCE Sunga. Bharhut. This is a magnificent example of a Meluhha hieroglyph narrative. It is a sculpturel frieze at Sanchi where devotees.venerate the tree emerging out of a temple.tree (kuTi) rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. guDi 'temple'. It is a kole.l 'smithy' Rebus: kole.l 'temple'.. Atop the roof of the walled smelter (out of which another Mathura panel shows a sivlinga emerging), the srivatsa hieroglyph together with a flower within a circle is shown as holding aloft the tree emerging out of the arch in the temple complex. The tree is topped by a parasol with garlands. kuTa 'parasole' rebus: kuTi 'smelter' is a semantic signifier reinforcement of the tree hieroglyph. The flower is puju again phonetically reinforced by the ayira puca/pica 'fish-tail'. The entire narrative is a rebusmetonymy representation of worship at a smithy as a metaphor for a metallurgical process. 174 Abb.: Der Mahbodhi-Baum Koṇ gamanaΥs, Bharhut, 150/100 v. Chr. (Mahabodhi tree of Koṇ gamana) 175 Plaque. Bengal? Tree veneration. 176 Ujjain, punchmarked AE, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 3.88 gm., Dimensions: 14 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; sun; six-aarmed symbol; tree. 177 'Bale-mark' and Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 164 (plate coin) Typologically this type departs further from the Mauryan prototype towards the typical local Ujjain 'Shiva type'. On that type Shiva will henceforth occupy the dominant position to which the associated symbols are subordinated. As can be seen below these associated symbols are frequently still the same as on the Mauryan prototype, particularly sun and six-armed symbol. This coin is still punchmarked in contrast to the subsequent types which are all die-struck, but the symbol arrangement on the coin flan is already more a composition than a randomly done application of punches. On the reverse the 'bale-mark' is still maintained but now it is accompanied by the Ujjain symbol. In the further development the 'bale-mark' will disappear and the Ujjain symbol alone will become the reverse emblem of the whole series. Ujjain: Shiva types Ujjain, anonymous, AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 4.94 gm., Dimensions: 16 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda in right and kamandalu in left; sun above railed tree on left and 6-armed symbol above taurines on right. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 265 (plate coin)/ BMC pl.XXXVIII, nos.5-6 Devendra Handa in 'Divinities on Ujjain Coins', ICS-NL 51, p.5: "The commonest figure is that of a male bearing matted locks or a top-knot and holding a staff and water vessel in his two hands corresponding almost exactly to the description of Rudra-Shiva in the Skanda Purana." The importance of the Shiva cult at Ujjain and the combined depiction of the same figure with a bull, the vahana of Shiva, support its identification as Shiva. 178 Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/4 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 7.25 gm., Dimensions: 17 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda in right and kamandalu in left; sun above railed tree on left and six-armed symbol on right; taurine on top; river at bottom Double orbed Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 267 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/4 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 7.22 gm., Dimensions: 17 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda in right and kamandalu in left; sun above railed tree on left and 6-armed symbol on right; taurine and svastika on top. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol 179 Reference: Pieper 268 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1 1/2 karshapana, 'Shiva standing on lotus' Weight: 11.99 gm., Dimensions: 18 mm. Shiva standing on lotus holding danda in right and kamandalu in left; railed tree on left; six-armed symbol above taurine on right. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 269 (plate coin) The depiction of the deity with danda and kamandalu is like on the previous coins except that the god is standing on a lotus on this specimen. Ujjain, anonymous AE 1 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' 180 Weight: 12.10 gm., Dimensions: 18 mm. Shiva-like figure standing with danda in right and kamandalu on left; railed tree on left with taurines below. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol with an extra dot in center of each orb. Reference: Pieper 270 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 4.26 gm., Dimensions: 16 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; railed tree on left; six-armed symbol above unconnected Ujjain symbol on right; river line at bottom. Ujjain symbol with a svastika inside each orb and circles in the angles. Reference: Pieper 271 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 3.58 gm., Dimensions: 14 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; cakra above Indradhvaja on left; railed tree on right; river at the botom. 181 Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 272 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, 'standing Shiva-like type' Weight: 3.34g, Dimensions: 12 mm Standing male deity both hands akimbo, danda in right; three-arched hill above river on left; cakra above railed tree on right. Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb and footprints in angles. Reference: Pieper 274 (plate coin) / Kothari 234 (who saw the footprints as taurines). The depiction of the footprint (paduka) of a deity is a well known symbol of worship but it allows no attribution to a specific deity, as this symbol was used by followers of different deities, among them Buddha, Shiva and Vishnu. Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/4 karshapana, 'dancing Shiva type' Weight: 2.35 gm., Dimensions: 13 mm. Shiva in dancing pose with both knees slightly bent holding curved club-like danda and kamandalu; river on left; leaves of a tree on right. Double orbed Ujjain symbol with crescents in angles. Reference: Pieper 275 (plate coin) 182 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/4karshapana, 'poly-cephalous Shiva type' Weight: 2.65 gm., Dimensions: 12 mm. Multi-headed Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; tree on left; (cakra above fish-tank on right) Double orbed Ujjain symbol surrounded by river with fish. Reference: Pieper 276 (plate coin) / BMC, pl. XXXVIII, no.19 Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, 'poly-cephalous Shiva type' Weight: 4.32 gm., Dimensions: 17 mm. Multi-headed standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; railed tree on right; cakra above fish-tank on left. Double orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 280 (plate coin) / BMC, pl.XXXVIII, no.22 183 Ujjain, anonymous AE, 'crested standing Shiva type' Weight: 1.82 gm., Dimensions: 12 mm. Crested Shiva standing to right; railed tree on left; cakra above fish-tank on left; river at the bottom. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 281 (plate coin) / BMC, pl.XXXVIII, no.14 In contrast to the above listed coins with depictions of Shiva with a top-knot hairdress, the hairstyle of the 'crested Shiva type' is depicted in a ponytail fashion thus reflection the 'matted locks' of Shiva as described in ancient texts. Ujjain, anonymous AE, 'crested standing Shiva type' Weight: 0.72 gm., Dimensions: 9 mm. Crested Shiva standing to left holding danda and kamandalu; railed tree on left; taurine on top. Ujjain symbol with alternating svastikas and taurines in its orbs. Reference: Pieper 282 (plate coin) / BMC, pl.XXXVIII, nos. 11-12 184 Ujjain, anonymous AE, 'Shiva-like figure holding kamandalu before breast' Weight: 1.10 gm., Dimensions: 10 mm. Shiva-like standing figure holding danda and kamandalu; taurine above standard on left. Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 284 (plate coin) The unusual feature of this coin is the position of the kamandalu which appears to be held by the standing deity just in front of its breast. Ujjain, anonymous AE, 'Shiva-like figure holding kamandalu before breast' Weight: 1.2 gm., Dimensions: 11 mm. Shiva-like standing figure holding danda and kamandalu; taurine above standard on left, srivatsa above a lotus-like symbol at right Double-orbed Ujjain symbol Reference: Pieper 284 This beautifully preserved specimen clearly confirms that the deity is indeed holding a kamandalu in front of the breast. (Photo courtesy Prakash Jinjuvadiya.) 185 Ujjain, anonymous AE, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 1.72 gm., Dimensions: 12x11 mm Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; six-armed symbol on top. Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 287 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Weight: 3.16 gm., Dimensions: 18x14 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; cakra above svastika and standard on left; fish-tank above railed tree on right; river at the bottom. Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb. Reference: Pieper 289 (plate coin) / BMC, pl.XXXVII, nos.19-20 186 Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, 'standing Shiva + nandi type' Weight: 3.18 gm., Dimensions: 18x16 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu, nandi facing from left towards the deity; cakra and standard on top left. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 319 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva + nandi type' Weight: 5.03 gm., Dimensions: 17x15 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu, nandi on the left facing towards the viewer; cakra and Indradhvaja on top; parts of tree on right. 187 Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb. Reference: Pieper 318 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva + nandi type' Weight: 5.31 gm., Dimensions: 17x17 mm. Standing Shiva on right with nandi on left facing towards the deity; railed tree in center between Shiva and bull. Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper 321 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva + nandi type' Weight: 15.53 gm., Dimensions: 26x21 mm. Standing Shiva on right with nandi on left facing towards the deity; railed tree in center between Shiva and bull; taurines on top and a svastika on right bottom; river with diverse aquatic creatures at the bottom. 188 Double-orbed Ujjain symbol with an extra arm topped by a taurine in each angle. Reference: Pieper 322 (plate coin) An unusual heavy weight standard for the series. The heaviest recorded specimen offered at a public auction weighed 25.8 gm thus roughly representing a triple copper karshapana. Ujjain, anonymous AE 1 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva + nandi type' Weight: 13.38 gm., Dimensions: 20 mm. Standing Shiva in center; bull facing the deity from left, Indradhvaja above the bull; railed tree on right; river at the bottom. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol with a taurine in each angle. Reference: Pieper 313 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva+ nandi type' 189 Weight: 3.40 gm., Dimensions: 18 mm. Standing Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; bull facing the deity from the right; Ujjain symbol on top; railed tree on left; river at the bottom. Ujjain symbol with a svastika in each orb. Reference: Pieper 311 (plate coin) Ujjain, anonymous AE 3/8 karshapana, 'seated Shiva + nandi type' Weight: 3.44 gm., Dimensions: 14x14 mm. Seated Shiva holding danda and kamandalu; bull facing the deity from left; Ujjain symbol above the bull; railed tree on right; river at the bottom. Double-orbed Ujjain symbol with a taurine in each angle. Reference: Pieper 307 (plate coin) Ujjain, Bhumimitra AE, 'seated Lakulisha type' Weight: 1.78 gm., Dimensions: 12 mm. Lakulisha seated on a lotus holding danda and kamandalu; cakra above tree on left; Brahmi legend 'bhumimitasa' in vertical placement on right. Ujjain symbol with a small Ujjain symbol in each orb; nandipadas in angles. Reference: Pieper 405 (plate coin) 190 The seated figure on this coin type has been identified as Lakulisha by several scholars, among them Wakankar, Kothari and Bhatt. Lakulisha is described as the 28th and last incarnation of Shiva. He propagated and reformed Shaivism with special emphasis on Yoga practices. According to Handa (ICS-NL 51, p.24)"the god depicted here predates the textual prescriptions and is one of the earliest examples of the depiction of Lakulisha. Alternatively it may be said to be the representation of Yogeshvara Shiva." Ujjain, inscribed AE 1/3 karshapana, elephant type Weight: 2.93 gm., Diameter: 13x13 mm Obv.: In a square incuse elephant standing to right with raised trunk; Brahmi legend around reading anti-clockwise with outwards directed letters 'bhumimitasa'. Rev.: Double-orbed Ujjain symbol with a taurine in each angle. Reference: Pieper 407 (plate specimen) The 'seated Lakulisha type' inscribed in the name of Bhumimitra is a well known type among the rare inscribed coins of the local Ujjain series. This square elephant type inscribed in the same name Bhumimitra was completely unknown until the appearance of this unique specimen. Human depictions on ancient Indian coins are of special interest, as they are among India's earliest representations of deities in anthropomorphic form and thus most important for the study of their iconographic development. The earliest such depictions on coins appear on some of the punchmarked silver karshapanas of the Mauryan kings during the 4th/3rd century BCE. The deities on these early silver coins have been identified as crested Shiva holding danda (stick) and kamandalu (water-pot), as ithyphallic Shiva on one rare type from the Jan Lingen collection, as chakra (discus-weapon) holding Vaishnavite deity Vasudeva-Krishna or as plough holding Balarama. A number of female figures on some of these silver karshapana types have been regarded as Matrikas. And a unique silver karshapana from the Pieper collection depicts a chakra holding Vaishnavite deity / Vishnu together with what appears to be the earliest depiction of a Garuda. 