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The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology Hardcover – September 22, 2005
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The Singularity Is Near portrays what life will be like after this event—a human-machine civilization where our experiences shift from real reality to virtual reality and where our intelligence becomes nonbiological and trillions of times more powerful than unaided human intelligence. In practical terms, this means that human aging and pollution will be reversed, world hunger will be solved, and our bodies and environment transformed by nanotechnology to overcome the limitations of biology, including death.
We will be able to create virtually any physical product just from information, resulting in radical wealth creation. In addition to outlining these fantastic changes, Kurzweil also considers their social and philosophical ramifications. With its radical but optimistic view of the course of human development, The Singularity Is Near is certain to be one of the most widely discussed and provocative books of 2005.
- Print length672 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherThe Viking Press
- Publication dateSeptember 22, 2005
- Reading age18 years and up
- Dimensions6.35 x 2.09 x 9.52 inches
- ISBN-100670033847
- ISBN-13978-0670033843
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From the Back Cover
"Ray Kurzweil is the best person I know at predicting the future of artificial intelligence. His intriguing new book envisions a future in which information technologies have advanced so far and fast that they enable humanity to transcend its biological limitations-transforming our lives in ways we can't yet imagine."
-Bill Gates
"A brilliant book with deep insights into the future from one of the leading futurists of our time."
-Marvin Minsky, Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, MIT
"If you have ever wondered about the nature and impact of the next profound discontinuities that will fundamentally change the way we live, work, and perceive our world, read this book. Kurzweil's Singularity is a tour de force, imagining the unimaginable and eloquently exploring the coming disruptive events that will alter our fundamental perspectives as significantly as did electricity and the computer."
-Dean Kamen, physicist and inventor of the first wearable insulin pump, the HomeChoice portable dialysis machine, the IBOT Mobility System, and the Segway Human Transporter; recipient of the National Medal of Technology
"One of our leading AI practitioners, Ray Kurzweil, has once again created a 'must-read' book for anyone interested in the future of science, the social impact of technology, and indeed the future of our species. His though-provoking book envisages a future in which we transcend our biological limitations, while making a compelling case that a human civilization with superhuman capabilities is closer at hand than most people realize."
-Raj Reddy, founding director, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; recipient of the Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery
"Ray's optimistic book well merits both reading and thoughtful response. For those like myself whose views differ from Ray's on the balance of promise and peril, The Singularity is Near is a clear call for a continuing dialogue to address the greater concerns arising from these accelerating possibilities."
-Bill Joy, cofounder and former chief scientist, Sun Microsystems
About the Author
Ray Kurzweil is a prize-winning author and scientist. Recipient of the MIT-Lemelson Prize (the world’s largest for innovation), and inducted into the Inventor’s Hall of Fame, he received the 1999 National Medal of Technology. His books include The Age of Spiritual Machines and The Age of Intelligent Machines.
Visit Ray Kurzweil on the web:
http://www.kurzweiltech.com
http://www.kurzweilai.net/
Product details
- Publisher : The Viking Press; First Edition (September 22, 2005)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 672 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0670033847
- ISBN-13 : 978-0670033843
- Reading age : 18 years and up
- Item Weight : 2.15 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.35 x 2.09 x 9.52 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #230,950 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Ray Kurzweil is a world class inventor, thinker, and futurist, with a thirty-five-year track record of accurate predictions. He has been a leading developer in artificial intelligence for 61 years – longer than any other living person. He was the principal inventor of the first CCD flat-bed scanner, omni-font optical character recognition, print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, text-to-speech synthesizer, music synthesizer capable of recreating the grand piano and other orchestral instruments, and commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition software. Ray received a Grammy Award for outstanding achievement in music technology; he is the recipient of the National Medal of Technology and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He has written five best-selling books including The Singularity Is Near and How To Create A Mind, both New York Times best sellers, and Danielle: Chronicles of a Superheroine, winner of multiple young adult fiction awards. His forthcoming book, The Singularity Is Nearer, will be released June 25, 2024. He is a Principal Researcher and AI Visionary at Google.
