Archives of Business Research – Vol.6, No.3
Publication Date: Mar. 25, 2018
DOI: 10.14738/abr.63.4249.
Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
Curaçao: Smart Nation
From Smart city to Sage society
Dr. Miguel Goede
ABSTRACT
Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe the case of Curaçao striving to
become a smart nation. Many in Curaçao talk about Smart Nation, Smart Island and the
blue economy. In practice not much is noted, till now. Why? Methodology – For this
study, a literature review was conducted and interviews were held with key figures.
Several webinars were conducted and a conference was attended. The draft version of
this article was discussed with key persons. Findings – In general Curaçao is not good at
implementing policies. Some of the causes include the fragmentation of the society as
well as its leadership; as a consequence of patronage and nepotism, incompetent
managers and professionals are appointed in key positions. For Curaçao to become a
smart island the mindset of the people must shift. Originality – The paper contributes
to the understanding of obstacles in the development of small island states. Conclusions
– The small scale of Caribbean SIDS is a disadvantage. There are not enough resources
and smart people around. Small scale leads to an island mindset characterized by
nepotism and patronage, among other issues, and this is an underutilization of the
bright minds needed to create the smart city. The possibility of moving from developing
country to developed country in one generation is theoretically possible (Lee, 2000).
One condition sine qua non is education and the proper mindset. The other is zero
tolerance for corruption.
Key words: Caribbean, Small Island Developing States, Curaçao, National Development Plan,
Smart city, Smart Island, Blue economy
INTRODUCTION
During the last two elections in Curaçao (5 October 2016 and 28 April 2017), several political
parties campaigned on the issue of developing the island into a Smart Island (SI) (PAR, 2017).
Just prior to the elections the island government organized a conference on the topic of a Smart
Nation. It was probably inspired by the case of Singapore’s intelligent island (Curaçao
Chronicle, 2017). The agreement the new government coalition signed states:
The government will develop and promote economic activities and investments
in the downtown area based on the vision for Willemstad in the 21st century
(“Smart City”); a city on the world heritage list of UNESCO but with a modern,
futuristic, inclusive ecosystem for a vibrant entrepreneurial sector, access to
state-of-the-art ICT technology and connectivity, hospitality and modern
housing for tourist and locals (especially the younger generation), and a center
for education, culture and recreation accessible to the whole population. This
development must be the model of how to improve the quality of living in all the
other neighborhoods of the island (Samenwerkende partijen, 2017).
In other policy domains presented in the agreement there are also other statements referring
to the smart city (SC) and smart island (SI). These will be discussed later in this paper. This is
not totally new. The National Development Program of Curaçao (Government of Curaçao,
2015), the long-term vision for the island of Curaçao, already mentions the concept of a smart
city.
Archives of Business Research (ABR)
Vol.6, Issue 3, Mar-2018
The purpose of this article is to assess the efforts of the government of Curaçao to develop the
SC. The questions are: What are the specific actions the government and other stakeholders
have undertaken to move toward a smarter city? What is the level of ambition of the
government? What is the current situation of the city? What is the gap between the level of
ambition and the current state and what is being done diminish this gap?
The challenge is that Curaçao is famous for making plans and not implementing them (van der
Maas, 2008; Goede, 2011 a). It is quite possible that there will be many documents and
statements on SI or SC but not enough action. On the other hand, this would not be unique to
the island. For example, research in the Netherlands has shown that this is also the case there
(Wijs de et al., 2017).
METHODOLOGY
For this study, a literature review was conducted. After that a model was adopted. Interviews
were held with key figures. A mini-webinar was held on 31 October 2017 to discuss the
research. A second one was held 20 November 2017, and a third on 24 November 2017. A
CINEX conference was held from 29 November 2017 till 1 December 2017.The draft version of
the article was sent to key persons for their comments.
The primary data consisted of interviews of key figures like public representatives, managers
of organizations and institutions, co-working spaces and specialists on innovation. Secondary
data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, compilations of press articles and the online
content of web pages. Altogether, the author has followed a data triangulation strategy to seek
data validation based on the cross-verification of the analyzed data sources.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The term smart city was first coined in 1998 by Van Bastelaer (Anthopoulos, 2015), but the
term smart city remains not clearly defined (VINCI Energies, 2015). In this article a smart city
is defined as: “a well-defined geographical area, in which high technologies such as ICT,
logistics, energy production, and so on, cooperate to create benefits for citizens in terms of
wellbeing, inclusion and participation, environmental quality, intelligent development; it is
governed by a well-defined pool of subjects, able to state the rules and policy for the city
government and development” (Dameri, 2013, p. 2549).
Smart Island Initiative, a European organization of small islands, defines a “Smart Island as an
insular territory that embarks on a climate resilient pathway, combining climate change
mitigation and adaptation efforts, in order to create sustainable local economic development
and a high quality of life for the local population by implementing smart and integrated
solutions to the management of infrastructures, natural resources and the environment as a
whole, supported by the use of ICT, all while promoting the use of innovative and socially
inclusive governance and financing schemes” (Smart Island Initiative, 2017).
The emphases differ between SI and SC. SI puts more emphasis on climate change, while SC
accentuates technology more. In this case of this article the words city and island are
interchangeable; however, SI emphasizes the issue of climate change.
Other terms that have been used include cyberville, digital city, electronic communities,
flexicity, information city, intelligent city, knowledge-based city, MESH city, telecity, teletopia,
Ubiquitous city, wired city.1
Smart city. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 4 December 2017, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city
1
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Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
Mahizhnan (1999) published an article titled “Smart cities: the Singapore case”. Singapore
wanted to be known as an Intelligent Island. He describes several stages that Singapore went
through, beginning in the 1960s by focusing on industrialization and attracting multi-national
corporations (MNC). The 1980s saw the rise of the service sector and the development of the
vision of the Intelligent Island, focusing on IT and its advantages. The island invested huge
sums in IT infrastructure. The educational system was always synchronized with the vision.
Another key factor was the clean government policy—no corruption. Mahizhnan concludes
that bandwidth was key, but also what he called bandwidth of the mind. ICT can be used for
good and evil. The smart community should make smart choices; it is about attitude or
mindset.
Clancey (2012) describes Singapore’s move from Intelligent Island to biomedicine in the
1990s. “This essay tells a cultural and political history of biomedicine in Singapore. It takes as
its starting point the ‘Intelligent Island’ discourse of the 1990s. It argues not for continuity but
dissonance between the two projects, while embedding them in local as well as global cultural
politics. Singapore’s adaptation of biomedicine was more than an economic decision, and has
had more than economic consequences” (Clancey, 2012).