191 On the local Ujjain coins with human depictions on them, these are in most cases single human figures, standing, squatting, dancing or sitting, representing various Hindu gods and goddesses. Different researchers have tried to identify them and have frequently come to divergent conclusions. The matter is not simple as in this early stage of iconography the depiction of many deities together with their characteristic symbols and attributes was not yet fully developed and sometimes different deities were even associated with the same symbols. The latest approach to the subject is Devendra Handa's brilliant paper on 'Divinities on Ujjain Coins', ICS-NL 51, 2013' who clarified controversies on some deities and originally proposed the identification of others. The most prominent figure on these coins is ceratainly Shiva Mahakala whose cult was very important at Ujjain, and Lakshmi who experienced a general adoration by believers of different cults who wouldn't have hesitated to beg assistance from the goddess of wealth, prosperity and fortune. But apart from Shiva and Lakshmi there are several other deities who are depicted on the coins of ancient Ujjain, such as Karttikeya, Shashthi, Vasudhara, Krishna, Brahma and others, according to the well-founded identifications of Devendra Handa. Further details will be given with the respective coin descriptions below. Handa refers to some coins published by Sethi depicting a male human figure which either holds a bull or cow by its horn, or which drives a bull/ cow holding a stick in his hand, and proposes to identify this figure as Gopala Krishna (ICS-NL, no.51, pp.2526). In the same context he proposes to regard another figure as a Krishna depiction as well: this figure appears on a coin published by Kothari which shows a dancing male figure with fan-shaped hairdress holding a flute-like object. Kothari's coin type 252 is seen by Handa as a depiction of Karttikeya (ICS-NL, 51, p.31); the deity is holding shakti (lance) and kamandalu (water-pot) and shows five protrusions of the head-gear as a "representation of six-headed Karttikeya." In a similar way goddess Shashthi is identified by Handa on another Ujjain coin type depicted as a multiheaded female figure as indicated by the dotted marks around her head. The 'fish-holding deity' was already described by V.S. Agrawala as a representation of Vasudhara who is the consort of Jambhala- the Buddhist god of wealth. A few early copper coins of the Ujjain region with three standing/ walking human figures on them are of special interest. Combining the evidence of the specimens at his disposal Devendra Handa identified this group of three figures, a female figure in the center with a bow-holding male figure on each side, as the earliest numismatic depictions of Rama, Sita and Lakshmana datable to the 2nd/ 1st century BC (ICS-NL, no.51, pp.29-30). "The dress of the female figure compares very well with the dress of numerous human figures which figure on Ujjain coins and leaves little doubt to its being an indigenous piece of the area. The three figures with two males holding the bows seem to represent Rama, Sita and Lakshmana going in th. Narayaneeyam-Dasakam: 47 Yashodha Tying Krishna to the Mortar Yashodha Tying Krishna to the Mortar Once, wishing to feed Krishna with butter, Yashoda began to churn milk in the morning . Very soon, Krishna too awakened and not finding the mother on her bed, He set out to 192 search her. Soon He found her in the courtyard where she was churning the milk. He began to insist for breast feeding at once. So Yashoda stopped churning and began to breast feed Krishna. Affection played on her face. Suddenly the milk kept on the fire pot began to boil. Yashoda left Krishna in order to attend the boiling milk. But the unstiated Krishna filled with anger and broke the pitcher of curd. Then he went inside and began to eat butter, when Yashoda came back, she understood the matter and began to search him with a stick in her hand. After eating butter himself, Krishna was now feeding the monkeys with it. Seeing the mother come in hot pursuit, Krishna jumped over the mortar and ran away. Yashoda chased him, but soon felt tired because of her bulky body. ( Thanks Google Image) Thereafter, Yashoda proceeded to tie Krishna as a punishment. She got a rope and tried to tie Krishna. But the rope fell short by two fingers. She joined many ropes together but the result was same. Every time the ropes fell short by two fingers. Soon, Yashoda was bathing in sweat. When Krishna saw his mother in depression, he himself tied in the ropes. Tethering little Krishna to a heavy mortar, Yashoda engaged in usual household tasks. Tethered to the mortar, Krishna glanced at the two Arjun trees, which were standing on the gate like two sentries. He resolved to salve them. 193 Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 01 एकदा दष्षशमािकारर्ॎं मातरं ऺमॏपऺॕषदशान् भशान् तयलख़लॏपतया षनशारयनकमॕय पषपशान् पयख़्रग़ ekadaa dadhivimaatha kaariNiiM maataraM samupasedivaan bhavaan | stanya lOlupatayaa nivaarayannankametya papivaan payOdharau || 1 One day you went near your mother , churning curds,Due to the desire to drink milk from her,You stopped her halfway and climbed on her Lap and started sucking her breasts. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 02 अ्णपॎतकॏिकॏड् मलॕ वषय षिधऻाऺम्ॏराननाबॏजॕ दॏ धमॎष दऻनॕ परररॏतं ्तॏण माषॏ जननॎ जगाम तॕ ardhapiita kuchakuDmale tvayi snigdhahaasa madhuraananaambuje | dugdhamiisha dahane parisrutaM dhartumaashu jananii jagaama te ||2 Oh Lord ! When Thou wert happily engaged in sucking her breasts, which were like lotus buds, with a charming smile playing on the sweet lotus like face. Just then, Thy mother went away in a haste to quickly hold the milk which had overflow on the fire. 194 Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 03ऺाषमपॎतरऺभगऺगतरख़्भारपररभॐतिॕतऺा मथदडमॏपग॑य पाषटतं ऻत दॕ श दष्भाजनं वया saamipiita rasabhanga sangata krOdhabhaara paribhuuta chetasaa | mantha daNDamupagR^ihya paaTitaM hanta deva dadhi bhaajanaM tvayaa || O Lord! Having drunk half way, and as a result the joy being interrupted, Thy mind was overcome with great rage. Oh! Then taking up the churning rod, and alas, broke the curd pot. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 04 ుৡलद् वषनतमॏৡकॖतदा ऺषनष जननॎ ऺमारॏता व षख़षशऺरशददषण ऺा ऺ एश दष् षशत॑तं षितग़ uchchalad dhvanitamuchchakaistadaa sannishamya jananii samaadrutaa | tvadyashO visaravaddadarshasaa sadya eva dadhi vistR^itaM kshitau ||4 Hearing the loud of the pot being broken, Thy mother, who camethere running, found the curd spreading all over the floor, like Thy fame, which spreads everywhere. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 05 शॕदमागणपररमाषगणतं ॹ्ा वमशॎय पररमागणययऺग़ ऺददषण ऺॏक॑षतयॏलॐखलॕ दॎयमाननशनॎतमख़तशॕ vedamaarga parimaargitaM ruShaa tvaamaviikshya parimaargayantyasau | sandadarsha sukR^itinyuluukhale diiyamaana navaniitamOtave ||5 Thou who are sought after through the path of the Vedas, were not seen anywhere by Thy angered mother. She, the fortunate one searched everywhere and saw Thee sitting on the mortar feeding butter to the cat. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 06 वां रग॑य बत भॎषतभाशनाभाऺॏराननऺरख़जमाषॏ ऺा रख़्ॺष्तमॏखॎ ऺखॎपॏरख़ बधनाय रषनामॏपाददॕ tvaaM pragR^ihya bata bhiiti bhaavanaa bhaasuraanana sarOjamaashu saa| rOSha ruuShita mukhii sakhiipurO bandhanaaya rashanaamupaadade ||6 Immediately that Yasoda became very angry, Caught hold of you who had a shining lotus like face, was looking very sweet with pretended fear. As her friends watched, she took a rope to tie Thee up. Oh how foolish of her to think of tying Thee who unties the bonds of all! Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 07 195 बधॏषमৢषत यमॕश ऺजनतं भशतमषय बधॏषमৢतॎ ऺा षनयॏय रषनागॏ्ान् बॾन् यङ्गॏलख़नमतखलं षकलॖित bandhumichChati yameva sajjanastaM bhavantamayi bandhumichChatii | saa niyujya rashanaaguNaan bahuun dvyangulOnamakhilaM kilaikshata || 7 Oh God , That Yasoda decided to tie you, All good men want to bind themselves to Thee alone in devotion. That Thou O Lord! Yashodaa desiring to tie, And even though she tied many ropes to tie you,Those ropes always were short by two inches to tie you. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 08 षशतितख़तममतऺखॎजनॕषितां तिनऺनशपॏ्ं षनरॎय ताम् षनयमॏिशपॏरयऻख़ ऻरॕ बधमॕश क॑पयाऽवमयिा: vismitOtismata sakhiijanekshitaaM svinnasannavapuShaM niriikshya taam | nityamuktavapurapyahO hare bandhameva kR^ipayaa(a)nvamanyathaaH || 8 Oh Hari ! As her efforts to bind Thee repeatedly failed, Yasoda, became tired and covered with sweat,when her friends were staring with smile and wonder, Taking pity on her, you had a form which is not bounded,Wonder of wonders ,Gave permission to being tied by your mother. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 09 ्िॎयतां षिरमॏलॐखलॕ खलॕयागता भशनमॕश ऺा यदा रागॏलॐखलषबलातरॕ तदा ऺषपणरषपणतमदनशात्ििा: sthiiyataaM chiramuluukhale khaletyaagataa bhavanameva saa yadaa | praaguluukhalabilaantare tadaa sarpirarpita madannavaasthithaaH || Having achieved her aim at last, Yasoda, went back to the house, determined to leaveThee in that state for some time. But Thou sat there happily eating the butter, Thou hadearlier hidden in the hollow of the mortar. Dasakam: 047 -- Slokam: 10 196 य पाषऺॏगमख़ षशभख़ भशान् ऺंयत: षकमॏ ऺपाषयाऽनया एशमाषद षदषशजॖरषभ्टॏ तख़ शातनाि पररपाषऻ मां गदात् yadyapaasha sugamO vibhO bhavaan sanyataH kimu sapaashayaa(a)nayaa | evamaadi divijai-rabhiShTutO vaatanaatha paripaahi maam gadaat || 10 Oh Lord ! The gods in the heaven praised you,“Oh godOnly those who have cut the rope,(pasa), of materialdesire, are able to attain Thee easily; then how could Yasoda bind Thee with the rope(pasa) of worldly attachment? Oh Guruvayurappa ! May Thou save me from my ailments. http://onlynarayaneeyam.blogspot.in/2011/02/narayaneeyam-dasakam-47-yashodha-tying.html Bronze flag, Shahdad Kerman, Iran dated to 3rd millennium BCE. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/07/ancient-near-east-shahdad-bronze-age.html 197 “The shaft is set on a 135 mm high pyramidal base. The thin metal plate is a square with curved sides set in a 21 mm wide frame. On the plate there is a figure of a goddess sitting on a chair and facing forward. The goddess has a long face, long hair and round eyes. Her left hand is extended as if to take a gift…a square garden divided into ten squares. In the center of each square there is a small circle. Beside this garden there is a row of two date palm trees…Under this scene the figure of a bull flanked by two lions is shown…The sun appears between the heads of the goddess and, one of the women and it is surrounded by a row of chain decorative motives.” (Hakemi, Ali, 1997, Shahdad, archaeological excavations of a bronze age center in Iran, Reports and Memoirs, Vol. XXVII, IsMEO, Rome. 766 pp, p.271, p.649). The inscriptional evidence discovered at this site which is on the crossroads of ancient bronze age civilizations attests to the possibility of Meluhha settlements in Shahdad, Tepe Yahya and other Elam/Susa region sites. The evolution of bronze age necessitated a writing system -- the answer was provided by Indus writing using hieroglyphs and rebus method of rendering Meluhha (mleccha) words of Indian sprachbund. "The inscriptional evidence discovered at this site which is on the crossroads of ancient bronze age civilizations attests to the possibility of Meluhha settlements in Shahdad, Tepe Yahya and other Elam/Susa region sites. The evolution of bronze age necessitated a writing system -- the answer was provided by Indus writing using hieroglyphs and rebus method of rendering Meluhha (mleccha) words of Indian sprachbund." http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/ingots-of-arakuta-orichalcumbrass.html Shown are the glyphs of 1. zebu and 2. tigers which are also glyphs on Indus writing which I decode as related respectively to 1. blacksmithy on unsmelted metal (Adar Dhangar 'native blacksmith', poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite') 2. working with alloys (kol, tiger) The tree is a smelter furnace (kuTi). The twisted rope hieroglyph: ्ातॏ dh tu Υstrand of ropeΥ (Rigveda) RebusŚ Υmetal, mineral, ore (esp. of copper, esp. of red colour) Alternative: The endless-knot motif is iron (meD, knot, iron). 198 Twisted strands of rope as hieroglyph on Ancient Near East artifacts Louvre AO7296 http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sumer_anunnaki/anunnaki3a/Louvre%20Dec%201%202002 %20192.html ml Worshiper Holding Hare Before Enthroned Male Figure, Vultures Above Cylinder seal and impression Syria (ca. 1720–1650 B.C.E) Hematite 21 x 10 mm Seal no. 937 http://www.themorgan.org/collections/collectionsList.asp?id=Seals Hieroglyphs on the cylinder seal read rebus: The glyph of a crescent with a ball above may denote a crucible + ingot. 199 koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treaurer, warehouse' kola 'woman' Rebus: kolhe‘smelter’. H. mẽṛā, mẽḍā m. ram with curling horns (CDIAL 10120). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) kuṛī f. girl (Punjabi) RebusŚ kuṭhi ΥsmelterΥś dula ΥpairΥ RebusŚ dul Υcast metalΥ. Thus, the two young girls denote dul kuṭhi Υsmelter for cast metal'. मॕढा [ mē h ] Υpolar starΥ Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) ayo 'fish' Rebus: ayo 'iron' (Gujarati); ayas 'alloyed metal' (Sanskrit) eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'. 