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Customers find the book highly insightful and well-written, praising its incredible research with convincing data and plenty of detail. They highlight the exponential growth of computational power as a key aspect, and one customer notes the book's copious graphical illustrations. The pacing receives mixed reactions, with some appreciating the incredible thinking while others note unfulfilled predictions. The humor aspect is also mixed, with some finding it funny while others describe it as outrageous.
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Customers find the book highly insightful, describing it as fascinating and mind-blowing, with one customer noting how it inspires thought loops.
"...This book, regardless the very detailed explanations, held my interest all the way to the end...." Read more
"...Once the process gets underway, the evolving super-intelligence keeps expanding until it permeates the entire planet and, still accelerating,..." Read more
"...I was surprised to find out how many advances occurred in the brain science, neural modelling, prosthetics and the proliferation of artificial parts..." Read more
"..."intuitive linear view of history" is absolutely fascinating, and compelling. He believes that the rate of change is accelerating...." Read more
Customers find the book well written and easy to read, with superb narration, making it a must-read for anyone interested in the subject.
"...Once again the narration was superb and no doubt added to hold my interest in this lengthy material." Read more
"...The book is large in both number of pages and area of human knowledge it covers...." Read more
"...find that rare book where there is something on every page that is outstanding, motivating, even framework changing...." Read more
"...If nothing else, the book is dynamite to any serious reader who likes to ponder the future and technological change...." Read more
Customers praise the book's research quality, finding it incredibly well-researched with convincing data and fascinatingly plausible content, with one customer noting it is packed with references to many technological advances.
"...For the large majority of the book it is implied that incredible technological advances in the very near future will allow mankind to end many..." Read more
"...good writer, and while staying true to what is in fact pretty complex science, describes it all in a way that makes it reasonably clear to lay..." Read more
"This book is dense and large. It is packed with references to many technological advances, especially in the area of computing, biology,..." Read more
"...in the near future, due to the relentless and overpowering reach and march of technology, and an extrapolation of where that journey is taking..." Read more
Customers appreciate the detailed content of the book, with one customer highlighting the fascinating narratives in the notes section, and another noting how it thoughtfully extrapolates the history of evolution.
"...It describes, in quite explicit detail, the willful and deliberate extinction of mankind...." Read more
"...These three chapters have so many arguments; they are so detailed and eloquent that I started loosing interest in the book...." Read more
"...They are extremely complex, requiring vast financial, physical, organizational, and intellectual resources...." Read more
"...And his Notes section includes fascinating narratives along with references to relevant material...." Read more
Customers appreciate the book's exploration of exponentially growing computational power, noting that the rate of growth itself is accelerating.
"...explains in fairly understandable detail where the exponential growth in computer processing, microelectronic and medical advancements are taking us..." Read more
"...is not simply increasing, but increasing exponentially, so fast that we will soon reach a point where man and machine have..." Read more
"...What may be difficult to realize is that the rate of change itself is exponential, so that in the 100-year span between 2000 and 2099 we will..." Read more
"...This vast growth in computational power is the central element on which much of the remaining speculation of the book rests; it's an awe-inspiring..." Read more
Customers find the book visually stunning, with one review noting its copious graphical illustrations and impeccable background.
"...For all his hardcore materialism, Kurzweil also has a whimsical streak...." Read more
"...The book is worth buying just for its stunning exposition of current trends in GRN...." Read more
"...His background is impeccable, but I wouldn't take dozens of pills as he does, but then I've given up living long enough to see The Singularity...." Read more
"...In addition to the copious graphical illustrations, Kurzweil adds to the text some imaginary conversations with historical, present, and future..." Read more
Customers have mixed opinions about the pacing of the book, with some praising the author as an incredible thinker, while others note that the predictions are mostly unfulfilled.
"...This book could be the basis for a taut psychological thriller or a science fiction horror story...." Read more
"...He is an extremely good writer, and while staying true to what is in fact pretty complex science, describes it all in a way that makes it reasonably..." Read more
"...His failure to make the distinction is misleading and disingenuous. It makes me wonder about the veracity of the rest of the book...." Read more
"...It talks about warfare, fundamentalism, etc and it uses a systematic classification of potential critics with appropriate responses to each of them...." Read more
Customers have mixed opinions about the book's humor, with some finding it funny and entertaining, while others describe it as a little bit outrageous.