Internet of Things
Wantmure and Dhanawad state in their article based on India that the Internet of Things is
essential to the concept and the realization of the smart city (2016). The Internet of Things is a
network of internet-connected objects able to collect and exchange data using embedded
sensors (Meola, 2017).
Some authors state that Barcelona is the number one smart city. They also highlight the role of
the Internet of Things (Wi-Fi, Smart Mobility, Smart Water Management System, Smart
Lighting System, Smart Parking System), but there is much more to it. Cities are very attractive
to life. The other side of the coin is that cities occupy 2% of the surface of the earth and
produce about 70% of the pollution. These challenges also stimulate the development of the
smart city to seek solutions (Madakam & Ramachandran, 2015; Capdevila & Zarlenga, 2015).
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is also increasingly referring to the SC. WEF is a Swiss
foundation with a mission statement of “commit[ment] to improving the state of the world by
engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional,
and industry agendas.” WEF states that SCs will eventually be more important than nation
states (Tavares, 2017). In an infographic (Figure 1), they illustrate why.
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Figure 1: Visual Capitalist (Desjardins, 2017)
Technology might solve the problems created by cities. Visual Capitalist presents the following
model to picture the SC (Figure 2).
Figure 3: Visual Capitalist (Desjardins, 2017)
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Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
Zhou (2014) presents an interesting evolution line of the city in his article based on his
experience at the 2010 Expo in Shanghai China with the theme ‘better city, better life’.
Smart city
Economic crisis in 2008
Information city
Economic crisis in 1987
Digital city
Economic crisis in 1929
Industrial city
Economic crisis in 1857
The smart technological
revolution
The information
technological revolution
The third technological
revolution
The second technological
revolution
Figure 4: Evolution line (Zhou, 2014)
Zhou states that the smart city is not only about technology; it is the synergy between the
physical city and the digital city. It is also about all-around innovation of urban space,
economics, society, system and management (Zhou, 2014). Maggie Aderin Pocock’s vision of
the SC of 2116 includes people transporting themselves by drone and printing their food
(Montaqim, 2016).
Li et al. (2017) also studied the development of SCs in China. They mention the role of IMB,
which introduced the concept “Smart Planet” in 2009. In 2013 there were 193 approved pilot
projects of SCs. They identified three actors and four layers, as illustrated in the next matrix
(Figure 5).
Application
layer
Smart
transportation,
Smart Energy, EHospital
Platform layer
Internet of Things
platform
Network layer
4G
Sensor layer
Smartphone,
Sensor
Government
Society
Market
Figure 5: Li et al. (2015).
Big data
The SC is also associated with
how cities are being instrumented with digital devices and infrastructure that
produce ‘big data’. Such data, smart city advocates argue, enables real-time
analysis of city life, new modes of urban governance, and provides the raw
material for envisioning and enacting more efficient, sustainable, competitive,
productive, open and transparent cities. (Kitchin, 2014)
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In his inaugural speech as professor in the Netherlands, Meijer (2015) presented interesting
concepts. He perceives smart cities as a datapolis. There are three variations of the datapolis:
cockpit, hybrid or flock of birds (Figure 6). The two extremes are top-down and bottom-up
approach (Capdevila & Zarlenga, 2015).
Cockpit
Paternalistic
Hybrid datapolis
Coproduction
Flock of birds
Participative society
Figure 6: Three variations of data polis (Meijer, 2015)
The datapolis has a nature, has promises and holds premises (Figure 7).
Criticism
nature
promises
premises
A community that uses data
for individual as well as
collective objectives.
Politics is influenced by data.
Effectiveness
Innovation
Legitimacy
The usage of data can be
controlled.
Everybody benefits from the
datapolis.
We can better the world
thanks to the datapolis.
We can solve problems by
using data.
It is unpredictable.
There are special
interests.
Technology frames the
problems we identify.
Not all problems are data
related and data systems
create problems of their
own.
Figure 7: The datapolis has a nature, has promises and holds premises; criticisms of the
premises (Meijer, 2015).
Meijer (2015) formulates the conditions for shaping the datapolis (Figure 8).
Not a city for people but a city of people
A city for all people
A city for all aspects of humanity
A city for people of today and tomorrow
Citizens are directly involved in and coowners of the datapolis.
There are no outcasts.
All citizens interact and grow personally.
The datapolis is sustainable for the next
generation.
Figure 8: Meijer (2015) formulates the conditions for shaping the datapolis.
Corporations, telecom companies and consultancy firms
IBM is one of the drivers of SCs (Scuotto, Ferraris, & Bresciani, 2016). Also, the major
consultancy firms have started units focusing on helping cities to become smart (Deloitte
Nederland, 2016). Multinational corporations are important drivers. They partner with cities
and try out their technology. One example is the developments in Toronto by Google (Garfield,
2017).
Telecommunication service providers still benefit from their advantage in networks and
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Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
expand into other areas. The local government plays a key role in developing SCs, because they
buy SC solutions from companies. In the future the construction of SCs will become marketoriented and the government will focus on standardization, law making, planning and
comprehensive arrangements, and there will be more Public Private Partnerships (PPP) in
developing SCs (Li et al., 2015).
Neirotti, De Marco, Cagliano, Mangano, and Scorrano (2014,) in their extensive literature
review, refer to Mahizhnan’s (1999) article on Singapore.
The results of this study have revealed that there is no unique global definition
of SC, and that the current trends and evolution patterns of any individual SC
depend to a great extent on the local context factors. City policy makers are
therefore urged to try to understand these factors in order to shape
appropriate strategies for their SCs. This study is in particular based on a
framework that could also be applied to make a better selection of investment
opportunities in periods of limited financial resources and to prioritize SC
initiatives in the various domains and sub-domains of potential
implementation, considering their ability to maximize the benefits associated
with the specific competitive characteristics of an SC.
Another such study by Lombardi, Giordano, Farouh and Yousef, (2012) reached the same
conclusion. There is no consensus on the definition of smart city.
Models
The Centre of Regional Science (SRF) of Vienna University of Technology, in its research “Smart
cities – Ranking of European medium sized cities”, discovered that there are many fields of
activity in relation to the term smart city. This led the group to develop this list of six
characteristics:
1. Smart People
2. Smart Economy
3. Smart Governance
4. Smart Mobility
5. Smart Environment
6. Smart Living
Even within these key characteristics there is still a lack of uniformity within smart cities
(Figure 9).
(Pilloni, 2017; Giffinger, Fertner, Kramar, Kalasek, Pichler-Milanovic, & Meijers, 2007).