1. kulai ‘a hare’ (Santali) AllographŚ kul ‘tiger’ (Santali) Rebus: kolhe‘smelter’. (Hieroglyph attached) A pair of hares: dul kolhe 'cast metal smelter'. (Hieroglyph: dula 'pair') 2. karaDi 'safflower' Rebus: karaDa 'hard alloy'.(Hieroglyph attached) 3. Twisted rope: dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore' Alternative: मॕढा [ mē h ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl.(Marathi)(CDIAL 10312).L. meṛh f. rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor (CDIAL 10317) Rebus: meḍ'iron'. mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) (Hieroglyph attached; below the cord/twist are two seated lions) 4. arye 'lion' Rebus: araa 'brass'. 5. dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast (metal). Thus a cast iron-brass alloy indicated. 6. The person on the right holding an antelope is mlekh 'goat' Rebus: meṛh 'helper of merchant' (Desinaamamaalaa of Hemachandra) 7. eraka 'wing' Rebus: erako 'moltencast copper'. 8. kola 'woman' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelter'. 9. kuTi 'girl' (cf. two girls held upside down); Rebus: kuThi 'smelter furnace'. Thus, a copper smelter furnace is indicated. 10. khamḍa 'copulation' (Santali) Rebus: kampaṭṭa ‘mint, coiner’. 200 Print of a seal: Two-headed eagle, a twisted cord below. From Bogazköy . 18th c.B.C. (Museum Ankara). eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'. kō e, kō iya. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. Rebus: ko artisan’s workshop (Kuwi) kunda ‘turner’ kund r turner (Assamese) Technical description Votive bas-relief of Dudu, priest of Ningirsu in the time of Entemena, prince of Lagash C. 2400 BCE Tello (ancient Girsu) Bituminous stone H. 25 cm; W. 23 cm; Th. 8 cm De Sarzec excavations, 1881 AO 2354 Plaques perforated in the center and decorated with scenes incised or carved in relief were particularly widespread in the Second and Third Early Dynastic Periods (2800-2340 BC), and have been found at many sites in Mesopotamian and more rarely in Syria or Iran. The perforated plaque of Dudu, high priest of Ningirsu in the reign of Entemena, prince of Lagash (c.2450 BC), belongs to this tradition. It has some distinctive features, however, such as being made of bitumen.This plaque belongs to the category of perforated plaques, widespread throughout Phases I and II of the Early Dynastic Period, c.2800-2340BC, and found at many sites in Mesopotamia (especially in the Diyala region), and more rarely in Syria (Mari) and Iran (Susa). Some 120 examples are known, of which about 50 come from religious buildings. These plaques are usually rectangular in form, perforated in the middle and decorated with scenes incised or carved in relief. They are most commonly of limestone or gypsum: this plaque, being of bitumen, is an exception to the rule. The precise function of such plaques is unknown, and the purpose of the central perforation remains a mystery. : dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus: dhAtu 'mineral, metal, ore' Alternative: मॕढा [ mē h ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl.(Marathi)(CDIAL 10312).L. meṛh f. rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor (CDIAL 10317) RebusŚ mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) This hieroglyph, twist of three strands, signified on Punch-marked coins of Gandhara is traced to Harappa Script hieroglyph tradition. This signifies dhă vaḍ 'smelter' meḍhi 'plait' rebus: meḍ‘iron’ See Mohenjo-daro seal m1406 201 m1406 Seal using tri-dhAtu 'three-stranded rope': Rebus: trihAtu, three red ores. Hieroglyph: ्ातॏ [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. षि-््/आतॏ , threefold &c ; cf.षिषशषट- , ऺत- , ऺॏ-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dh ˊtu *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.).ś S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś (CDIAL 6773) ्ातॏ primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists ्ातॏ means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [्ातॏ -लख़क] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गभण ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam) Indus script hieroglyphs signify dhAtu 'iron ore', Dharwar, Ib names of places in India in the iron ore belt. S. mī˜ḍhī f., °ḍho m. braid in a woman's hair , L. f.; G. mĩḍlɔ, miḍ° m. braid of hair on a girl's forehead ; M. meḍhā m. curl, snarl, twist or tangle in cord or thread .मॕढा [ mēḍhā ] meṇḍa A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) (CDIAL 10312). meḍhi, miḍhī, meṇḍhī = a plait in a woman’s hairś a plaited or twisted strand of hair (P.)(CDIAL 10312)]. Rebus: semantics 'iron': meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho)meṛed (Mundari)śmẽṛed ironś enga meṛed soft iron; sanḍi meṛedhard iron; ispāt meṛed steel; dul meṛed cast iron; i meṛed rusty iron, also the iron of which weights are cast; bica meṛed iron extracted from stone ore; bali meṛed iron extracted from sand ore; meṛed-bica = iron stone ore, in contrast to bali-bica, iron sand ore (Mu.lex.) There are two Railway stations in India called Dharwad and Ib. Both are related to Prakritam words with the semantic significance: iron worker, iron ore. 202 dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron (Marathi)(CDIAL 6773) PLUS kanka, karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' PLUS mēd, 'boatman, one who plays drums at ceremonies' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron (metal)’Alternative: dhollu ‘drummer’ (Western Pahari) dolutsu 'tumble' Rebus: dul ‘cast metal’. A variant orthography shows a pair of three strands of twisted rope, signified as a total of six spokes emanating from a dotted circle in the centre (See image of Silver shatamana of Gandhara). Six spokes: baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'. Rebus reading: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS , meḍhi 'plait' meḍ ‘iron’ Thus, cast iron. PLUS dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) The expression dhă vaḍ is composed of two words: dhāu 'strand' rebus: dhāu 'three red ores, minerals' PLUS vaṭa 'string'. Silver Shatamana. Gandhara. 203 Punch-marked coin of Ashoka. See comparable hieroglyph of 'twist, three plaits or strands' in the following examples of PMC symbols: Source: A Survey of Late Hoards of Indian Punch-marked Coins ELIZABETH ERRINGTON The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-) Vol. 163 (2003), pp. 69-121 Published by: Royal Numismatic Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42667165 204 arka 'sun' rebus: erako 'moltencast' eraka 'copper' kāca m. loopΥ rebusŚ kāsa 'bronze'. dhAv 'strand' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral' PLUS kaNDa 'arrow' rebus: kaNDa 'implements. Thus, bronze implements. kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' meḍhi 'plait' meḍ ‘iron’ PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'cast metal' Thus, dul meṛed 'cast iron' barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharat' alloy of pewter, copper, tin' PLUS satthiya 'svastika' rebus: svastika 'pewter' jasta 'zinc' See: Fabri, CL, The punch-marked coins: a survival of the Indus Civilization, 1935, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press. pp.307-318. A comparison of Punch-marked hieroglyphs with Indus Script inscriptions: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/itihasa-of-Bh ratam-janam-tracedfrom.html?view=mosaic Hieroglyph: मॕढा [mē h ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: me Υiron, copperΥ (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meD 'iron' (Mu.Ho.Santali) 205 meď 'copper' (Slovak) h131 4271Text Decipherment from l. to r.: 'ant' hieroglyph Hieroglyph: మ [ cīma ] chīma. [Tel.] n. An ant. కండ మ. the forest ant. ్ు ్ మ a winged ant. ా ము వంాు he can hear an ant crawl, i.e., he is all alive. మూరి అడవ a forest impervious even to an ant. చి మ a black ant; ై ా పి కందా మ (proverb) The bird above, the ant below, i.e., I had no chance with him. మంత of the size of an ant. ీముి chīma-puli. n. The ant lion, an ant-eater. Rebus: †cīmara -- copper in cīmara -- kāra -- coppersmith in Saṁgh ṭa -- sūtra Gilgit MS. 37 folio 85 verso, 3 (= zaṅs -- mkhan in Tibetan Pekin text Vol. 28 Japanese facsimile 285 a 3 which in Mah vyutpatti 3790 renders śaulbika -- BHS ii 533. But the Chinese version (Taishō issaikyō ed. text no. 423 p. 971 col. 3, line 2) has t'ie iron Ś H. W. Bailey 21.2.65). [The Kaf. and Dard. word for iron appears also in Bur. čhomār, čhumər. Turk. timur (NTS ii 250) may come from the same unknown source. Semant. cf. lōhá -- ]Ash. ċímä, ċimə iron (ċiməkára blacksmith ), Kt. čimé;, Wg. čümāˊr, Pr. zíme, Dm. čimár(r), Paš.lauṛ. čimāˊr, Shum. čímar, Woṭ. Gaw. ċimár,Kal. čīmbar, Kho. čúmur, Bshk. čimer, Tor. čimu, Mai. sew ̃ ar, Phal. čímar, Sh.gil. čimĕr (adj. čĭmārí), gur. čimăr m., jij. čimer, K. ċamuru m. 206 (adj.ċamaruwu).(CDIAL 14496) metal vessel. చంు. ుంత [ cīmunta ] chīmunta.. [Tel.] n. A kāmaṭhum = a bow; kāmaḍ, kāmaḍum = a chip of bamboo (Gujarati) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' (Kannada) Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) kaNDa 'arrow' rebus: kANDa 'pots and pans, implements' 'bow and arrow' hieroglyph-multiplex. 'twist' hieroglyph PLUS (ligature) 'linear stroke' hieroglyph. meD 'twist, curl' rebus: meD 'iron, copper,metal' PLUS koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' dhAv 'strand' rebus: dhAv 'ore, element, dhAtu' 207 Forge scene stele. Forging of a keris or kris (the iconic Javanese dagger) and other weapons. The blade of the keris represents the khaNDa. Fire is a purifier, so the blade being forged is also symbolic of the purification process central theme of the consecration of gangga sudhi specified in the inscription on the 1.82 m. tall, 5 ft. dia. lingga hieroglyph, the deity of Candi Sukuh. Bhima is the smith, Arjuna is blowing, working on the dhmātŕ̊'blowing, smelting apparatus'. Ganesa in dance-step: karba, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' meD 'step, dance step' rebus: meD 'iron'. Thus, iron smelting process is signified by the sculptural frieze of Chandi Sukuh. Mohejodaro, tablet in bas relief (M-478) Harappa seal. 208 m1356, m443 table मॕढा [ mē h ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl.(Marathi) mer.ha = twisted, crumpled, as a horn (Santali.lex.) meli, melika = a turn, a twist, a loop, entanglement; meliyu, melivad.u, meligonu = to get twisted or entwined (Te.lex.) [Note the endless knot motif]. RebusŚ med. ‘iron’ (Mu.) sattva 'svastika glyph' Rebus: sattva, jasta 'zinc'. Thus, a dotted circle is signified by the word: dhāī 'wisp of fibre' (Sindhi). Ta. vaṭam cable, large rope, cord, bowstring, strands of a garland, chains of a necklace; vaṭi rope; vaṭṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to tie. Ma. vaṭam rope, a rope of cowhide (in plough), dancing rope, thick rope for dragging timber. Ka. vaṭa, vaṭara, vaṭi string, rope, tie. Te. vaṭi rope, cord. Go. (Mu.) vaṭiya strong rope made of paddy straw (Voc. 3150). Cf. 3184 Ta. tārvaṭam. / Cf. Skt. vaṭa- string, rope, tie; vaṭāraka-, vaṭākara-, varāṭaka- cord, string; Turner, CDIAL, no. 11212. (DEDR 5220) vaṭa2 string lex. [Prob. ← Drav. Tam. vaṭam, Kan. vaṭi, vaṭara, &c. DED 4268]N. bariyo cord, rope ś Bi. barah rope working irrigation lever , barhā thick well -- rope , Mth. barahā rope .(CDIAL 11212) I suggest that the expression dhă vaḍ 'smelter' signified by trefoil or three strands is a semantic duplication of the parole words: dhāī 'wisp of fibre' PLUS vaṭa, vaṭara, vaṭi string, rope, tie. Thus, it is possible that the trefoil as a hieroglyph-multiplex was signified in parole by the expression dhă vaḍ 'three strands' rebus: dhă vaḍ 'smelter'. 209 The shawl decorated with dhă vaḍ 'trefoil' is a hieroglyph: pōta ΥclothΥ rebusŚ पख़ता पख़त॑, 'purifier' in a yajna. ெ ் pōṟṟi, ெ ் pōtti Brahman temple- priest in Malabar; ் ு ் க ி ு ் க ் . Marathi has a cognate in [pōtad ra] m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all पख़तदार money paid into the treasury. He was also the village-silversmith.. Hence the importance of the office of Potr, 'Rigvedic priest of a yajna' signified as 'purifier', an assayer of dhāˊtu 'minerals. Trefoil motifs are carved on the robe of the so-called "priest-king" statuette from Mohenjo-daro and are also known from contemporary sites in western Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern Central Asia. dhă vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu,'‘three minerals". निधातु mfn. consisting of 3 parts , triple , threefold (used like Lat. triplex to denote excessive)RV. S3Br. v , 5 , 5 , 6; n. the aggregate of the 3 minerals.tri षिधा ind. in 3 parts, ways or places; triply, ˚वम् tripartition; Ch. Up. -धातुः an epithet of Gaṇe a. dhāˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) Mn., ashes of the dead lex., *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.). [√dh ]Pa. dhātu -- m. element, ashes of the dead, relic ś KharI. dhatu relic ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś -- Si. dā relic ś -- S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) पख़त॑ पॏ पॏनाषत पॏ --त॑न् ऋतवमॕदॕ अৢाशाकषदॕ पख़ताऻख़तारग़ प॑ ृयम् ऻख़िाषदषदॕ न व्वॕ ऋत आत् https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शािपयम् पख़ता, [ऋ] पॏं , (पॏनातॎषत पॐ + “नत॑नॕ्ट॑ -व्ट॑ ऻख़त॑पख़त॑रात॑जामात॑मात॑षपत॑ दॏषऻत॑ ”ు्ा ిषत त॑रययॕन षनपायतॕ ) षशणॏः ిषत ऺंषितऺारख़्ाषदश॑षतः ऋतवक् ిषत भॐरररयख़गः (यिा, ऋवॕदॕ “ऺ ऺ परर ्ॎयतॕ ऻख़ता मरख़ षदषशषट्ॏ ుत पख़ता षन ्ॎदषत ”) https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/षदकपरॏमः pōta2 m. cloth , pōtikā -- f. lex. 2. *pōtta -- 2 (sanskrit- ized as pōtra -- 2 n. cloth lex.). 3. *pōttha -- 2 ~ pavásta<-> n. covering (?) RV., rough hempen cloth AV. T. Chowdhury JBORS xvii 83. 