"...(the sudden dialogues are out of place and seem silly) and even boring...." Read more
"...It's like walking through a swamp - fun, scenic, but slow and demands a lot of energy...." Read more
"...That is outrageous! Ray gets four stars. Penguin, you get none. Please fix the digital images and stop price gouging your consumers!..." Read more
"...It was a fun read...." Read more
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- Reviewed in the United States on October 17, 2017This review is for the Kindle version and Audible
This book could be the basis for a taut psychological thriller or a science fiction horror story. It describes, in quite explicit detail, the willful and deliberate extinction of mankind. Let me say right here in the beginning that the author does not consider what he describes as the extinction of mankind because he believes that everything that makes us human resides in our brain and that will inevitably be understood, mapped and duplicated in an AI neural network, consciousness included. Therefore he considers the resulting Superintelligent AI, albeit non-biological, as completely human and therefore mankind simply transformed from biological to non-biological. He even uses the theory of evolution to describe the transformation of mankind from biological to biotechnical and finally to completely non-biological. I disagree with him that such a change in mankind has anything to do with evolution because evolution is considered to be a process inherently void of any external or internal construction, direction, or influenced by an intelligent agent. His stretch of the term evolution inserts into the normal process of evolution the development and final transformation of mankind from biological to non-biological, which is constructed, directed, and influenced by an external intelligent agent, man.
The author seems quite comfortable with the process he describes in his book to the point that he has drastically modified his diet to try and ensure that he is alive when the early miraculous stage arrives so he may be technologically modified that he might live much longer than normal, and be cured of any biological deficiencies e.g., diabetes. He meticulously details how this process began, because it already has, but also how it will be supported and progressed and accepted by industry, the sciences, philosophies, and the majority of mankind, which is probably why the book is more than 500 pages or over 20 hours of narration. He has thought this out very extensively to the point of not just presenting his ideas but also addressing the critics of either part of his plan or the entire plan. Furthermore, he has not neglected to study and also detail the many societal institutions that are necessary to move this plan along. He notes that they already have thrown their support and money towards the current narrow forms of AI that will lead to the next acceptable stage and so on until it becomes too late to stop or take control of the process.
There is an irony that pops up very late in the book of which I cannot tell if the author himself is fully aware. For the large majority of the book it is implied that incredible technological advances in the very near future will allow mankind to end many biological problems and diseases that will lead to an almost utopian existence. I want to impress upon you that I am heavily stressing the word "almost" in the previous sentence. The author never even comes close to explicitly expressing a utopian concept. However, and this is where the irony enters, he does stress the phenomenal benefit that this incredible soft AI will have on mankind in all areas philosophical, intellectual, medical, etc. areas of human existence. With the elimination of disease, via Nano-bot technology, various levels of biotechnical humans i.e., trans-humans or "enhanced humans," will continue the march towards a Superintelligent AI, that is, an AI that has not only equaled the intelligence of man but far surpasses the intelligence of man. This Superintelligent AI will be the point of no return, the same as crossing the event horizon of a black hole, which is why the word "singularity" is in the title. It will be fully autonomous able to replicate itself and to improve itself. This leads to the extinction of mankind in that only fully conscious technological AI far smarter than a man can ever be will be in existence. However, are you ready for the irony, what his idea ultimately leads to is first the huge benefits to mankind in all areas, then to enhanced humans, and finally to completely technological Super intelligent machines, is a completely new set of problems and diseases, albeit technological diseases, also come into existence. These technological problems/diseases will also be autonomous and self-replicating which will force the new "machinekind" to create technology to fight these threats e.g., Nano-bot autoimmune systems, along with many other technological "medical" and "environmental" protection systems. All the author's idea accomplishes is removing all threats to biological humanity through extinction and replacing it with a completely technological entity with very similar, although completely technological, problems and technological diseases akin to that which it has replaced.