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SMART ECONOMY
(Competitiveness)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Innovative spirit
Entrepreneurship
Economic image & trademarks
Productivity
Flexibility of labor market
International embeddedness
Ability to transform
SMART GOVERNANCE
(Participation)
•
•
•
•
Participation in decision-making
Public and social services
Transparent governance
Political strategies & perspectives
SMART ENVIRONMENT
(Natural resources)
•
•
•
•
Attractivity of natural conditions
Pollution
Environmental protection
Sustainable resources
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SMART PEOPLE
(Social and Human Capital)
Level of qualifications
Affinity to lifelong learning
Social and ethnic plurality
Flexibility
Creativity
Cosmopolitanism / Openmindedness
• Participation in public life
SMART MOBILITY
(Transport and ICT)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Local accessibility
(Inter-)national accessibility
Availability of ICT-infrastructure
Sustainable, innovative and safe
transport system
SMART LIVING
(Quality of life)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cultural facilities
Health conditions
Individual safety
Education facilities
Tourism-attractive
Social cohesion
Figure 9: Characteristics and factors of a smart city (Pilloni, 2017; Giffinger, Fertner, Kramar,
Kalasek, Pichler-Milanovic, & Meijers, 2007).
Neirotti et al. (2014) developed a matrix of smart city domains and sub-domains. The domains
coincide with those presented by Anthopoulos (2015).
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Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
Domain
Natural resources and
energy
Sub-domain
Smart grid
Public lighting
Green/ Renewable energies
Waste management
Water management
Food and agriculture
Transport and mobility
City logistics
Info-mobility
People mobility
Building
Facility management
Building services
Housing quality
Living
Entertainment
Hospitality
Pollution control
Public safety
Healthcare
Welfare and social inclusion
Culture
Public spaces management
Government
E-government
E-democracy
Procurement
Transparency
Description
Electricity networks able to take into account the behaviors of all the
connected users in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic, and
secure electricity supplies. Smart grids should be self-healing and resilient
to system anomalies.
Illumination of public spaces with street lamps that offer different
functions, such as air pollution control and Wi-Fi connectivity. Centralized
management systems that directly communicate with the lampposts can
allow reducing maintenance and operating costs, analyzing real-time
information about weather conditions, and consequently regulating the
intensity of light by means of LED technology.
Exploiting natural resources that are regenerative or inexhaustible, such as
heat, water, and wind power.
Collecting, recycling, and disposing waste in ways that prevent the negative
effects of an incorrect waste management on both people and the
environment.
Analyzing and managing the quantity and quality of water throughout the
phases of the hydrological cycle and in particular when water is used for
agricultural, municipal, and industrial purposes.
Wireless sensor networks to manage crop cultivation and know the
conditions in which plants are growing. By combining humidity,
temperature, and light sensors the risk of frost can be reduced and possible
plant diseases or watering requirements based on soil humidity can be
detected.
Improving logistics flows in cities by effectively integrating business needs
with traffic conditions and geographical and environmental issues.
Distributing and using selected dynamic and multi-modal information,
both pre-trip and, more importantly, on-trip, with the aim of improving
traffic and transport efficiency as well as assuring a high quality travel
experience.
Innovative and sustainable ways to provide the transport of people in
cities, such as the development of public transport modes and vehicles
based on environmental-friendly fuels and propulsion systems, supported
by advanced technologies and proactive citizens’ behaviors.
Cleaning, maintenance, property, leasing, technology, and operating modes
associated with facilities in urban areas.
Various systems existing in a building such as electric networks, elevators,
fire safety, telecommunication, data processing, and water supply systems.
Computer-based systems to control the electrical and mechanical
equipment of a building.
Aspects related to the quality of life in a residential building such as
comfort, lighting, and Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC). It
includes all that concerns the level of satisfaction of people living in a
house.
Ways of stimulating tourism and providing information about
entertainment events and proposals for free time and night life.
Ability of a city to accommodate foreign students, tourists, and other nonresident people by offering appropriate solutions to their needs.
Controlling emissions and effluents by using different kinds of devices.
Stimulating decisions to improve the quality of air, water, and the
environment in general.
Protecting citizens and their possessions through the active involvement of
local public organizations, the police force, and the citizens themselves.
Collecting and monitoring information for crime prevention.
Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease supported by ICT. Assuring
efficient facilities and services in the healthcare system.
Improving the quality of life by stimulating social learning and
participation, with particular reference to specific categories of citizens
such as the elderly and disabled.
Facilitating the diffusion of information about cultural activities and
motivating people to be involved in them.
Care, maintenance, and active management of public spaces to improve the
attractiveness of a city. Solutions to provide information about the main
places to visit in a city.
Digitizing the public administration by managing documents and
procedures through ICT tools in order to optimize work and offer fast and
new services to citizens.
Using innovative ICT systems to support ballots.
Allowing the public sector to improve procurement procedures and the
associated contract management, with the purpose of assuring best value
for money without decreasing quality.
Enabling every citizen to access official documents in a simple way and to
take part in the decision processes of a municipality. Decreasing the
possibility of authorities abusing the system for their own interests or
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hiding relevant information.
Measures to foster the innovation systems and entrepreneurship in the
urban ecosystem (e.g., presence of local incubators).
The use of ICT systems (e.g., augmented reality technologies) for delivering
new customer experience in enjoying the city’s cultural heritage. Use of
asset management information systems to handle the maintenance of
historical buildings.
Extensive use of modern ICT tools (e.g., interactive whiteboards, e-learning
systems) in public schools.
Policies to improve human capital investments and attract and retain new
talents, avoiding human capital flight (brain drain).
Size matters
Some research highlights the triple-helix model in the pursuit of becoming a SC. It is about
synergy between the intellectual capital of universities, the wealth creation of industries, and
the democratic government of civil society (Leydesdorff & Deakin, 2011).
Cocchia (2014) also published a systemic literature review, concluding that there was still no
consensus regarding the definitions of digital city and smart city and that the concepts
emerged around 2000 and are related to the diffusion of the Internet. A third conclusion was
that the larger city, the stronger the drive toward the smart city because there are bigger
challenges but also more knowledge available. These findings concur with the theory and
research findings on the creative class and creative city by Florida (Florida, 2002).
Wijs de, Witte, and Klerk de (2017) did an empirical study in the Netherlands. They referred to
the Neiroti et al.’s (2014) article and concluded that especially smaller cities had not heard of
the concept of SC. They concluded that the size of the city matters: The bigger the city, the more
people with information are around. The bigger cities have ambitions regarding SC but lag
behind in realizing the concept.