4. pōntī -- f. cloth Divy v. 1. Pk. pōa -- n. cloth ś Paš.ar. pōwok cloth , pōg net, web (but lauṛ. dar. pāwāk cotton cloth , Gaw. pāk IIFL iii 3, 150).2. Pk. potta -, °taga -- , °tia -- n. cotton cloth , pottī -- , °tiā -- , °tullayā -- , puttī -- f. piece of cloth, manΥs dhotī, womanΥs s ṛī , pottia -- wearing clothes ś S. potī f. shawl L. pot, pl. °tã f. width of 210 cloth potī f. red cotton , potiyā m. loincloth , potṛā m. baby clothes ś G. pot n. fine cloth, texture , potũ n. rag , potī f., °tiyũ n. loincloth , potṛī f. small do. ś M. pot m. roll of coarse cloth , n. weftage or texture of cloth , Pa. potthaka -- n. cheap rough hemp cloth , potthakamma -- n. plastering ś Pk. pottha -- , °aya -- n.m. cloth ś S. potho m. lump of rag for smearing, smearing, cloth soaked in opium (CDIAL 8400) Ta. potti garment of fibres, cloth. Ka. potti cloth. Te. potti bark, a baby's linen, a sort of linen cloth; pottika a small fine cloth; podugu a baby's linen. Kol. (SSTW) pot sari. Pa. bodgid a short loincloth. / Cf. Skt. potik , Pkt. potti-, potti -, etc.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 8400(DEDR 4515) ெ ் pōttiBrahman temple- priest in Malabar; ் ு ் க ி ு ் க ். ெ ் pōṟṟi, < id. n. 1. Praise, applause, commendation; க ் ி. (W.) 2. Brahman temple-priest of Malabar; க ி ் ்ு ் ை்ுெ் ை ் . (W.) 3. See ெ ் , 1.--int. Exclamation of praise; ் ் க. Ta. pōṟṟu (pōṟṟi-) to praise, applaud, worship, protect, cherish, nourish, entertain; n. protection, praise; pōṟṟi praise, applause; pōṟṟimai honour, reverence. Ma. pōṟṟuka to preserve, protect, adore; pōṟṟi nourisher, protector. (DEDR 4605) पख़तडॎ [ pōta ī ] f पख़तडं n (पख़तं ) A bag, esp. the circular bag of goldsmiths, shroffs &c. containing their weights, scales, coins &c.पख़तदार [ pōtad ra ] m ( P) An officer under the native governments. His business was to assay all money paid into the treasury. He was also the villagesilversmith. पख़तदारॎ [ pōtad rī ] f ( P) The office or business of पख़तदार: also his rights or fees. पख़तषनषॎ [ pōtani ī ] f ( P) The office or business of पख़तनॎऺ. पख़तनॎऺ [ pōtanīsa ] m ( P) The treasurer or cash-keeper. पख़त॑ [p= 650,1] प् /ओत॑ or पख़त॑ , m. " Purifier " , N. of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice (the assistant of the Brahman ; = यञय षख़्षयषटि Sa1y. ) RV. Br. S3rS. Hariv. N. of षशणॏ L. पग़ि, पख़िॎ f. N. of दॏ गाण Gal. (cf. पग़िॎ). pōtṛ पख़त॑ m. One of the sixteen officiating priests at a sacrifice (assistant of the priest called रमन्). पख़िम् [पॐ-ि] The office of the Potṛi. रमन् m. one of the 4 principal priests or ऋतवज् as (the other three being the ऻख़त॑ , अवयॏण and ుगात॑ ; the रमन् was the most learned of them and was required to know the 3 शॕदs , to supervise the sacrifice and to set right mistakes ; at a later period his functions were based especially on the अिशण -शॕद) RV. &c ऻख़त॑ m. (fr. √1. ॽ) an offerer of an oblation or burnt-offering (with fire) , sacrificer , priest , (esp.) a priest who at a sacrifice invokes the gods or recites the ऋग्-शॕद , a ऋग्-शॕद priest (one of the 4 kinds of officiating priest »ऋतवज् , p.224; properly the ऻख़त॑ priest has 3 assistants , sometimes called पॏॹ्s , viz. the मॖिाशॹ् , अৢा-शाक, and राशतॏत् ; to these are sometimes added three others , the राम्ाৢं षऺन् , अनॎर or अनॎ्् , and पख़त॑ , though these last are properly assigned to the Brahman priest ; sometimes the नॕ्ट॑ is substituted for the राश-तॏत्) RV.&c नॕ्ट॑ m. (prob. fr. √ नॎ aor. stem नॕ्् ; but cf. Pa1n2. 3-2 , 135 Va1rtt. 2 &c ) one of the chief officiating priests at 211 aऺख़म sacrifice , he who leads forward the wife of the sacrificer and prepares the ऺॏरा (व्ट॑ so called RV. i , 15 , 3) RV. Br. S3rS. &c अवयॏण m. one who institutes an अवर any officiating priest a priest of a particular class (as distinguished from the ऻख़त॑ , the ుगात॑ , and the रमन् classes. The अवयॏण priests " had to measure the ground , to build the altar , to prepare the sacrificial vessels , to fetch wood and water , to light the fire , to bring the animal and immolate it " ; whilst engaged in these duties , they had to repeat the hymns of the यजॏ र्-शॕद , hence that शॕद itself is also called अवयॏण)pl. (अवयणशऺ् ) the adherents of the यजॏर्-शॕ द; ుद् -गात॑ m. one of the four chief-priests (viz. the one who chants the hymns of the ऺामशॕद) , a chanterRV. ii , 43 , 2 TS. AitBr. S3Br. Ka1tyS3r. Sus3r. Mn. &c अৢा-शाकm. " the inviter " , title of a particular priest or ऋतवज् , one of the sixteen required to perform the great sacrifices with the ऺख़म juice. राशन् m. a stone for pressing out the ऺख़म (originally 2 were used RV. ii , 39 , 1 ; later on 4 [ S3a1n3khBr.xxix , 1] or 5 [Sch. on S3Br. &c ]) RV. AV. VS. S3Br.= राश-त्/ుत् Hariv. 11363 pōtrá1 *cleaning instrument ( the Potr's soma vessel RV.). [√pū]Bi. pot jewellerΥs polishing stone ? -- Rather < *pōttī -- .(CDIAL 8404) *pōttī glass bead .Pk. pottī -- f. glass ś S. pūti f. glass bead , P. pot f.; N. pote long straight bar of jewelry ś B. pot glass bead , puti, pũti small bead ś Or. puti necklace of small glass beads ś H. pot m. glass bead , G. M. pot f.; -- Bi. pot jewellerΥs polishing stone rather than < pōtrá --(CDIAL 8403) pōtana पख़तन a. 1 Sacred, holy. -2 Purifying. पख़तकः 1 The young of an animal. pṓta -- 1, °aka -- m. young of animal or plant MBh. 2. *pōtara -- . 3. *pōtala -- , pōtalaka -- m. young animal BHSk., gō -- pōtalikā -- f. heifer Pat. 4. Pa. pōta -- , °aka -- m. young of an animal , A . potake nom. sg. m.; NiDoc. potaǵa young (of camel) śH. poṭā m. young of animal, unfledged bird .(CDIAL 8399) Kuntala janapada Punch-marked coin 450 BCE. Two angular shaped parallel lines having solid dot on the head connect to the circle. This addition indicates that a sun is not signified by the dotted circle. There is a A triskelion or triskele (which invariably has rotational symmetry) a motif consisting of three interlocked spirals between the two solid dots. Hieroglyph: two chains with rings: ã̄gal, ã̄ga chain (WPah.) rṅkhala m.n. chain M rkP., °lā -- f. VarBrS., śrṅkhalaka -- m. chain MW., chained camel P ṇ. [Similar ending 212 in mḗkhal -- ]Pa. saṅkhalā -- , °likā -- f. chain ś Pk. saṁkala -- m.n., °lā -- , °lī -- , °liā -, saṁkhalā -- , siṁkh°, siṁkalā -- f. chain RebusŚ Vajra Sangh ta Υbinding togetherΥŚ Mixture of 8 lead, 2 bell-metal, 1 iron rust constitute adamantine glue. (Allograph) Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati) See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/03/metallurgy-alloying-competencechain.html?view=magazine Kuru Janapada, 400 BC, Haryana, Babyal Hoard, Half Karshapana http://www.coinnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/origin-of-coinage-in-india-punch-mark-coins-pmc Lahnda dhāī˜ id.; 2. tridhāˊtu -- threefold (RigVeda). S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f. Rebus: dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (Marathi) ्शड (p. 436) [ dhava a ] m (Or ्ाशड) A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron (Marathi). N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron ) is related to the hieroglyphŚ strand of ropeŚ S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) ాు [ t u ] or రాు tādu. [Tel.] n. A cord, thread, string. दामन् n. [दख़-मषनन् ] 1 A 213 string, thread, fillet, rope. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/indus-scripthieroglyphs-potr-purifier.html 214 215 A "bent bar" shatamana from the Kuru and Panchala janapada, c.500-350 BCE Source: http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/saylesandlavender/store/viewitem.asp?idProduct=5939 Kuru Janapada from Haryana Region, Silver ½-Karshapana (2), triangular mark, rev six-armed symbol, the second uniface on a dumpy flan, attributed to Kuru Janapada of Babyal (Haryana) region by Handa (Rajgor series 21, 428). Kuru janapada. Dotted triskelion. 450 to 350 BCE. Triskelion arms encircle dots. Arrows attach to the dotted circle. 'Twist' hieroglyphs are shown next to the arrows. 216 Coins of Kuru #Janapada 1 of the 16 Mahajanapadas. Haryana-Delhi region, c.450–350 BCE. https://t.co/z7VsdWeRJc - 2015-11-25 13:14:47 http://twicsy.com/i/EQMR3i#1fXO1da71PEArcjT.99 Kuru. Silver 1/2 karshapana c. 4th Century BCE Weight:1.73 gm., Diam:12-13 mm. Triskele with crescents and dots / blank 217 A triskelion hieroglyph of Kuntala punchmarked coins can be signifiers of षि ्ातॏ 'three minerals'. The endings of the triskelion are curved like crucibles holding 'dots' or ingots. koṭhārī crucible (Old Punjabi) rebusŚ koṭhari 'chamber' (oriya) koṭṭhāgāra storehouseΥ (Prakrtam) खख़ट khōṭa 'A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge.' The hieroglyphs which accompany such meaningful Indus Script cipher orthographs read rebus in Old Prakrtam are also metalwork catalogues: Magadha. Silver Karshapana. c. 5th-4th century BCE Weight: 3.37 gm., Dim: 21 x 22 mm. Five punches: sun, 6-arm, and three others, plus a banker's mark / Blank Ref: GH 249. arka 'sun' rebus: arka,'copper' eraka 'moltencast copper' 218 मॕढा [mē h ] Atwist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl rebus: mẽṛhẽt, me 'iron' (Mu. Ho.) mRdu id. (Samskrtam) kaṇ a, ΥarrowΥ rebusŚ Υimplements/swordΥ khambhaṛ ΥfinΥ rebusŚ kammaTa ΥmintΥ ayo ΥfishΥ rebusŚ aya ΥironΥ ayas ΥmetalΥ bhaTa 'six' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' goTa 'round' rebus: khoTa 'alloy' kuThAru 'crucible' rebus: kuThAru 'armourer' tri-dhAtu 'three minerals', 'three strands'. Six dots above crucilbe+ ingot: baTa 'six' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' koṭhārī crucible (Old Punjabi) rebus: koṭhari 'chamber' (oriya) koṭṭhāgāra storehouseΥ (Prakrtam) PLUS खख़ट khōṭa ΥA mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)ś an ingot or wedge.Υ Sixth hieroglyph from left:kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter' http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/03/indus-script-hieroglyphs-on-19-punch.html 219 Kuru. Silver 1/2 karshapana c. 4th Century BCE Weight:1.73 gm., Diam:12-13 mm. Triskele with crescents and dots / blank The Kuru janapada was located around the modern city of Delhi, with its capital at Indraprastha. It was said to include a considerable area around, and to be ruled by the family of Yudhishthira, the head of the Pandavas in the Mahabharata. Mahapadma Nanda incorporated the Kuru domain into the Magadhan empire around 350 BCE. 220 Silver 1/2 karshapana c. 400-350 BCE Weight:1.73 gm., Diam:12-13 mm. Triskele with crescents and dots / blank Ref: Rajgor, 429b. Silver 1/2 karshapana c. 400-350 BCE Weight:1.77 gm., 14 x 14 mm. Triskele with crescents and dots / blank Ref: Rajgor, 426-427, but square flan. 221 Silver 1/2 karshapana c. 400-350 BCE Weight:1.56 gm., 13 x 13 mm. Triskele with crescents and dots / blank Ref: Rajgor, 429b, but square flan. 222 Silver 1/2 karshapana c. 400-350 BCE Weight:1.53 gm., Diam: 15 mm. Triskele with crescents and dots / (Magadhan ?) 6-arm symbol Ref: Rajgor, 428. Rajgor has suggested that this coin is an overstrike "on an earlier type having a Six-armed-like symbol." However, on this specimen, if there is any flattening, it is on the "obverse" side with the triskele design. This might suggest that the six-arm symbol was either added later or simultaneous to the triskele. Perhaps this was issued shortly after Mahapadma Nanda annexed the Kuru lands to Magadha. The four coins presented here are not assigned by Rajgor to anyjanapada. Rather, he simply calls them "Babyal coins," after the town of Babyal in the state of Haryana, where coins of this type have been found. Others have assigned them to the Kurus, and indeed the known parts of the Kuru janpada are in any case very close to Babyal. We have therefore adopted this assignment of these coins. http://archive.is/I5np 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Anga Assaka (or Asmaka) Avanti Chedi Gandhara Kashi 223 7. Kamboja 8. Kosala 9. Kuru 10. Magadha 11. Malla 12. Machcha (or Matsya) 13. Panchala 14. Surasena 15. Vriji 16. Vatsa (or Vamsa Source; Anguttaranikay http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/triskelion-mollusc-safflower-endless.html Triskelion, mollusc, safflower, endless knot motifs on Galician artifacts compare with Indus Script hieroglyphs The orthography of triskelion hieroglyph on a Kirkburn linch-pin yields a clue to decipher the cognate trefoil hieroglyph of Indus Script Corpora. The trefoil is a composite of three crucibles joined together. Crucibles are used to produce hard alloys. Trefoil hieroglyph-multiplexes adorn a Mohenjo-daro statuette of a person with a well-trimmed beard and wearing fillet on his forehead and on his shoulder. The hieroglyph-multiplexes are deciphered The trefoil adornment on a statuette of Mohenjo-daro of पख़त॑ pōtṛ " Purifier "(Rigveda) is identified as a composite of three crucibles (koṭh rī) joined together and deciphered as koṭh rī खख़द khōda kolimi paṭṭa a 'treasurer, engraver (scribe) of the smithy (workshop)'. The trefoil adornment on a statuette of Mohenjo-daro of पख़त॑ pōtṛ " Purifier "(Rigveda) is identified as a composite of three crucibles (koṭhārī) joined together and deciphered as koṭhārī खख़द khōda kolimi paṭṭaḍa 'treasurer, engraver (scribe) of the smithy (workshop)'. He wears a fillet of authority on his forehead and also on his shoulder. Hieroglyph: Or. pāta metal -- foil , patā eyelid , pātiā thin slip of metal (CDIAL 3733) Ta. paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai anvil, smithy, forge. Ka. paṭṭa e, paṭṭa i anvil, workshop. Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭe a anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop.(DEDR 3865). The triskelion hieroglyph of a Galician torc terminal and Kirkburn linch-pin is a variant of the trefoil which adorns as a hieroglyph, the shawl worn by the person with well-trimmed beard on Mohenjo-daro statuette. When the trefoil adorns a young bull: खख़ंड [ khōṇ a ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. (Marathi) Rebus: kõda -कख़ँद 'kiln, furnace' (Kashmiri) खख़द khōda 'engraving' 224 I do not know why the trefoils adorn bulls forming a funeral couch of an Egyptian ruler Tutankhamen. Do the koṭhārī 'crucibles' signify a veneration of the temples as treasury, he left behind? Triskelion and spirals on a Galician torc terminal (Museu do Castro de Santa Tegra). Castro torc terminal from the oppidum of Santa Tegra, A GuardaFile:Torque de Santa Tegra 1.JPG Celtic http://www.eccentricbliss.com/tag/museu-do-castro-de-santa-tegra/ Stone work: Castro culture 225 Triskelion of the oppidum of Coeliobriga 226 A selection of motifs and carvings from the oppida region "From the 2nd century BC, specially in the south, some of the hill-forts turned into semi-urban fortified towns, oppida.The terms oppida and urbs are used by classical authors such as Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela for describing the major fortified town of NW Iberia." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_culture#cite_note-14 227 Back of a sitting statue 228 A single dotted circle pierced through with a string or band is shown 1. on the right shoulder; and 2. on the forehead. One badge used had a bangle with trefoil hieroglyph. It was suggested that this may relate to the functions of a dhă vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu,'‘three minerals'. While identifying functions assigned on ceramic (stoneware) bangles or badges with Indus script inscriptions, two fragments of bangles signified a 'trefoil' hieroglyph. This was deciphered as the profession of dhă vaḍ 'smelter'. षि्ातॏः is an epithet of Gaṇe a. This may indicate three forms of ferrite ores: magnetite, haematite, Laterite which were identified in Indus Script as poLa ‘magnetiteΥ, bichi 'haematite' and goTa 'laterite'.It has been suggested that the trefoil decorating the shawl of the ‘priest-king' of Mohenjo-daro is a cross-sectional signifier of three strands of rope. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/trefoil-of-indus-script-corpora-and.html 229 One badge used had a bangle with trefoil hieroglyph. It was suggested that this may relate to the functions of a dhă vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu,'‘three minerals'. Terracotta bangle fragments decorated with red trefoils outlined in white on a green ground from the late Period 3C deposits in Trench 43. This image shows both sides of the two fragments (H98-3516/8667-01 & H98-3517/8679-01) 230 Detail of terracotta bangle with red and white trefoil on a green background H98-3516/8667-01 from Trench 43). Trefoil motifs are carved on the robe of the so-called "priest-king" statuette from Mohenjo-daro and are also known from contemporary sites in western Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern Central Asia.dhă vaḍ 'smelter' tri-dhAtu,'‘three minerals". निधातु mfn. consisting of 3 parts , triple , threefold (used like Lat. triplex to denote excessive)RV. S3Br. v , 5 , 5 , 6; n. the aggregate of the 3 minerals.tri षिधा ind. in 3 parts, ways or placesś triply, ˚वम् tripartition; Ch. Up. धातुः an epithet of Gaṇe a. dhāˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) Mn., ashes of the dead lex., *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.). [√dh ]Pa. dhātu -- m. element, ashes of the dead, relic ś KharI. dhatu relic ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś -- Si. dā relic ś -- S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) पख़त॑ पॏ पॏनाषत पॏ --त॑न् ऋतवमॕ दॕ अৢाशाकषदॕ प॑ ृयम् ऻख़िाषदषदॕ न व्वॕ ऋत आत् पख़ताऻख़तारग़ This rebus rendering of dhAU 'mineral' is seen on the following hypertexts of the Gundestrup Cauldron. Persons are seen holding three strands as if to plait into a triveNi 'three-plaited pigtail'. 231 232 233 234 Exterior plate f, with torc-wearing head 235 236 Location of Gundestrup. Denmark. [quote]The Gundestrup cauldron was discovered by peat cutters in a small peat bog called Rævemose (near the larger Borremosebog) on 28 May 1891...The cauldron was found in a dismantled state with five long rectangular plates, seven short plates, one round plate (normally 237 termed the "base plate"), and two fragments of tubing stacked inside the curved base. In addition, there is a piece of iron from a ring originally placed inside the silver tubes along the rim of the cauldron.[1][2] It is assumed that there is a missing eighth plate because the circumference of the seven outer plates is smaller than the circumference of the five inner plates. A set of careful full-size replicas have been made. One is in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin,and several are in France, including the Musée gallo-romain de Fourvière at Lyon and the Musée d'archéologie nationale at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The many animals depicted on the cauldron include elephants, a dolphin, leopard-like felines, and various fantastic animals, as well as animals that are widespread across Eurasia, such as snakes, cattle, deer, boars and birds...The Gundestrup cauldron is composed almost entirely of silver, but there is also a substantial amount of gold for the gilding, tin for the solder and glass for the figures' eyes. According to experimental evidence, the materials for the vessel were not added at the same time, so the cauldron can be considered as the work of artisans over a span of several hundred years...It is generally agreed that the Gundestrup cauldron was the work of multiple silversmiths.[unquote] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron dhāī wisp of fibers added to a rope (Sindhi) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore' (Samskritam) dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) 238 Fig. 1 First cylinder seal-impressed jar from Taip 1, Turkmenistan (Photo: Kohl 1984: Pl. 15c; drawings after Collon 1987: nos. 600, 599. (After Fig. 5 Eric Olijdam, 2008, A possible central Asian origin for seal-impressed jar from the 'Temple Tower' at Failaka, in: Eric Olijdam and Richard H. Spoor, eds., 2008, Intercultural relations between south and southwest Asia, Studies in commemoration of ECL During Caspers (1934-1996), Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 7 [eds. D. Kennet & St J. Simpson], BAR International Series 1826 pp. 268287). https://www.academia.edu/403945/A_Possible_Central_Asian_Origin_for_the_SealImpressed_Jar_from_the_Temple_Tower_at_Failaka Decipherment of Indus Script hieroglyphs: Hieroglyphs on the cylinder impression of the jar are: zebu, stalk (tree?), one-horned young bull (?), twisted rope, birds in flight, mountain-range dhāī wisp of fibers added to a rope (Sindhi) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore' (Samskritam) dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) poLa 'zebu' Rebus: poLa 'magnetite ore' kō e, kō iya. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. RebusŚ ko artisan’s workshop (Kuwi) kunda ‘turner’ kund r turner (Assamese) kolmo 'rice plant' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper (red)' 239 dAng 'mountain-range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' Thus, the storage jar contents are the message conveyed by the hieroglyph-multiplex: copper smithy workshop magnetite ore, iron castings. Fig. 2 Hematite cylinder seal of Old Syria ca. 1820-1730 BCE Period: Old Syrian Date: ca. 1820–1730 B.C.E Geography: Syria Medium: Hematite Dimensions: H. 1 1/16 in. (2.7 cm); Diam. 1/2 in. (1.2 cm) Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999 240 Accession Number: 1999.325.142 Metmuseum Fig. 3 Hematite seal. Old Syria. ca. 1720-1650 BCE Period: Old Syrian Date: ca. 1720–1650 B.C.E Geography: Syria Medium: Hematite Dimensions: H. 15/16 in. (2.4 cm); Diam. 3/8 in. (1 cm) Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999 Accession Number: 1999.325.155 Metmuseum 241 Fig. 4 Cylinder seal modern impression. Mitanni. 2nd millennium BCE (male and griffin demon slaying animal; terminal: animal attack scenes, guilloche) Period: Mitanni Date: 2nd millennium B.C.E Geography: Mesopotamia or Syria Culture: Mitanni Medium: Hematite Dimensions: H. 13/16 in. (2 cm); Diam. 7/16 in. (1.1 cm) Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999 Accession Number: 1999.325.165 Metmuseum 242 Fig. 5 Cylinder seal modern impression. Old Syria. ca. 1720-1650 BCE (royal figures approaching weather god; divinities) Period: Old Syrian Date: ca. 1720–1650 B.C.E Geography: Syria Medium: Hematite Dimensions: H, 1 1/8 in. (2.9 cm); Diam. 7/16 in. (1.1 cm) Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999 Accession Number: 1999.325.147 Metmuseum 243 Fig. 6 Cylinder seal. Mitanni. 2nd millennium BCE Period: Mitanni Date: ca. late 2nd millennium B.C.E Geography: Mesopotamia or Syria Culture: Mitanni Medium: Hematite Dimensions: H. 1 in. (2.6 cm); Diam. 1/2 in. (1.2 cm) Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999 Accession Number: 1999.325.190 Metmuseum 244 Fig. 7 Stone cylinder seal. Old Syria ca. 1720-1650 BCE Period: Old Syrian Date: ca. 1720–1650 B.C. Geography: Syria Medium: Stone Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm x Diam. 1.1 cm Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Bequest of W. Gedney Beatty, 1941 Accession Number: 41.160.189 Metmuseum 245 Fig. 8 Hematite cylinder seal. Old Syria. ca. early 2nd millennium BCE Period: Old Syrian Date: ca. early 2nd millennium B.C.E Geography: Syria Medium: Hematite Dimensions: H. 11/16 in. (1.7 cm); Diam. 5/16 in. (0.8 cm) Classification: Stone-Cylinder Seals Credit Line: Gift of Nanette B. Kelekian, in memory of Charles Dikran and Beatrice Kelekian, 1999 Accession Number: 1999.325.161 Metmuseum 246    Fig. 9 Fragment of an Iranian Chlorite Vase. 2500-2400 BCE Decorated with the lion headed eagle (Imdugud) found in the temple of Ishtar during the 1933 - 1934 fieldwork by Parrot. Dated 2500 - 2400 BCE. Louvre Museum collection AO 17553. Fig. 11 Cylinder seal. 2 seated lions. Twisted rope. Louvre AO7296 http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sumer_anunnaki/anunnaki3a/Louvre%20Dec%201%202002 %20192.html Dudu, priest of Ningirsu  247 o The bas-relief is perforated in the middle and divided into four unequal sections. A figure occupying the height of two registers faces right, leaning on what appears to be a long staff. He is dressed in the kaunakes, a skirt of sheepskin or other material tufted in imitation of it. His name is inscribed alongside: Dudu, rendered by the pictograph for the foot, "du," repeated. Dudu was high priest of the god Ningirsu at the time of Entemena, prince of Lagash (c.2450 BC). Incised to his left is the lion-headed eagle, symbol of the god Ningirsu and emblem of Lagash, as found in other perforated plaques from Telloh, as well as on other objects such as the mace head of Mesilim, king of Kish, and the silver vase of Entemena, king of Lagash. On this plaque, however, the two lions, usually impassive, are reaching up to bite the wings of the lion-headed eagle. Lower down is a calf, lying in the same position as the heifers on Entemena's vase. The lower register is decorated with a plait-like motif, according to some scholars a symbol of running water.  o  o Perforated plaques This plaque belongs to the category of perforated plaques, widespread throughout Phases I and II of the Early Dynastic Period, c.2800-2340 BCE, and found at many sites in Mesopotamia (especially in the Diyala region), and more rarely in Syria (Mari) and Iran (Susa). Some 120 examples are known, of which about 50 come from religious buildings. These plaques are usually rectangular in form, perforated in the middle and decorated with scenes incised or carved in relief. They are most commonly of limestone or gypsum: this plaque, being of bitumen, is an exception to the rule. Bibliography André B, Naissance de l'écriture : cunéiformes et hiéroglyphes, (notice), Paris, Exposition du Grand Palais, 7 mai au 9 août 1982, Paris, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1982, p. 85, n 42.Contenau G., Manuel d'archéologie orientale, Paris, Picard, 1927, p. 487, fig. 357.Heuzey L., Les Antiquités chaldéennes, Paris, Librairie des Imprimeries Réunies, 1902, n 12.Orthmann W., Der Alte Orient, Berlin, Propylaën (14), 1975, pl. 88. Sarzec É., Découvertes en Chaldée, Paris, Leroux, 1884-1912, pp. 204-209.Thureau-Dangin, Les inscriptions de Sumer et d'Akkad, Paris, Leroux, 1905, p. 59. o The image may be read as a series of rebuses or ideograms. A priest dedicates an object to his god, represented by his symbol, and flanked perhaps by representations of sacrificial offerings: an animal for slaughter and a libation of running water. The dedicatory inscription, confined to the area left free by the image in the upper part , runs over the body of the calf: "For Ningirsu of the Eninnu, Dudu, priest of Ningirsu ... brought [this material] and fashioned it as a mace stand." See alternative readings provided for the 'twist' hieroglyph. Maybe, the calf is NOT an animal for slaughter but a gloss which sounds similar to the name of the sanga, 'priest': Dudu. 248 The calf is called dUDa (Indian sprachbund). It may also have sounded: dāmuri calf evoking the rebus of dAv 'strands of rope' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral elements'. o o The precise function of such plaques is unknown, and the purpose of the central perforation remains a mystery. The inscription here at first led scholars to consider them as mace stands, which seems unlikely. Some have thought they were to be hung on a wall, the hole in the center taking a large nail or peg. Others have suggested they might be part of a door-closing mechanism. Perforated plaques such as this are most commonly organized in horizontal registers, showing various ceremonies, banquets (particularly in the Diyala), the construction of buildings (as in the perforated plaque of Ur-Nanshe), and scenes of cultic rituals (as in the perforated plaque showing "the Libation to the Goddess of Fertility"). The iconography is often standardized, almost certainly an indication that they represent a common culture covering the whole of Mesopotamia, and that they had a specific significance understood by all." http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/perforated-plaque-dudu Perforated plaque of Dudu with 'twisted rope' and other Indus Script hieroglyphs I suggest that the hieroglyphs on the Dudu plaque are: eagle, pair of lions, twisted rope, calf Hieroglyph: eruvai 'kite' Rebus: eruvai 'copper' Hieroglyph: arye 'lion' (Akkadian) Rebus: Ara 'brass' Hieroglyph: dām m. young ungelt ox Ś damya tameable , m. young bullock to be tamed Mn. [̤ *d miya -- . -- √dam]Pa. damma -- to be tamed (esp. of a young bullock) ś Pk. damma - to be tamed ś S. ḍ̠amu tamed ś -- ext. -- ḍa -- : A. damrā young bull , dāmuri calf ś B.dāmṛā castrated bullock ś Or. dāmaṛī heifer , dāmaṛiā bullcalf, young castrated bullock , dāmuṛ, °ṛi young bullock .AddendaŚ damya -- : WPah.kṭg. dām m. young ungelt ox .