This book, regardless the very detailed explanations, held my interest all the way to the end. It never became stale, static, repetitious, or dull and never even approached boring. The previous statement is true even though I do not support his so-called "transformation" of man from biological to a Super intelligent non-biological entity. Once again the narration was superb and no doubt added to hold my interest in this lengthy material.
- Reviewed in the United States on February 10, 2015I remember several years ago telling people I had just subjected myself to the scariest book of my life after reading one about the supposedly inevitable nuclear implosion of Pakistan. Well, now I've found something that tops it, even though author Ray Kurzweil seems to imagine his book as a bolt of optimism.
Anyone who has ever played around with the arithmetic of compounding and exponential growth knows how crazy the numbers get as growth feeds on itself. The phenomenon is quite real in the world, and it describes everything from viral epidemics to Warren Buffet's fortune. Kurzweil applies the exponential growth paradigm to the future of technology. He sees not only change itself accelerating, but the rate of change too, if you can go back to your high school calculus and wrap your mind around that stomach-churning concept. The math starts quickly approaching infinity, which is why it's so weird.
"Singularity" is a common term-of-art among theoretical physicists, who apply it to a variety of seemingly irrational constructs, such as an infinitely large mass compressed towards an infinitely small point. Kurzweil co-opts the term for his own purpose here to mean the point in time where artificial intelligence starts exceeding human intelligence. Thereafter, it takes over its own programming and, being so powerful, does a better and better job of it. Because things are already moving so fast today, the accelerating rate of change means that Kurzweil's Singularity is closer than even optimists might imagine - hence the book's title. He projects it to occur somewhere in the middle of this century. Afterwards, nothing will ever again be the same.
In physics, unimaginable things start happening at singularity points, like energy explosions within black holes. Following Kurzweil's Singularity, the most garish science fiction fantasies start becoming commonplace. The combination of genetics, nanotechnology and robotics - which he refers to collectively as GNR - will transform all aspects of human existence. He believes, for example, that nanobots released into a person's bloodstream, will facilitate a comprehensive (that is to say, 100%) map of that person, including genetic code and nervous system, that can be uploaded and downloaded at will onto new "substrates". In other words, robotic copies of human beings - body, mind, memories, and (one presumes) soul - can be made that will appear indistinguishable from the originals. And for that matter, those originals themselves can be re-shaped at will, giving us all the opportunity to become brilliant, strong, happy, and beautiful.
Kurzweil tells us that artificial circuits replicating themselves at a molecular level will merge with the biological circuits that constitute our nervous systems, giving rise an "enhanced" human super-intelligence. Once this starts happening, what we now call the Internet will in effect become telepathic, giving these enhanced humans instantaneous access to all available knowledge and information as they fashion their brave new world. You see how explosive this gets? And it's just the beginning.
Once the process gets underway, the evolving super-intelligence keeps expanding until it permeates the entire planet and, still accelerating, eventually the universe. Kurzweil suggests that movement though time-space "wormholes" should one day facilitate rapid travel beyond our own galaxy, taking the process literally everywhere.
I realize that my amateur's survey of Kurzweil's thinking here makes him sound like a crank. However, let there be no mistake: he is an accomplished scientist and a highly sophisticated thinker. MIT-trained, he's an expert in artificial intelligence and has put his ideas into practice as a successful tech entrepreneur. Most of this book is not even devoted to prognostications, but to an in-depth review of research currently underway that lays the practical groundwork for virtually everything he talks about (except maybe the wormhole business). While he makes numerous leaps of faith in taking us from here to there, none of his forecasts represent sheer fantasy. He is an extremely good writer, and while staying true to what is in fact pretty complex science, describes it all in a way that makes it reasonably clear to lay readers.
For all his hardcore materialism, Kurzweil also has a whimsical streak. Every 50 pages or so, he breaks up his text with imaginary light-hearted debates among himself (appearing as "Ray"), various historical figures - Darwin, Freud, etc. - and a person named "Molly", who seems to be a student. Molly is bright, curious, skeptical, and not in the least bit awed by Ray or the others. The thing about Molly is that she appears in two separate guises: Molly 2004 (the year this book was being written), and Molly 2104, which is of course well beyond the Singularity. One of Kurzweil's key forecasts is that future science will learn how to arrest and even reverse the aging process, allowing people more-or-less to live forever at whatever age they choose. So Molly has made it through the Singularity and returned as a still-young woman to speak about it from experience.