All the studies indicated that there is a need for more empirical studies regarding cities
implementing the SC concept.
Critique
There are also critiques of the concept of SC (Colding & Barthel, 2017). The question is for
whom is the SC? There should be more attention on the health of the city dweller. There should
be more attention on resilience and cyber security. Other issues are the autonomy of urban
governance, personal integrity, and the effect on the resilience of the infrastructure of basic
needs, food, energy and water. Another critique is that the SC changes the relationship between
humans and nature. How should children be taught their relationship with nature and how will
the SC affect pro-environmental behavior as a whole? Kitchin in particular offered
a critical reflection on the implications of big data and smart urbanism,
examining five emerging concerns: the politics of big urban data, technocratic
governance and city development, corporatization of city governance and
technological lock-ins, buggy, brittle and hackable cities, and the panoptic city.
(Kitchin, 2014)
Case of Smart Island Curaçao
In this section the island is briefly described and the ambitions and efforts regarding becoming
a SC are presented. Curaçao is a Dutch Caribbean island of 444 km2, with a population of
approximately 160,000. It is approximately 70 miles of the coast Venezuela. The island from 10
October 2010 is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of
the Netherlands, Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten. The three islands, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius
and Saba, together form a special municipality of the Netherlands.
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Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
Curaçao has an OCT status related to the European Union. The overseas countries and
territories (OCT) are dependent territories that have a special relationship with one of the
member states of the EU and have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join the EU-OCT
Association (OCTA).
In the context of the United Nations Curaçao has a SIDS status.
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are maritime countries that tend to share
similar sustainable development challenges, including small but growing
populations, limited resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters,
vulnerability to external shocks, excessive dependence on international trade,
and fragile environments. Their growth and development is also held back by
high communication, energy and transportation costs, irregular international
transport volumes, disproportionately expensive public administration and
infrastructure due to their small size, and little to no opportunity to create
economies of scale2
Curaçao does not embrace either of these two statuses. It is barely aware of them. Both these
statuses are relevant to forward the SC agenda. OCT status gives the island the possibility of
three axes of cooperation:
• the competitiveness of OCTs in key areas such as education and training, innovation, the
small and medium-sized enterprises sector, and good political and economic
governance;
• reducing their vulnerability to economic shocks, environmental issues, energy
dependency and natural disasters;
• regional integration through increasing intra-regional economic exchanges, carrying out
cooperation projects (specifically for cross-border environmental protection) and
increasing cultural exchanges.3,4
Maybe the terrible experience of the Caribbean with hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria in
2017, will make all islands in the Caribbean realize that they are indeed SIDS.5 Late September
2017 via social media and the influencers in the media it was demanded that the climate
change issue to be put on the political and policy agenda. This has not been realized.
Curaçao is coping with a period of over ten years of almost no economic growth. At the end of
October 2017 the Central Bank reported via the media that the economy has contracted almost
one percent in the first quarter of the year (“Ekonomia di Kòrsou a kontraé durante promé
kuartal di 2017,” 2017). In 2019 the contract with Venezuelan state-owned company (SOE)
PDVSA will expire, the grandfather clauses of the tax treaty with the United States will end and
the island will have to start carrying its national debts again. After 2010 the Netherlands
carried the debt as part of the new constitutional arrangement. To mitigate the consequences
Small Island Developing States. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States
3 EUR-Lex - dv0010 - EN - EUR-Lex. (2017).Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 September 2017, from http://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:dv0010
4 (2017). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 21 September 2017, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A32013D0755&from=EN
5 (2017). Economist.com. Retrieved 21 September 2017, from
https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21729007-region-must-adapt-climate-change-not-simply-rebuildhow-hurricane-irma-will-change
2
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the government is negotiating with the Chinese state-owned company Guangdong Zhenrong
Energy (GZE) and alternative corporations to step in after the Venezuelans leave. From the end
of 2017 this deal still looked uncertain. Venezuela, the third biggest trade partner of Curaçao,
headed by president Maduro, is coping with a crisis of its own. In January 2018 Venezuela
closed the border with the ABC islands for an indefinite period of time.
In October 2017 many companies, including state-owned companies, started to lay off
employees. These took place in airlines, telecom companies, banks and small and medium
enterprises. It was like suddenly the technological changes and disruptive technology impacted
all sectors.
In September 2017 unemployment rose to 14.1%, an increase of 2% compared to 2014. “The
youth unemployment rate (15-24 year old) has decreased 4 points, from 36.8 in 2016 to 32.8
in 2017. The biggest increase is in the category of 25-34 year olds. The unemployment in this
group has increased 4.1 percentage points, from 14.7 (2016) to 18.8 in 2017.”6
20.0
15.0
10.0
Unemployment
Real GDP growth
5.0
2016*
2015*
2014*
2013*
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
-5.0
2000
0.0
Figure 11: Data provided by CBS. Unemployment rate of 2010 and 2012 are estimates. CBS had
no data for these two years on this variable.
In the next paragraph the case of Smart Island Curaçao will be described applying the matrix
developed by Neirotti et al. (2014) as a framework.
The ambition level of the government of Curaçao
In this section the ambition level of Curaçao is assessed by analyzing the government
agreement that is the foundation of the program of the government formed for the period of
2017 – 2021 (PAR, MAN, & PIN, 2017).
Results of the Labour Force Survey for 2017 - Press Releases 2017 - Media - Website - CBS. (2017). Cbs.cw.
Retrieved 8 December 2017, from http://www.cbs.cw/website/press-releases-2017_3241/item/results-of-thelabour-force-survey-for-2017_1888.html
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Domain
Natural resources and
energy
Sub-domain
Smart grid
Public lighting
Green/ Renewable energies
Waste management
Water management
Food and agriculture
Curaçao government agreement / ambition
To adjust the energy policy to include recommendations with emphasis on
sustainability, including the possible use of liquid natural gas when
possible and waste to energy technology.
To continue to develop and implement a water management policy and
maintain the already existing infrastructure to capture the rainwater and
use it for agriculture, fishery and husbandry.
The state-owned waste management company should start a process to
categorize the waste and so encourage recycling in accordance to the
principles of blue economy. Also study and implement waste to energy
projects.
To materialize a vision entailing an ecologically balanced community
endeavoring to produce as much as possible its own food, within a mixed
economy, consisting of industry, service and hospitality. A technologically
advanced community, in which the neighborhoods and corporatism fulfill
an important role.