(CDIAL 6184). This is a phonetic determinative of the Υtwisted ropeΥ hieroglyph: dhāī˜ f.d ˊman1 rope (Rigveda)  Dudu, sanga priest of Ningirsu, dedicatory plaque with image of Anzud (Imdugud) 249 Fig. 14 Dudu plaque. Votive bas-relief of Dudu, priest of Ningirsu in the time of Entemena, prince of Lagash, ca. 2400 BCE Tello (ancient Girsu) o   Bituminous stone H. 25 cm; W. 23 cm; Th. 8 cm  De Sarzec excavations, 1881 , 1881 AO 2354 250 o o o Anzud with two lions. Hieroglyph: endless knot motif 251 After Fig. 52, p.85 in Prudence Hopper opcit. Plaque with male figures, serpents and quadruped. Bitumen compound. H. 9 7/8 in (25 cm); w. 8 ½ in. (21.5 cm); d. 3 3/8 in. (8.5 cm). ca. 26002500 BCE. Acropole, temple of Ninhursag Sb 2724. The scene is describedŚ “Two beardless, long-haired, nude male figures, their heads in profile and their bodies in three-quarter view, face the center of the composition…upper centre, where two intertwined serpents with their tails in their mouths appear above the upraised hands. At the base of the plaque, between the feet of the two figures, a small calf or lamb strides to the right. An irregular oblong cavity or break was made in the centre of the scene at a later date.” The hieroglyphs on this plaque are: kid and endless-knot motif (or three strands of rope twisted). Hieroglyph: 'kid': करडॐं or करडं (p. 137) [ kara ū or ṅkara ēṃ ] n A kid. कराडॐं (p. 137) [ kar ūṃ ] n (Commonly करडॐं) A kid. Rebus: करडा (p. 137) [ kara ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c.(Marathi) I suggest that the center of the composition is NOT set of intertwined serpents, but an endless knot motif signifying a coiled rope being twisted from three strands of fibre.      Twisted rope as hieroglyph on a plaque. Alternative hieroglyph: मॕढा [ mē h ] Υa curl or snarlś twist in threadΥ (Marathi) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) eruvai 'eagle' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'. kō e, kō iya. [Tel.] n. A bullcalf. Rebus: koḍ artisan’s workshop (Kuwi) kunda ‘turner’ kundār turner (Assamese) मॕढा [ mē h ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl.(Marathi)(CDIAL 10312).L. meṛh f. rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor (CDIAL 10317) RebusŚ mẽṛhẽt, me ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) This hieroglyph-multiplex seen on a cylinder seal is deciphered: Hieroglyph: ti-dhātu 'threestrands of rope' Rebus: ti-dhāū, ti-dhāv; dula 'pair' Rebus: dul ''cast metal' PLUS arye 'lion' Rebus: Ara 'brass' (which may be an alloy of copper, zinc and tin minerals and/or arsenopyrites including ferrous ore elements). Thus, the hieoglyph-multiplex composition signifies dul Ara 'cast brass alloy' of ti-dhātu 'three minerals'. 252    A stranded rope as a hieroglyph signifies dhAtu rebus metal, mineral, ore. This occurs on Ancient Near East objects with hieroglyphs such as votive bas-relief of Dudu, priest of Ningirsu in the time of Entemena, prince of Lagash C. 2400 BCE Tello (ancient Girsu), eagle and stranded rope from Bogazhkoy. Indus Script decipherment of these hieroglyphmultiplexes confirms the underlying Prakritam as an Indo-European language and Indus Script Corpora is emphatically catalogus catalogorum of metalwork of the Bronze Age in Ancient Near East. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/ancient-near-east-indus-script.html 253 Fragments from the sculptural ruins of Amaravati. काड a stalk , stem , branch , switch MBh. R. Mn. i , 46 , 48 Kaus3. Sus3r. (Samskrtam) ాండు A stem or stalk ె க ் ை ் ² k ṇṭam Stem, stalk; ி ் ் ு. ( ் . க.) k ˊṇ a (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. single joint of a plant AV., Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ś Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. knot of bough, bough, stick ś M. kãḍ n. trunk, stem , °ḍẽ n. joint, knot, stem, straw , °ḍī f. joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, Τc.) (CDIAL 3023) thus tAmarasa kãḍ ‘stem of lotus’ rebus: tAmra PLUS khāṇḍa, khaṇḍa 'implements' = ‘copper implements’. 254 Svastika hieroglyph below the tree is a hieroglyph. sattiya 'svastika' rebus: sattiya 'zinc', zasta id. 255 Drawing of two medallions (perhaps the inner and outer face of the same piece). [WD1061, folio 45]. The top medallion shows nAga venerating a blazing pillar of light: yupa, iSTi. Atop this pillar, the 'srivatsa' hypertext proclaims the mint sculptor. Bottom medallion: tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'. 256 257 A wheel atop a pillar is also adorned with 'srivatsa' hypertext. eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast, copper'. arA 'spoke' rebus: Ara 'brass' as in ArakUTa (Samskrtam) The wheel is also a metaphor for dhammacakka (Pali) 258 See: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/amaravati/homepage.html Amaravati album. Dome slab. Srivatsa hypertexts. 259 Amaravati. Dome slab. With Indus Script hieroglyphs. khambhaṛ ΥfinΥ rebusŚ kammaṭa Υcoiner, coinage, mint' tAmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tAmra 'copper'.aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' kol 'tiger' rebus: kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith'. sippi 'mollusc' rebus: sippi 'artisan, sculptor'. 260 Sanchi torana. The bottom rightmost corner shows a crucible with fire. This is the koṭh rī f. crucible (Old Punjabi CDIAL 3546) rebusŚ kuThAru ΥarmourerΥ. SpatheŚ g b(h) foetus,spathe of a plant, river-- bed ś(CDIAL 4054) rebusŚ dhAtugarbha, dagoba ΥstupaΥ. Sanchi torana. Three tigers with wings. khambhaṛ 'fin' *skambha2 shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage . [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ]S. khambhu, °bho m. plumage , khambhuṛi f. wing ś L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. shoulder -- blade, wing, feather , khet. khamb wing , mult. khambhaṛ m. fin ś P. khambh m. wing, feather ś G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. shoulder .(CDIAL 13640) rebusŚ kammaTa Υmint, coiner, coinageΥ. kol ΥtigerΥ rebusŚ kolhe ΥsmelterΥ kol 'working in iron' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Thus, winged tigers: kol kammaTa 'blacksmith mint'. 261 Bar with lotus medallion Amaravati. Indian Museum. Kolkata 262 'Srivatsa', lotus hypertext on an Amaravati fragment. On the top fragment, four males are carrying three strands of rope. A parasol is ligatured to a tree. On the bottom fragment, three people are carrying three strands of rope with the entire frame arising out of the makara's open mouth. Makara is shown with trunk of an elephant and is ligatured to a tiger. Ladies in both the friezes seem to be in dance poses or karaṇa, wearing anklets, necklaces, of niṣká? A kamandalu or kalasΥa is shown on both the fragments. कलष m. a round pinnacle on the top of a temple (esp. the pinnacle crowning a Buddhist िॖय or तॐप) Ka1d. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/03/indus-script-in-bharhut-sanchi.html The 'srivatsa' hieoglyph multiplex of hypertext on Amaravati sculptural fragment compares with the hypertext proclaiming a mint sculptor on Sanchi/Bharhut torana. The three strands of rope could also be a metaphor of three paths of Bauddham: sangha, dharma, Buddha. karaṇa (dance pose), tree, strands of rope, trunk of elephant, crocodile (part of makara) and tiger are Indus Script hieroglyphs, read rebus. 263 Amaravati frieze shows a woman scribe and an artisan scribe inscribing on tablets Hieroglyph karaṇa rebusŚ k rṇī 'supercargo of a ship' kul-- karṇī m. village accountant (Marathi) dhAtu 'strands of rope' rebus: dhAtu 'mineral ore, element'; kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter', kariba 'trunk of elephant' rebus: karba 'iron'; kharA 'crocodile' rebus: khAr 'blackwmith'; kol 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron', kolle 'blacksmith', kolhe 'smelters'. Parasol hieroglyph: Ta. kuṭai umbrella, parasol, canopy. Ma. kuṭa umbrella. Ko. koṛ umbrella made of leaves (only in a proverb); keṛ umbrella. To. kwaṛ id. Ka. ko e id.,parasol. Ko . ko e umbrella. Tu. ko è id. Te. g o ugu id., parasol. Kuwi (F.) gūṛgū, (S.) gudugu, (Su. P.) guṛgu umbrella (< Te.). / Cf. Skt. (lex.) utkūṭa- umbrella, parasol. (DEDR 1653).. Rebus: koD 'workshop'. Ta. koṭṭakai shed with sloping roofs, cow-stall; marriage pandal; koṭṭam cattle-shed; koṭṭil cow-stall, shed, hut; (STD) koṭambe feeding place for cattle. Ma. koṭṭil cowhouse,shed, workshop, house.Ka. koṭṭage, koṭige, koṭṭige stall or outhouse (esp. for cattle), barn, room. Ko . koṭṭï shed. Tu. koṭṭa hut or dwelling of Koragars; koṭya shed, stall. Te. koṭṭā̆mu stable for cattle or horses; koṭṭ yi thatched shed. Kol. (Kin.) koṛka, (SR.) kork cowshed; (Pat., p. 59) konṭo i henhouse Nk. khoṭa cowshed. Nk. (Ch.) koṛka id. Go. (Y.) koṭa, (Ko.) koṭam (pl. koṭak) id. (Voc. 880); (SR.) koṭka shed; (W. G. Mu. Ma.) koṛka, (Ph.) korka, kurka cowshed (Voc. 886); (Mu.) koṭorla, koṭorli shed for goats (Voc. 884). Malt. koṭa hamlet. / Influenced by Skt. goṣṭha-. (DEDR 2058) नॖतकक naiṣkika नॖतकक a. (-कॎ f.) Bought with or made of a Niska q. v.-कः A mintmaster. niṣká m.n. gold ornament for neck or breast RV., specific weight of gold Y jñ.Pa. nikkha -- , nek° m.n. gold necklace, a weight of gold ś Pk. ṇikkha -- m. gold , m.n. a coin ś Si. nik a goldsmithΥs weight .(CDIAL 7470) ి్ు ు [ niṣkamu ] nishkamu. [Skt.] n. A certain gold coin. ాడ. A gold jewel: a weight, used by goldsmiths. W. Vish. 579. ువ నన ు్ ెతత బం ుుర ్. ాడ (p. 0976) [ m a ] m a. [Tel.] n. Half a pagoda, 264 that is, about two rupees. అరవరా. Money in general. ీ ठ ామమాడ an ancient medal imagined to be lucky and worshipped by the wearer. षनक[p= 562,2]mn. (rarely n.) ( Un2. iii , 45 g. अ्णिाण *षद) a golden ornament for the neck or breast (also used as money) RV. &c later a partic. coin varying in value at different times (= 1 दॎनार of 32 small or 16 large Rettis , = 1 क्ण or ऺॏश्ण of 16 मा्s , = 1 पल of 4 or 5 ऺॏ -श्ण s , = 1larger पल or दॎनार variously reckoned at 108 or 150 ऺॏ -श्ण s , = 4 मा्s , = 16 र s ; also a weight of silver of 4 ऺॏ -श्ण s). ² nici, n. cf. niṣka. Goldś ெ ்.( ் .) ை்க ் ¹ niṭkam, n. < niṣka. 1. Weight of a gold pagodaś ை க ை. ( . .) 2. A coin; க. 3. Gold; ெ ் . मा्क mn. a partic. weight of gold &c (= 7 or 8 गॏजाs acc. to some about 4 1÷2 grains) Mn.VarBr2S. Sus3r. (cf. पच-म्°). Nikkha (m. Τ nt.) [Vedic niṣkaś cp. Oir. nasc (ring), Ohg. nusca (bracelet)] 1. a golden ornament for neck or breast, a ring J ii.444; vi.577. -- 2. (already Vedic) a golden coin or a weight of gold (cp. a "pound sterling"), equal to 15 suvaṇṇas (VvA 104=suvaṇṇassa pañcadasa -- dharaṇaŋ nikkhan ti vadanti) S ii.234 (suvaṇṇa˚ Τ singi˚)ś J i.84 (id.); A iv.120 (suvaṇṇa˚)ś Vv 208= 438 (v. l. SS nekkha) J vi.180ś Miln 284. suvaṇṇanikkha -- sataŋ (100 gold pieces) J i.376; iv.97; v.58ś ˚sahassaŋ (1000) J v.67; DhA i.393. Nekkha [Vedic niṣkaś cp. nikkha] a golden ornament, a certain coin of gold S i.65; A i.181; ii.8, 29; Dh 230 (=DhA iii.329 jambonada nikkha); Vism 48; v. l. at Vv 208, 438. (Pali) k rṣ paṇá m.n. a partic. coin or weight equivalent to one karṣa . [karṣa -- m. a partic. weight Su r. (cf. OPers. karša -- ) and paṇa -- 2 or pana -- EWA i 176 and 202 with lit. But from early MIA. kă̄ h °]Pa. kah paṇa -- m.n. a partic. weight and coin , KharI. kahapana -- , Pk. karis vaṇa -- m.n., k h vaṇa -- , kah° m.; A. kaoṇ a coin equivalent to 1 rupee or 16 paṇas or 1280 cowries ś B. k han 16 paṇas ś Or. k hā̆ṇa 16 annas or 1280 cowries , H. kah wan, k han, kah n m.ś OSi. (br hmī) kahavaṇa, Si. kahavuṇa, °vaṇuva a partic. weight .(CDIAL 3080) 265 266 षदकपरॏमः 267 शािपयम् पदकम् padakamपदकम् A step, position, office; see पद.-कः 1 An ornament of the neck.-2 One conversant with the पदपाठ q. v.-3 A षनक or weight of gold.ெ க்க ் patakkam , n. < padaka. A pendant set with gems and suspended from the necklace; ைு ி ் ் க க்கெ்ெு ் க ் ி ் ் க ் கு ் . (S. I. I. ii, 429.) See: https://chandrashekharasandprints.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/garland-bearers-of-thebuddha/ An essay on garlands on sculptures. I suggest that the garland is a hypertext. dAma 'garland' rebus: dhamma 'righteous conduct'. Shrine at Miran in China 268 Bass relief from Musee Guimet, Paris 269 Amaravati Stupa rail copings with garland motif 270 Bharhut rail copings with lotus stem pattern Celestial Garland bearers at Sanchi 271 Celestial Garlan bearer from Bharhut stupa Marble sarcophagus with garlands and the myth of Theseus and Ariadne [Roman, Hadrianic or early Antonine]” Metmuseum. 