Kurzweil is fully aware of the potential downside to his vision. He devotes one long chapter to what he calls "The Deeply Intertwined Promise and Peril of GNR". He devotes another even longer chapter to responding to critics, who have attacked his ideas from every possible perspective. While he treats most criticisms respectfully, in the end he largely dismisses them all. One partial exception and the one specific fear he himself does seem to harbor is of self-replicating nanobots. He and other scientists who seriously debate such stuff even have a short-hand term for this specter: The Grey Goo Problem. Were self-replication somehow to spin out of control, Kurzweil explains to us that in a matter of days it could, in theory, consume the Earth's entire biomass and reduce it to "grey goo". This is indeed a troubling prospect, since this endangered biomass includes all of us.
Interestingly, the cluster of criticisms that he responds to most gently are those arising from a spiritualist perspective. In one of his imaginary debates with "Molly", she repeatedly asks "Ray" if he believes in God. Ray surprises by dodging the question every time rather than saying no. Badgered into a corner, he finally avers: "For the sake of your question, we can consider God to be the universe, and I said that I believe in the universe." This sounds suspiciously like a yes, albeit with a twist. He then goes on to explain how his entire vision can be described as a picture of the universe "waking up" as enhanced human intelligence pervades its many corners. Religious people of an unorthodox bent might be tempted to embrace this image as God's self-realization. Fundamentalists of every stripe, however, were they to take K's cosmology seriously at all, would view it with disgust as the self-realization of God's Opposite Number.
For me, the most unnerving question that this book triggers is who will control these accelerating technologies. Reading through many passages of the book, I found it hard not hard to be thinking about Nazi scientists beavering away at the design of their Master Race, or North Korean labs re-programming the neural patterns of citizens lacking enthusiasm for Kim Jong-Un. Kurzweil seems to trust in the pragmatic good will of the scientific community, buttressed by regulation. However, not all scientists have good will, and he says nothing about who he supposes will regulate the regulators. I also find it hard to see what joy or challenge there could be in a world where machines or enhanced humans dominate everything. People choosing not to become "enhanced" would either have it forced upon them or face life as a sub-species. The line between utopia and dystopia here is pretty fuzzy, and I find it a little scary that Kurzweil doesn't seem to care. Maybe I've seen too many science fiction movies.
All that aside, I highly recommend this book. Decades ago when I was in college I used to describe about every other book I read as "changing my life", as we said in the day. Nowadays, no book changes my life, although the best ones still move the needle for me. Whether I like it or not, this one has me looking at things a little differently than I did before.
Top reviews from other countries
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francisco agenjoReviewed in Spain on June 25, 2015
5.0 out of 5 stars La Singularidad podría ser real
Tanto en su versión en inglés como en castellano este libro es imprescindible para entender el futuro que nos espera a la Humanidad.
Nos describe con cientos de detalles, datos y gráficos, cómo la evolución de la tecnología convergerá con la humana para crear algo nuevo, en un proceso en el que ya estamos todos inmersos y podemos reconocer a nuestro alrededor cada día.
Un must have
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EduardoReviewed in Mexico on November 11, 2019
5.0 out of 5 stars La información que contiene es extraordinaria.
Muy interesante, el autor conoce de muchos temas.
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DanieleReviewed in Italy on May 3, 2018
5.0 out of 5 stars Quasi 15 anni e non sentirli.
È incredibile come sia ancora un testo folle ...e lo dico dopo 13 anni dalla sua uscita. Consigliatissimo. Specie dopo una maratona di Black mirror.
- PlaceholderReviewed in India on February 5, 2018
5.0 out of 5 stars A work of art.
Work of art. Except for the sections on Neuroscience and the chapters detailing the present day innovations of 2005. This book is a classic and will be revered in the coming decades.
- Prashanthi ReddyReviewed in the United Arab Emirates on January 4, 2025
5.0 out of 5 stars Fabulous
Fabulous