Transport and mobility
City logistics
Info-mobility
People mobility
To reform the public transport system to increase the level of mobility of
the population. To this aim a study must be conducted to determine the
best option. The state owned bus company and the whole of individual
privately owned buses must be integrated in a system that connects all
neighborhoods on the island. To that aim the government will encourage
the creation of a corporate group of buses with the purpose of lowering
their cost of doing business. The government will seek the assistance of
experts to renew the public transportation law.
Building
Facility management
Building services
Housing quality
Housing is a problem. Many citizens do not have a house. Another issue is
the illegal construction of houses. The government will evaluate the
functioning of the foundation for public housing and change the system of
priority setting on the waiting list. The government will instruct the
foundation to develop several alternative model houses biased on the
principles of sustainability, with a focus on energy, water and use of
recycled material. This should be evidence based. To that end the
university will be involved and to that end the government departments
involved will be fortified.
Living
Entertainment
Hospitality
Pollution control
Public safety
Healthcare
Welfare and social inclusion
Culture
Public spaces management
E-government
E-democracy
Procurement
Transparency
The objective is to create a more inclusive society. To that end all platforms
will engage in a dialogue.
Government
The processes supporting the most solicited public services and products
will be transformed to e-government services and products. All
government processes will be revised to be made more customer-friendly.
To that end and for the sake of transparency quality management and
certification will be implemented.
The objective of the government is to restore the trust of the public in
politics and government by operating transparently,,with integrity and
good governance. We must join forces to restore stability and tranquility to
transform Curaçao in a nation run according to the principles of good
governance, trust, progress, innovation and progress.
Economy and people
Innovation and
entrepreneurship
Culture and heritage
management
Digital education
Human capital management
The government strives to fortify commercial ties with countries in the
Caribbean and Latin American region via economic diplomacy to amplify
the opportunities for cooperation between governments, economic sectors,
institutions of education and enterprises and so stimulate
entrepreneurship, innovation, exports and the earning of foreign exchange.
The ambitions of Curaçao are further detailed in the government program for the period 2017
– 2021 (Gobièrnu di Kòrsou, 2017a). The program follows the Results-Based Management or
Policy (RBM) methodology and totally embraces the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 as
formulated by the United Nations. RBM uses the concepts of theme, impact, outcome, and
activities.
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One of the priorities of the government is the reduction of poverty. According to the program
25.1% of the households have an income below the poverty line.7 The strategic goals are
inclusive society, active citizenship, well-developed population, and sustainable development.
The central themes are education and development, economy and employment, healthcare and
environment, family, community and safety and good governance. After this the program is
detailed for all the nine ministries. It appears the government is letting the UN dictate local
policy. On the other hand the government totally ignores its Small Island Development State
(SIDS) status and the related climate change issues.
This is ironic because this SIDS status is also created by the UN and specifically addresses the
issue of the impact of climate change. This has become painfully and extremely relevant after
hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria hit the Caribbean islands in 2017, especially Sint Maarten,
who is a partner within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The ideas of smart city and blue
economy have been reduced to an “outcome” of the “impact”, “sustainable economic growth” of
the “theme” “Economy and employment”.
A few days after the presentation of the program, on 12 September 2017, the governor
addressed the parliament at the opening of the opening of the new parliamentary year. During
that address the government addressed the issue of smart city, e-government, blue economy,
creative economy, small business, housing and inclusiveness (Gouverneur van Curaçao, 2017).
This was probably a reaction to the recent feedback given by the citizens on the government
program via social media.
The island was always ambitious when putting ideas onto paper. For example, in 2001 the
Mirant Company published “Curaçao – Island of Education and Sophistication”. This plan was
never executed because it was distrusted as a plan of an energy company wanting to sell more
energy.
In 2010 the concept of a knowledge zone in Curaçao was presented by the president of the
university (Goede, Neuwirth, & Louisa, 2012; Somers, 2012). This was a vision to create a
smart city around the university. This project was abolished after the change of government.
Current state of Curaçao
What is the current situation in Curaçao concerning the process of becoming a smart island?
The matrix of smart city domains and sub-domains developed by Neirotti et al. (2014) is
applied.
Natural resources and energy
In the area of natural resources and energy, for years Curaçao has been talking about a smart
grid and meters8 but there was no bold move to implement this. The public lighting is good
although some neighborhoods are still in the dark. In general maintenance is an issue. A few
years a pilot project of streetlights powered by the sun was undertaken. Within a limited
amount of time, all the lights were vandalized and never replaced.9
The Bureau of Statistics established the poverty line in 2017. For a family composed of one adult and two
children it is 1,966 gulden ($1,109). According to this line 51,402 persons live in poverty. This is 25.1 percent of
the population.
8 Caribbean’s Aqualectra seeks electricity and water AMI system. (2017). Metering.com. Retrieved 19 December
2017, from https://www.metering.com/caribbeans-aqualectra-seeks-electricity-and-water-ami-system/
7
More streetlights in Curaçao. (2014). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 19 December 2017, from
http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/more-streetlights-in-curacao/
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In the area of renewable energies Curaçao has made significant progress. With 30 % renewable
energy it is one of the greenest islands in the Caribbean (Lillian, 2017). There are investors
ready to invest in waste to energy projects but the government is reacting slowly.10 Waste
management was last innovated twenty-five years ago when the government agency Selikor11
was transformed to a state-owned company.
Water management has deteriorated over the years. Too much rainwater goes directly to sea
and is a burden to the coral reef. This problem has worsened due to the periods of massive
rainfall after periods of extreme drought due to climate change.12 Food and agriculture have
always been a small economic sector, less than 1% of GDP. Almost all food is imported.
Campaigns and programs to produce food locally till now had no lasting effect.13
Transport and mobility
The downtown area has been a UNESCO site for twenty years in 2017.14 The city is not in good
shape, despite the comeback of some areas like Scharloo and Pietermaai (Goede & Louisa,
2012). Many premises are empty due to the competition of other locations like the mall
Sambil,15 e-commerce and high rent. There are a lot of plans and some investments to turn this
development around.
Info-mobility is non-existent. During rush hours traffic is congested. A project to install
cameras in strategic places to fight crime is in phase one of implementation.16 The first results
are very promising. At the end of October 2017 the Minister of Finance announced that the
new car license plate would carry a chip for GPS tracking. This is to reduce car theft. It is
unclear if the two systems are integrated, and the continuation of the last project is uncertain.