272 The Garland bearing Yaksha from Amaravati Stupa (Note that he is dressed and not naked) "The flower garland motif became popular when Mahayana school of Buddhism became prevalent in India. The Avatamsaka Sūtra (Sanskrit: मऻाशॖपॏयबॏधाशतंऺकऺॐि >Mah vaipulya Buddh vatamsaka Sūtra) is one of the most influential Mahayana sutras of East Asian Buddhism. The title is rendered in English as Flower Garland Sutra, Flower Adornment Sutra, or Flower Ornament Scripture. Is this the reason for the garland motif, picked up from Greco-Romans, to become popular, over such a large area where Buddhism was practiced? No one would know for sure." (Chandrashekhar Athavale, 2012, opcit.) Hieroglyph: garland, rope rebus: dhamma 'righteous conduct' dh ma religious conduct ś (Old Bengali) d ˊman1 rope RV. 2. *d mana -- , d manī -- f. long rope to which calves are tethered Hariv. 3. *d mara -- . [*d mara -- is der. fr. n/r n. stem. -- √d 2]1. Pa. d ma -- , inst. °mēna n. rope, fetter, garland , Pk. d ma -- n.; Wg. d m rope, thread, bandage ś Tir. d m rope ś Paš.lauṛ. d m thick thread , gul. dūm net snare (IIFL iii 3, 54 ← Ind. or Pers.)ś Shum. d m 273 rope ś Sh.gil. (Lor.) dōmo twine, short bit of goatΥs hair cord , gur. dōm m. thread (→ . dōṅ thread )ś K. gu -- dômu m. cowΥs tethering rope ś P. dã̄u, d vã̄ m. hobble for a horse ś WPah.bhad. daũ n. rope to tie cattle , bhal. daõ m., jaun. dã̄w; A. d m peg to tie a buffalo -- calf to ś B. d m, d m cord ś Or. duã̄ tether , d ĩ long tether to which many beasts are tied ś H. d mm.f. rope, string, fetter , d m m. id., garland ś G. d m n. tether , M. d vẽ n.; Si. dama chain, rope , (SigGr) dam garland . -- Ext. in Paš.dar. damaṭ ˊ, °ṭīˊ, nir. weg. damaṭék rope , Shum. amaṭik, Woṭ. damṓṛ m., Sv. dåmoṛīˊś -- with -- ll -- : N. d mlo tether for cow , dã̄wali, d ũli, d mli bird -- trap of string , dã̄wal, d mal coeval (< tied together ?)ś M. dã̄vlī f. small tie -- rope .\2. Pk. d vaṇa -- n., d maṇī -- f. tethering rope ś S. ̠ vaṇu, ̠ ṇu m. forefeet shackles , ̠ viṇī, ̠ ṇī f. guard to support nose -- ring ś L. ã̄vaṇ m., ã̄vaṇī, uṇī (Ju. ̠ -- ) f. hobble , d uṇī f. strip at foot of bed, triple cord of silk worn by women on head , aw ṇ. d vuṇ picket rope ś P. d uṇ, dauṇ, ludh. daun f. m. string for bedstead, hobble for horse , d uṇī f. gold ornament worn on womanΥs forehead ś Ku. dauṇo m., °ṇī f. peg for tying cattle to , gng. dɔṛ̃ place for keeping cattle, bedding for cattle ś A. dan long cord on which a net or screen is stretched, thong , dan bridle ś B. d mni rope ś Or. daaṇa string at the fringe of a casting net on which pebbles are strung , d uṇi rope for tying bullocks together when threshing ś H. d wan m. girdle , d wanī f. rope , dã̄wanī f. a womanΥs orna<-> ment ś G. d maṇ, ° n. tether, hobble , d mṇũ n. thin rope, string , d mṇī f. rope, woman's head -- ornament ś M. d vaṇ f. picket -- rope . -Words denoting the act of driving animals to tread out corn are poss. nomina actionis from *d mayati2.3. L. aṽ ar vaṇ, (Ju.) ̠ ã̄v° to hobble ś A. d mri long rope for tying several buffalo -- calves together , Or. daũ̈r , daür rope ś Bi. daũrī rope to which threshing bullocks are tied, the act of treading out the grain , Mth. dã̄mar, daũraṛ rope to which the bullocks are tied ś H. dã̄wrī f. id., rope, string , daw ̃ rī f. the act of driving bullocks round to tread out the corn . -- X *dh gga<-> q.v.*d mayati2ś *d makara -- , *d madh ra -- ś udd ma -- , prōdd ma -ś *antad manī -- , *galad man -- , *galad mana -- , *gō ad man -- , *gō ad mana -- , *gō ad mara -- .d mán -- 2 m. (f.?) gift RV. [√d 1]. See d ˊtu -- . *d mana -- rope see d ˊman -- 1.Addenda: d ˊman -- 1. 1. Brj. dã̄u m. tying .3. *d mara -: Brj. dã̄wrī f. rope .(CDIAL 6823) dhárma m. what is established, law, duty, right AV. [dhárman -- n. RV. -- √dhr]Pa. dhamma -m. (rarely n.), A .shah. man. dhrama -- , gir. k l. Τc. dhaṁma -- ; NiDoc. dham̄a employment in the royal administration ś Dhp. dharma -- , dhama -- , Pk. dhamma -- m.; OB. dh ma religious conduct ś H. k mdh m work, business ś OSi. dama religion (Si. daham ← Pa.).(CDIAL 6753) 274 Drawing of a piece of rail coping showing two running men carrying a large garland. [WD1061, folio 15] 275 Wash drawing by Murugesa Moodaliar of a carved railing coping from the Great Stupa of Amaravati. "The drawing No.27 depicts a long narrative scene carved on the inner face of a railing coping which has been assigned to the early High Period at Amaravati, 2nd century CE. The scene has been identified as representing the 'adoration of the stupa'. The drawing No.28 depicts the carvings on the outer face of the same railing coping. The decoration consists of an ondulating garland carried by running turbaned young men. In the spaces created by the garland there are the following elements: a stupa with worshippers; a trio of rampant animals supported by three dwarfs standing on addorsed makaras, mythological sea-monsters; a dharmacakra, the Wheel of the Law over an empty throne, symbol of the First Sermon of the Buddha; the bird Garuda perched on the coiled body of a naga (serpent)." http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002256u00000000.html 276 Amaravati rail copings. Garland motifs. 277 Greek scroll supported by Indian Yaksas, Amaravati, 3rd century CE Sculpture. Amaravati. What is carried on a bowl, in veneration of the Buddha? Offerings, dAma 'gift' rebus: dhamma'righteous conduct'. kul Υhood of snakeΥ as tail This hieroglyph appears on Jasper Akkadian cylinder seal. kulā hood of snake Rebus: kolle'blacksmith' 278 One Proto-Prakritam word signifies both 'tail' and 'hood of serpent'. The word is: xolā 'tail' of antelope andkulā hooded snake as tail. A similar sounding word signifies a blacksmith or smelter: kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter'. These can be cited as 'signature' tunes of the writing system, to convey the semantics of a metalworker -- a smith or a smelter. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/09/indus-script-corpora-signify-kolhe.html xol = tail (Kur.)ś qoli id. (Malt.)(DEDr 2135). RebusŚ kol ‘pañcalōha’ (Ta.) க ் kol, n. 1. Iron; ு ் . ் ் ெ ் க ் ் ் ு ் ( க்க கெ் . 550). 2. Metal; உ க ். ( ெ. 318.) க ் ் kollaṉ, n. < T. golla. Custodian of treasure; கஜ க்க ை ் . (P. T. L.) க ் ி ் kollicci, n. Fem. of க ் ். Woman of the blacksmith caste; க ் ் ெ் ெ ் . ( ் . க.) The gloss kollicci is notable. It clearly evidences that kol was a blacksmith. kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.)ś Ko . kollë blacksmith (DEDR 2133). Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmithś kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village. To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmithś (Gowda) kolla id. Ko . kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollus n to mend implementsś (Ph.) kolst n , kuls n to forgeś (Tr.) kōlst n to repair (of ploughshares)ś (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133) க ் ² kol Working in iron; க ் ி ் . Blacksmith; க ் ் . (Tamil) mũhe ‘face’ (Santali); Rebus: mũh Υ(copper) ingotΥ (Santali)śmleccha-mukha (Skt.) = milakkhu ‘copper’ (Pali) க ு kōṭu Ś • ு ் க. க ி க் ் ்( ி, 5). 3. [K. kō u.] Tusk; ெ ் க ் ் ். ் ி ் க ு ்( . 39, 1). 4. Horn; ி ் ் க ் . க ை்ி ை ி ் ( ். ் . ுிு ். 21). Ko. kṛ (obl. kṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kwṛ (obl. kwṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kō u horn, tusk, branch of a treeś kōr horn. Tu. kō ů, kō u horn. Te. kō u rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kō (pl. kō ul) horn (DEDR 2200)RebusŚ ko = the place where artisans work (G.) kul ΥtigerΥ (Santali)ś kōlu id. (Te.) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. jackal < *kō hu -- ś H.kolh , °l m. jackal , adj. crafty ś G. kohlũ, °lũ n. jackal , M. kolh , °l m. krōṣṭŕ̊ crying BhP., m. jackal RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. P ṇ. [√kru ] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -- and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. jackal , Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.ś Si. koṭa jackal , koṭiya leopard GS 42 (CDIAL 3615). कख़हा [ kōlh ] कख़हं [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) RebusŚ kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pañcaloha’ (Ta.) AllographŚ kōla = woman (Nahali) [The ligature of a woman to a tiger is a phonetic determinantś the scribe clearly conveys that the gloss represented is kōla] karba ΥironΥ (Ka.)(DEDR 1278) as in ajirda karba 'iron' (Ka.) kari, karu 'black' (Ma.)(DEDR 1278) karbura 'gold' (Ka.) karbon 'black 279 gold, ironΥ (Ka.) kabbiṇa ΥironΥ (Ka.) karum pon ΥironΥ (Ta.)ś kabin ΥironΥ (Ko.)(DEDR 1278) Ib 'iron' (Santali) [cf. Toda gloss below: ib ‘needle’.] Ta. Irumpu iron, instrument, weapon. a. irumpu,irimpu iron. Ko. ibid. To. Ib needle. Ko . Irïmbï iron. Te. Inumu id. Kol. (Kin.) inum (pl. inmul)iron, sword. Kui (Friend-Pereira) rumba va i ironstone (for va i, see 5285). (DEDR 486) Allograph: karibha -- m. Ficus religiosa (?) [Semantics of ficus religiosa may be relatable to homonyms used to denote both the sacred tree and rebus gloss: loa, ficus (Santali); loh ‘metal’ (Skt.)] Veda dharma of creating r ṣṭram vasu, nationΥs wealth exemplified in Harappa Script inscriptions on tens of thousands of Punch-marked coins Mirror: http://tinyurl.com/hcn9jbx “teno ratnāni dhattana trirā sāptāni sunvate | ekamekam suśastibhih ||” RV(I.20.7) “Confer therefore, (Ribhus), moved by our praises, the three-fold riches one by one upon our yajamana , who performs the thrice seven-fold sacrifices.” yajñena yajña mayajanta devāh RV(I.164.50; X.90.16) 'Creation itself is a yajña) Three-fold riches: "He who with strength of both his arms, destroyed the Ninety-Nine Cities, killed Vritra and slew the Serpent. This 'Indra', is our friend (sakha), Shiva (the auspicious one). He sends us streams of riches as horses, cattle and corn." - Rig Veda. VIII.93.2-3. ṛjipi śyeno dadamāno amśum parāvatah śakuno mandram madam | Somam bharaddād ṛhāṇo devāvan divo amuṣmād uttaratādāya || (RV IV. 26. 6) “The straight flying hawk, conveying the plant from afar; the bird resolute with purpose brought the exhilarating soma attended by the gods, having taken it from the lofty heaven.” Metalwork is one form of creating wealth of a rāṣṭram. अऻं राटिॎ ऺंगमनॎ शऺॐनां (RV 10.125) Creation of wealth is dharma and a positive affirmation of one's life activity consistent with one's proclivities and competence. ್ಕೇ ೈಾಸ -- Basava. This is a tribute to Elizabeth Errington who has meticulously documented 46 combinations of hieroglyphs -- a knowledge discovery made by her from the archives of tens of thousands of punch-marked coins and signifying the hieroglyphs by most of the 'symbols' identified by Gupta and Hardekar. The monograph of Elizabeth Errington is data mining of 21,600 coins from the masterpiece of Gupta and Hardaker. In addition to reviewing 28 published hoards, the monograph covers unpublished material of 854 coins from Kathy White, 837 silver coins from Mir Zakah II in 280 Afghanistan, 46 from Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh), c. 1500 coins from Vidisha region (Madhya Pradesh). 800 coins collected by Charles Masson from Begram (ancient Alexandra of the Caucasus) and 33 from Wari, on Brahmaputra river in Bangladesh, hoards of Sugh (Haryana), Peshawar, Thatta (near Attock), Bhir, Rair, Bhalna, Taregna, Gorho Ghat (Bihar), Nasthulapur (near Hyderabad), Amaravati, Barwani (3540 coins), Mana, Mangrul, Nevari, Kasrawad, Mirzapur, Malhar (Bilaspur, MP), Varanasi, Kosam, Azamgar (UP), Bahal (Maharashtra), Ai Khanum (Afghanistan), Mahasthana, Baigachcha (Bangladesh). Plates 18 to 23 are outstanding summaries --exemplars of knowledge discovery through data mining -- prepared by Elizabeth Errington presenting variants of hieroglyphs signified on tens of thousands of Punch-marked coins from all these findspots. These hieroglyphs are a continuum of Harappa Script hieroglyph tradition of documenting metalwork catalogues on Harappa Script Corpora of over 7000 inscriptions. Thus, the tens of thousands of punch-marked coins should add to the Corpora tens of thousands of inscriptions attesting to the nationΥs wealth created by Bh ratam Janam. 46 hieroglyph/hypertext combinations on punch-marked coins of Bh ratam Janam with technical specifications of repertoire of mints/metalwork Hypertext component 1 Sun hieroglyph: arka 'sun' rebus: erako 'moltencast' arka 'copper, gold' Hypertext component 2 Six spokes emanating from 'dotted circle' are topped with multiple counts (2 or 3 each) of ligatured hieroglyphs: arrow, loop (with variants of ovals, buds, fish, hour-glass, one-horned young bull). dula 'two' rebus; dul 'metal casting' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' kaṇḍa 'arrow' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' mũh 'oval shape' rebus: mũh 'ingot' ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'metal alloy' aya 'iron' vajra (octagonal) samghāta 'adamantine glue', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager' खख़ंड [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: क द ं kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ Hypertext component 3 पख़ळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus taurus, bull set at liberty' rebus: पख़ळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)' 281 kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka hare . ... N. kharāyo hare , Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. khareh , H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) .rebus: khār 'blacksmith' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' Thus, bronze smithy, blacksmith. kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka hare . ... N. kharāyo hare , Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. khareh , H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) .rebus: khār'blacksmith' PLUS meṭṭu 'mound,height' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: रत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin meṭṭu 'mound,height' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) ḍāng 'mountain range' rebus: ḍhangar 'blacksmith' PLUS koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse-keeper' star (thorns)+ zebu: ranga 'thorny' rebus: rango 'pewter' mē ha Υthe polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) .PLUS पख़ळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus taurus, bull set at liberty' rebus: पख़ळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)' Two fishes + zebu ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS पख़ळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus taurus, bull set at liberty' rebus: पख़ळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)' . Thus, ferrite/alloy metal castings. पख़ळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus taurus, bull set at liberty' rebus: पख़ळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)' PLUS semantic signifier: meṭṭu 'mound,height' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f.,meḍhā m. post, forked stake .(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) tree+loop kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' Thus, bronze smelter. division+3 rice plants: khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kolmo 'riceplant' kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, smithy/forge implements. 282 division+tree: khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore, to smelt iron’śkoṭe ‘forged (metal)(Santali) kuṭhi ‘a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron’ś kolheko kuṭhieda koles smelt iron (Santali) kuṭhi, kuṭi (Or.ś Sad. koṭhi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmithś kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of ēkuṭi has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheetsś to make a smelting furnaceś kuṭhi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2’ 6” dia. At the base and 1’ 6” at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6” to 7” in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari) kuṭhi = a factoryś lil kuṭhi = an indigo factory (koṭhi - Hindi) (Santali.Bodding) kuṭhi = an earthen furnace for smelting ironś make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kuṭhi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellowsś tehenŚko kuṭhi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. koṭhī ) (Santali. Bodding) kuṭṭhita = hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kuṭṭakam, kuṭṭukam = cauldron (Ma.)ś kuṭṭuva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudg to blaześ gud.va flame (Man.d)ś gudva, gūdūvwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). d ntar-kuṭha = fireplace (Sv.)ś kōti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.)ś kōlh house with mud roof and walls, granary (P.)ś kuṭhī factory (A.)ś koṭh brick-built house (B.)ś kuṭhī bank, granary (B.)ś koṭho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.)ś koṭhīlare earthen jar, factory (G.)ś kuṭhī granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koṭho = a warehouseś a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collectedś koṭhī a store-room; a factory (Gujarat) ko = the place where artisans work (Gujarati) sangaḍa, 'lathe-brazier' rebus: samghāta 'adamantine glue', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager' Hypertext component 4 eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: erako 'moltencast'; arka 'copper'.arā 'spokes' rebu: āra 'brass' kund opening in the nave or hub of a wheel to admit the axle (Santali) Rebus: kunda 'turner' kundār turner (A.) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f.,meḍhā m. post, forked stake .(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus iron metal castings smithy/forge. 283 gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' PUS sangaḍa, 'lathe-brazier' rebus: samghāta 'adamantine glue', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager' PLUS dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu, dhAtu 'mineral ore'. ḍhāu 'red minerals'. Thus, arranger,manager of smelting processes of minerals. kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.PLUS meṭṭu 'mound,height' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.). Thus, iron mint. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' PLUS kolmo 'rice-plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' कमठ [ kamaṭha ] m S A tortoise or turtle.(Marathi) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, smithy/forge mint, fire-altar, implements. kambha 'pillar' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. PLUS kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' Fish-fin, fish, pillar PLUS pair of loops. kambha 'pillar' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, bronzemetal castings, metal alloy mint. sangaḍa, 'lathe-brazier' rebus: samghāta 'adamantine glue', samgraha, samgaha 'arranger, manager' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze'. Thus, bronze implements, manager. tri-dhAtu 'three-stranded rope': Rebus: tri-hAtu, three red ores.dhă vaḍ 'smelter' ्ातॏ [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. षि-््/आतॏ , threefold &c ; cf.षिषशषट- , ऺत- , ऺॏ-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dh ˊtu *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.).ś S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , 284 L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron ); dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś (CDIAL 6773) ्ातॏ primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists ्ातॏ means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [्ातॏ-लख़क] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गभण ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam) meḍhi 'plait' rebus: meḍ‘iron’. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' Thus, metal castings and working in minerals. hare + ox kharā 'hare' (Oriya): *kharabhaka hare . ... N. kharāyo hare , Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. khareh , H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) .rebus: khār 'blacksmith' barad, barat 'ox' Rebus: भरत (p. 603) [ bharata ] n A factitious metal compounded of copper, pewter, tin. Thus, alloy-metal-smith. पख़ळ pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus taurus, bull set at liberty' rebus: पख़ळ pōḷa 'magnetite (a ferrite ore)' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze'. Thus, bronze and magnetite (smith). kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS kambha 'pillar' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. PLUD dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f.,meḍhā m. post, forked stake .(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.).Thus, bronze mint, iron metal castings. kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f.,meḍhā m. post, forked stake .(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus iron metal castings smithy/forge, mint. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy'. Thus mineral ores, metal alloy mint, smithy/forge. 285 kaṇḍa 'water; rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' Thus, alloy metals mint, implements. kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.Thus, metal castings smithy/forge. कमठ [ kamaṭha ] m S A tortoise or turtle.(Marathi) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. kaṇḍa -- m.n. joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump (Pali) rebusŚ kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS meḍ 'body' (Santali.meḍ iron (Mu.Ho.) Thus,iron implements. Hypertext component 5 khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy'. Thus, alloy metals mint. dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu, dhAtu 'mineral ore'. kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' Thus, mineral bronze castings. goṭa 'round pebble, stone' rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' PLUS dhAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu, dhAtu 'mineral ore'. Thus, minerals, laterite implements, fire-altar. maraka 'peacock' rebus: maraka loha 'copper alloy' PLUS meṭṭu 'mound,height' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) tri-dhAtu 'three-stranded rope': Rebus: tri-hAtu, three red ores.dhă vaḍ 'smelter' ्ातॏ [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. षि-््/आतॏ , threefold &c ; cf.षिषशषट- , ऺत- , ऺॏ-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (MonierWilliams) dh ˊtu *strand of rope (cf. tridhāˊtu -- threefold RV., ayugdhātu -- having an uneven number of strands K ty r.).ś S. dhāī f. wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted , L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. a partic. soft red stone (whence dhă vaḍ m. a caste of iron -- smelters , dhāvḍī composed of or relating to iron )ś dh ˊtu n. substance RV., m. element MBh., metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ś Pk. dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk ś N. dhāu ore (esp. of copper) ś Or. ḍhāu red chalk, red ochre (whence ḍhāuā reddish ś (CDIAL 6773) ्ातॏ primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists ्ातॏ means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [्ातॏ-लख़क] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गभण ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam) meḍhi 'plait' rebus: meḍ‘iron’. 286 gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' PLUS kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze'.goṭa 'round pebble, stone' rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' maraka 'peacock' rebus: maraka loha 'copper alloy' PLUS meṭṭu 'mound,height' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus metal alloys mint, smithy/forge. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.Thus, alloy metals mint, smithy/forge, fire-altar. karba 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'.Thus iron mintmerchant. meḍ 'body' (Santali.meḍ iron (Mu.Ho.) Thus,iron implements. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' (Phonetic determinant) kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' . Thus, bronze implements. Iron, copper: karba 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant' Hieroglyph: black-ant: మ [ cīma ] chīma. [Tel.] n. An ant. కండ మ. the forest ant. ్ు ్ మ a winged ant. ా ము వంాు he can hear an ant crawl, i.e., he is all alive. మూరి అడవ a forest impervious even to an ant. చి మ a black ant; ై ా పి కందా మ (proverb) The bird above, the ant below, i.e., I had no chance with him. మంత of the size of an ant. ీముి chīma-puli. n. The ant lion, an ant-eater. RebusŚ†cīmara -- copper in cīmara -- kāra -- coppersmith in Saṁgh ṭa -- sūtra Gilgit MS. 37 folio 85 verso, 3 (= zaṅs -- mkhan in Tibetan Pekin text Vol. 28 Japanese facsimile 285 a 3 which in Mah vyutpatti 3790 renders śaulbika -- BHS ii 533. But the Chinese version (Taishō issaikyō ed. text no. 423 p. 971 col. 3, line 2) has t'ie iron Ś H. W. Bailey 21.2.65). [The Kaf. and Dard. word for iron appears also in Bur. čhomār, čhumər. Turk. timur (NTS ii 250) may come from the same unknown source. Semant. cf. lōhá -- ]Ash. ċímä, ċimə iron (ċiməkára blacksmith ), Kt. čimé;, Wg. čümāˊr, Pr. zíme, Dm. čimár(r), Paš.lauṛ. čimāˊr, Shum. čímar, Woṭ. Gaw. ċimár,Kal. čīmbar, Kho. čúmur, Bshk. čimer, Tor. čimu, Mai. sew ̃ ar, Phal. čímar, Sh.gil. čimĕr (adj. čĭmārí), gur. čimăr m., jij. čimer, K. ċamuru m. (adj.ċamaruwu).(CDIAL 14496) Hypertext component 6 287 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus,mint, metal castings PLUS goṭa 'round pebble, stone' rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' koThAri 'crucible' Rebus: koThAri 'treasurer, warehouse-keeper' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, treasurer, mint-master, metal caster. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' PLUS kolmo 'rice-plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' कमठ [ kamaṭha ] m S A tortoise or turtle.(Marathi) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, smithy/forge mint, fire-altar, implements. karba 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' ibbo 'merchant' gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' PLUS hAu 'strand' rebus: dhAu, dhAtu 'mineral ore'. Thus, mineral ores, iron implements. gaṇḍa 'four' rebus: khaṇḍa 'division' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' (Phonetic determinant) kaṇḍa 'fire-atar' 'implements' kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' Thus, bronze implements. Thus, bronze implements. kāca 'loop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze' satthiya 'svastika' rebus; svastika 'pewter' jasta 'zinc'; 288 289 290 ELIZABETH ERRINGTON The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-) Vol. 163 (2003), pp. 69-121 Published by: Royal Numismatic Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42667165 (Gupa, PL & TR Hardaker, Ancient Indian Punchmarked Coins of the Magadha-Maurya Karshapana Series, Nasik, 1985). 291 Mauryan Empire c. 250 BCE Find-spots of late hoards of punch-marked coins 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 References ANS GH Göbl GoronGoenka Kritt MAC American Numismatic Society: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: The Collection of the American Numismatic Society, Part 9: GraecoBactrian and Indo-Greek Coins, New York: The American Numismatic Society, 1998. Gupta, P.L. & Hardaker, T.R.: Indian Silver Punchmarked Coins: Magadha-Maurya Karshapana Series, Nashik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, 1985. 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