Traffic and public transportation are bottlenecks in Curaçao. Several plans were developed but
never implemented due to the political leverage of the privately held buses.17 The state-owned
bus company is struggling. Late in 2017 the bus company started to implement changes to
become smart and become an alternative to cars. As a consequence public transportation
services are poor and expensive, and so is owning a car. Over the last couple of years people
started importing right-hand drive (RHD) vehicles that are considerably less expensive,
although the island traffic is right-hand driving. In 2017 almost ten percent of the cars are RHD
Aqualectra and Selikor sign agreement for waste treatment - Aqualectra. (2017). Aqualectra.com. Retrieved 19
December 2017, from http://www.aqualectra.com/en/news/aqualectra-corporate-news/aqualectra-and-selikorsign-agreement-for-waste-treatment/
11 http://www.selikor.com/
12 Caribbean Island Curacao is changing into desert - BetterWorldSolutions - The Netherlands. (2015).
BetterWorldSolutions - The Netherlands. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
https://www.betterworldsolutions.eu/caribbean-island-curacao-is-changing-into-desert/
13 Minister of Economic Development to promote agricultural sector. (2016). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20
December 2017, from http://curacaochronicle.com/economy/minister-of-economic-development-to-promoteagricultural-sector/
14 20 years of world heritage. (2017). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://curacaochronicle.com/local/20-years-of-world-heritage/
15 www.sambil.cw
16 Installation CCTV cameras by Inspur. (2016). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://curacaochronicle.com/judicial/installation-cctv-cameras-by-inspur/
17 Public transport routes are still the same since 1970. (2017). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2017,
from http://curacaochronicle.com/local/public-transport-routes-are-still-the-same-since-1970/
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and are brought in at a rate of two hundred a month. Because of the significant number of
these cars it has become a difficult political issue to handle.18
Building
Facility management for years was done by the involvement of the Curaçao Downtown
Management Organization (DMO)19 and the Sosiedat Komeriantenan Otrobanda (SKO). The
result is poor but would have been worse without their involvement. Many premises are empty
and in decay and some parts of the area are poorly lighted and grubby.20 There are some good
elements, like free Wi-Fi in the downtown area, but the quality should be improved. The
involvement of artists, with their creativity, is also positive.21 There are no smart buildings,
although many buildings have Wi-Fi and some have solar panels.
For years the government foundation responsible for public housing was not able to build
more than a few houses per year. There are approximately 6,200 citizens waiting for a house.
There are big plans to build 4,000 houses but till now nothing significant has happened. It is
unclear if these plans are based on the concept of smart housing.22
At the end of 2017 the Bureau of Statistics reports that one third of the houses have no fixed
connection to the Internet and 64.5% have access to the Internet. In 2011 53.1% had access.
The relatively high price seems to be an obstacle to higher penetration rate (“Een derde nog
zonder internet thuis,” 2017).
Living
Tourism is slowly increasing, although Curaçao was not able to hold on the world-renowned
Curaçao North Sea Jazz Festival.23 Luckily the festival will continue in 2018. At the end of 2017
Curaçao opened a new mega pier and was breaking records in the area of cruise tourism, with
650,000 arrivals.24
Hospitality: In Pietermaai, a downtown area consisting of several blocks of old houses is being
reconstructed and now provides housing for mainly Dutch internship students. This brought
new life to the town, especially at night. For years the Curaçao Tourist Board (CTB)25 has tried
to implement the strategy of getting tourists involved in local cultural activities. Progress is
slow. Curaçao lost its national theater. The new government announced plans to build a new
national theater downtown. In October 2017 Curaçao started the project to become the first
Caribbean island to be present on the Google Street View platform (“Curaçao verkennen met
Google Street View,” 2017).
Minister deliberating import ban RHD cars. (2017). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://curacaochronicle.com/politics/minister-deliberating-import-ban-rhd-cars/
19 http://www.downtownwillemstad.com/about-dmo.php
20 Find solution for empty buildings in downtown Punda. (2017). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2017,
from http://curacaochronicle.com/economy/find-solution-for-empty-buildings-in-downtown-punda/
21 Art Walk Otrobanda. (2017). Curaçao. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from https://www.curacao.com/en/dontmiss/2017/6/25/art-walk-otrobanda-170625/
22 Government ready to construct 62 houses at Wechi. (2016). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20 December 2017,
from http://curacaochronicle.com/main/government-ready-to-construct-62-houses-at-wechi/
23 http://www.Curaçao northseajazz.com/en/
24 Recordjaar cruisetoerisme. (2017). Antilliaans Dagblad. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://antilliaansdagblad.com/nieuws-menu/16663-recordjaar-cruisetoerisme?platform=hootsuite
25 https://www.Curaçao .com/en/
18
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Goede, M. (2018). Curaçao: Smart Nation From Smart city to Sage society. Archives of Business Research, 6(3), 142-166.
The construction of several new hotels was announced by the government and the investors.26
Pollution control has always been an issue.27 It briefly appeared that the new minister for
public health would enforce the law regarding the pollution of the refinery. Awareness on the
issue of pollution has risen. The closing down of the refinery is publicly debated and a Green
Town to replace it is an alternative.28
A project installing Chinese-produced police cameras is being implemented to improve public
safety.
Healthcare: The building of a new national hospital has become a difficult project but is
expected to be finished with some delay in 2018, surpassing the original budget considerably.29
The cost of healthcare is one of the highest on the budget, but there are many concerns about
the quality.
Starting in 2017 the government began inspecting and enforcing the law in the food industry.
This brought to light many cases where business puts the health of the consumer at risk.
Welfare and social inclusion: Although Curaçao might score better than the region, 60% of the
population has an income below the income needed to life a decent life. In 2011 25% of the
households lived below the poverty level of $ 14,000 per year (de Bruijn, year?). In August
2017 45% percent of the population lived under the poverty line, according to another
definition (“Segun sifra ofisial espantoso: 45% di kurasoleño ta biba bou di liña di probresa,”
2017). In August 2017 the government published its urgency plan to alleviate poverty and
exclusion in five pilot neighborhoods (Gobièrnu di Kòrsou, 2017). The plan did not mention the
words digital, smart or blue. In an interview one of the authors acknowledged this, but pointed
out a pilot project connecting community centers was integrated in the plan.
Although there is a general basic pension, elderly are not taken care of well enough. This
problem is likely to increase as the population ages. There is no up-to-date government policy
on this matter. In December 2017 the government announced new legislation to adjust the
system so that everybody will save for their pension.
Public spaces management: Starting in 2010, and maybe even earlier, Curaçao started
implementing a policy dedicating more attention and resources to public spaces. Most of these
projects, like Caracasbaai and Marie Pampoen, have been very successful. However,
responsible use and maintenance remains a challenge. Curaçao is less successful with
landscaping, especially landscaping of the roundabouts.
Cornerstone ceremony for two new hotels in the first week of September. (2017). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20
December 2017, from http://curacaochronicle.com/economy/cornerstone-ceremony-for-two-new-hotels-in-thefirst-week-of-september/
27 Environmental pollution in Dutch Kingdom ranks top 10 worldwide (on Curaçao). (2016). Curaçao Chronicle.
Retrieved 20 December 2017, from http://curacaochronicle.com/local/environmental-pollution-in-dutchkingdom-ranks-top-10-worldwide-on-curacao/
28 Green Town presents its plan B for the future of the oil refinery area. (2017). Curaçao Chronicle. Retrieved 20
December 2017, from http://curacaochronicle.com/local/green-town-presents-its-plan-b-for-the-future-of-theoil-refinery-area/
29 HNO fors duurder. (2016). Antilliaans Dagblad. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://antilliaansdagblad.com/nieuws-menu/12791-hno-fors-duurder
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Government
For years, starting in the 1990s, there has been talk about improving government and
implementing e-government but little progress has been made. From 2003 till 2010 Curaçao
was one of the first islands to vote electronically in elections. The island was a front runner in
e-democracy. In 2010 this was reversed because two political parties were paranoid about
hacking and hijacking of elections. After 2010 a group of young citizens developed a web-based
tool to assist voters to determine their vote for the next elections in Curaçao. By answering
many questions on election issues, the tool advised the voters on which party to cast their vote.
Political parties have web presence and use social media. In August 2016 the Minister of
Internal Affairs announced an ICT master plan after visiting Jamaica. This was not the first ICT
master plan. In 2015 the Knowledge Platform of Curaçao published an update of such a master
plan. Not surprisingly, not much was implemented and the plan was not evaluated (“BPD werkt
aan een masterplan,” 2017). In October 2017 the government re-launched the government
website. It became interactive and the organization behind the website was restructured.
Instead of one webmaster there are now nine, one for each ministry (“Gobiernu.cw nu
interactief,” 2017)
Procurement: Curaçao has a good legal framework regulating procurement. In practice this
system is misused to favor suppliers with the right political ties. This is the case in all economic
sectors.
Curaçao is very transparent. Curaçao has a law making it possible for citizens to demand
information from the government. Also, Curaçao has a broad spectrum of media: about 30
radio stations, 9 newspapers, and 4 television stations. On top of that Curaçao is very active in
social media. Many media are struggling financially and lately some have ceased to exist due to
disruptive technology and not adapting to it. In that respect the society is very democratic
(Goede, 2010). On the other hand it is said Curaçao has a culture of fear. People are afraid of
political reprisals (Marcha & Verweel, 2003).
Corruption in Curaçao is relatively high and is one of the main causes for its sluggish economic
growth.30 After the report of Transparency International in 2012 nothing happened. In 2017 a
group of citizens started a foundation and an awareness campaign against corruption.31
Economy and people
Human capital management: The brightest high school students leave the island to study
abroad, mainly in the Netherlands. They leave with a student loan. There is no policy in place
as to which careers are more in demand. Getting the graduates to return after graduation is not
a priority (Groot, Pin & Vasquez Villaseca, 2014).
In 2014 the government approved a policy in the area of Transnational Education, creating the
conditions to attract institutes for higher education. In practice the emphasis is more on
education and not on research and development and the stimulation of collaboration between
universities and industry.
The youth have created clusters and are striving to start their own startups. Some have taken
off. Despite the existence of the Curaçao Innovation & Technology Institute (CITI)32 foundation,
Country Report Curacao. (2013). Rabobank. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/country-report-curacao/
31 https://www.facebook.com/KòrsouTransparente/
32 https://citi.cw/
30
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entrepreneurship and innovation have never been a priority of government policy. Several
years ago, around 2011, the Dutch TNO specializing in innovation wanted to start a regional
center in Curaçao. They got a better reception in Aruba and established over there instead.33, 34
In December 2017 it appeared the minster was dedicating more time to the SME sector. There
was a lot of lip service to the idea of digital education. In practice not much has happened due
to lack of available bandwidth for schools and political will.35 This is a consequence of no
shared vision and action. Providers still consider the schools as clients and not as investment
objects to invest in human capital.
At the end of September 2017 the CITI, who is the owner of the almost twenty-year old
Innovation Award,36 launched a platform to stimulate startups.37 Two interesting details are
that the platform refers to the notion of smart city and that the Minister of Economic
Development was involved. This might give the impression that smart city policy is being
implemented.
The primary focus of the government has always been on big projects, ranging from hotels to
investments in the refinery. A group of higher educated graduates has created a cluster of
start-ups. They still remain unnoticed by many, although some of them are quite successful.
In August 2017 the new minister of economic affairs signed a cooperation agreement with his
colleague in the Dominican Republic to collaborate in the area of small and medium businesses
(Martina, 2017). In October 2017 a group of citizens announced that they are developing a
local digital currency.38 In March 2014 a tier-IV datacenter opened. In 2016 the company went
bankrupt and was continued by the local telecom company UTS and had become profitable by
2017.
Curaçao must be doing something right in this area because Isaca (Information Systems Audit
and Control Association) announced that Curaçao was their most successful small member in
2015 and 2016 (“IT-conferentie Isaca Curaçao: 'Be agile',” 2017).
The island has a top ICT infrastructure. Seven fiber cables land on the island and the company
Digicel has announced another one for 2018 (“Nieuwe kabel in zee, “2017). The situation is
that Curaçao has a top infrastructure but lacks content and ideas to take real competitive
advantage of this infrastructure.
What is being done to close the gap?
In November 2017 CINEX, a government entity, hosted an international conference on Curaçao
as a smart nation. They did an assessment on the current state of Curaçao. They used the model
developed by The Centre of Regional Science (SRF) of Vienna University of Technology. Before
https://www.tno.nl/en/focus-areas/energy/sustainable-energy/new-markets-and-users/smart-communityaruba/
34 TNO: Aansprekend voorbeeld. (2017). Antilliaans Dagblad. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://antilliaansdagblad.com/en/curacao/10275-tno-aansprekend-voorbeeld
35 Pilot ‘One laptop per child’. (2010). Antilliaans Dagblad. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://antilliaansdagblad.com/curacao/1944-pilot-one-laptop-per-child
36 https://citi.cw/2017-innovation-award/
37 https://citi.cw/launchpad/
38 ‘Eigen digitale munt voordelig’. (2017). Antilliaans Dagblad. Retrieved 20 December 2017, from
http://antilliaansdagblad.com/nieuws-menu/16464-eigen-digitale-munt-voordelig
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the conference Facebook respondents stated that Curaçao scores an average of 2.2 on the scale
of SC. This is slightly lower than the average of 2.4 scored by the 140 participants (n=140) of
the conference (Figure 13).
Living
Economy
5
4
3
2
1
0
Environment
People
Norm
2020
Facebook 2017
Governance
2017
Mobility
Figure 13: Assessment of Curaçao as a smart city
It is noticeable that the factor “people” scores relatively high. This is partially explained by the
fact that most people on the island speak four languages. On the other hand it is somewhat a
contradiction with the fact that the respondents state that the mindset of the people is the
major challenge to overcome in becoming a SC.
The high score on mobility is peculiar given the current state of mobility, as described earlier.
A similar remark is in place for the score on the factor “living”.
Some state that the possible arrival of the Chinese partially state-owned enterprise GZE could
be a game changer. It will be an influx of capital, knowledge, technology and smart people
(‘Initiativa pa jega na un desaroyo urbano nobo pa Korsou jegando 2019 i despues,” 11 May
2017). However, the entrance of this party is not certain, because the results of the due
diligence are unsatisfactory.
The government acknowledges that they are still far away from e-government and that red
tape is strangling investments. The government believes that automation can resolve the
bottlenecks and reduce corruption (“Red tape bevindt zich in ‘loop’,” 2 November, 2017).
The government-subsidized agency CINEX in November 2017 hosted the second edition to
seek smart foreign investors.39 Three ministers were present and the organization refers to
Curaçao as a smart nation. During the conference the vision of Curaçao as a smart nation was
presented in the form of a digital magazine.40 In the seminar the results of a Facebook survey
were presented. The island scored an average of 2.2 as a smart island on a scale from 0 to 5.
This scored was confirmed by a live survey (2.4). The minister stated that the ambition of
Curaçao was to score 4.0 by the year 2020 and launched a smart platform to work on making
https://smartinvestmentCuraçao .com/
(2017). VisionsonCuraçao .com. Retrieved 4 December 2017, from
http://www.visionsonCuraçao.com/DOWNLOADS/visionsonCuraçao _technologyandInnovation.pdf
39
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Curaçao smart. He stated that it is about connectivity, being data driven, and being agile. The
minister referred to the innovation policy of the government.
The government has installed an organization watch over cyber security in order to promote
the island as a cyber-secure island. It is especially important for the financial services sector.
In mid-December 2017 the government went live with the Curacao National Socio Economic
Database41 to track progress toward the SDG. The government constantly states that it wants
to be data driven and evidence based.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
There is a considerable gap between the ambitions of Curaçao to become a SC or SI and its
actions and results. There are several factors explaining this gap. Many of the stakeholders
interviewed mention the lack of a shared vision as one of the reasons why there is no
implementation of steps toward the SC. The question remains if this is totally true and is not
contradicted by the many reports written on the subject and documenting vision. Stakeholders
also claim that resistance to change on the island is noticeably higher than elsewhere (Goede,
2011 a).
Curaçao is a classic case of the innovation paradox, the unrealized potential of technological
catch-up. In theory the island will thrive when it adopts technology. This does not happen
because management of organizations is unable to implement the technology, partially because
other conditions like financing, stability and imported machinery, for example, are missing
(Cirera & Maloney, 2017).
Collaboration is very difficult in Curaçao. There resistance to structure and the trust between
people is low. Only 32% state that in essence people can be trusted (van Leeuwen, 1990; CBS,
2016). Curaçao exhibits the characteristics of what in the theory of spiral dynamics is labeled
as a red society, a society obsessed with power contested between gangs, seeking immediate
gratification and showing no remorse (Beck & Cowan, 2014). The lack of transparency and
high corruption have created the conditions for the elite to focus on their own agenda and not
so much on pushing the island in the direction of a SC. The elite are more extractive than
inclusive (Robinson & Acemoglu, 2012).
A poorly performing civil service due inappropriate appointments does not have the leverage
to push the island further in the direction of the SC. Further, higher education is ill developed.
It does not generate the knowledge and the mindset required to build a SC. The university lacks
vision. Due to this they neglected the UNESCO chair on Caribbean SIDS.
During the conference the international experts stated that the main challenge for Curaçao to
become SC is the mindset of the people. The above factors are an illustration of why the current
mindset is a challenge.
One might say all the above-mentioned factors are more or less related to the small scale of the
island. The society is fragmented and there is not much synergy. Old paradigms, for example,
viewing schools as clients and not as entities to be approached from a corporate social
responsibility philosophy by SOE, are very persistent. This might be related to the already
mentioned role of the elite and higher education. All this might explain why Curaçao is not
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making real progress toward becoming a SC. The crucial factors inhibiting progress on the road
toward the SC are extracting the elite and corruption induced by the elite and practiced in
government and SEOs. As businesses, NGOs, citizens and clients have to deal with government,
corruption has penetrated in all areas of society.
On a critical note, the SC is presented as a very desirable future, but is it? Some say that these
living labs, like the one to be built by Google in Toronto, will be the playground for the rich
creative class and exclude the rest of the population (Noort, 2017). Viewed from another lens it
is a totalitarian system that sees, records and registers every move of the citizens and the city
dwellers. The question is who has access to all the data and what is the legitimization? It seems
that in the SC the primacy of the people is abolished and is taken over by government and
corporations. Probably the government will serve the corporations and not the people.
The smart city reminds us of the society described by George Orwell in his novel 1984 (1990).
It is implemented by applying the shock doctrine, as described by Naomi Klein (2007). It also
reminds us of Michel Foucault’s statement on how power is exerted by surveillance and not by
force (Thompson, 2016). After every crisis smart technology is pushed as the solution for all
problems. A couple of examples: After Sint Maarten was destroyed by hurricane Irma, actors
started to call for rebuilding the island smart. When crime was rising in Curaçao, surveillance
cameras were introduced. When auto theft was high, chips in license plates were announced.
Some foresee a dystopian SC. Four factors might be responsible for this: The SC gets hacked;
the algorithms get out of control; corporations become too powerful; government and ICT are a
bad marriage (Noort, 2015). The SC might result in Fascism 2.0 or it might lead to a revitalized
democracy (Harari, 2016). It is a thin line (Noort, 2016). A smart city must also be a sage
society (Goede, 2011b). Some state that the European social model is a much more human
model for the future of humanity.42
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