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This essay addresses the politics undergirding the incorporation of transgender refugee provisions in the US system of political asylum. I first outline how asylum provisions for trans persons have developed through legal decisions in relation to two related categories of asylum law—gender-based asylum and sexuality-related asylum. I then question the future of transgender asylum in the context of US transnational aspirations and anxieties. What does the incorporation of particular trans asylum seekers enable? What does it conceal? What US geopolitical and economic motivations help us make sense of trans asylum? This essay serves as both a meditation on the history of trans incorporation in this institution as well as a forecasting of the future for gender-related, sexuality-related, and transgender asylum in the United States.
Human Geography
The Politics of Transgender Asylum and Detention2019 •
Immigration procedures related to asylum and detention are based on sex/gender binaries. Such binaries frame the bodies of undocumented transgen-der asylum seekers as unintelligible to immigration law and subject them to intense trauma. The experiences of trauma and death of transgender detainees within detention centers is a spatialized experience. The assignment of detention cells based on birth gender, denial of hormones and live saving treatments constitute a racialized and gendered torture upon the body of the transgender detainee. The article attends to the narratives of transgender detainees within detention cell by analyzing the script of "Tara's Crossing," a play based on the narratives of transgender detainees and asylum seekers. The play was produced by LGBTQ immigrant right activists soon after the attacks on 9/11 and the intensification of detention and deportation as a part of national security procedures. Drawing upon the script of Tara's Crossing, along with activist archives such as flyers, newsletter articles, and radio interviews of Balmitra Vimal Prasad, the protagonist of the play, the article analyzes the ways in which the sex/gender binary is reiterated within the detention cell, as well as asylum procedures. I turn to the activism around Tara's Crossing and the present-day activism of transgender immigrants in order to show how trauma experienced by transgender detainees holds potential for creating coalitional oppositional politics.
The Routledge Research Companion to Geographies of Sex and Sexualities
Evolving Bodies: Mapping (Trans)Gender Identities in Refugee Law2016 •
What is a (trans)gender identity? How do we measure gender identity related persecution? Does refugee law offer adequate protection to culturally diverse gender minorities? Constructions gender identity as a ‘particular social group’ in international refugee jurisprudence remains elusive and unpredictable. Judicial, political and academic tensions arise about whether non-conforming gender identities should be treated as a category distinct from claims relating to (homo)sexuality in refugee decision-making. While there are a limited number of publicly available decisions, some of these tensions can be gleaned by examining the diverging legal tests relating to social perception, social visibility, and immutability when defining the particular social group. Moreover, understanding the position of transgender and other gender non-conforming refugees requires us to problematise the assumption that gender identity is reducible to ‘wrong body’ or ‘confused sexual identity’ discourse. Persecution also does not be motivated by intentional malice nor is it always just perpetrated by state actors. Highlighting some judicial and administrative decisions arising in the United States and Australia, this paper contextualises how gender identities have been understood in refugee law and offers some critical reflections improving the juridical mapping of these complex claims.
2018 •
Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law
Queer Refuge: The Impacts of Homoantagonism and Racism in U.S. Asylum Law2017 •
U.S. asylum law is intended to provide protection to individuals who fear persecution on account of five protected classes, including membership in a particular social group. Since 1990, asylum law has recognized sexual orientation as a “particular social group” and has since expanded to cover other people under the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) umbrella. Despite this development, LGBTQ asylum seekers continue to face discrimination from immigration officials and judges who make decisions based on racialized sexual stereotypes and culturally specific notions of homosexuality. This article demonstrates how the use of these stereotypes is not an unfortunate accident but the inevitable consequence of the inherent homoantagonism and racism in U.S. immigration law and policy. From the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 to the HIV travel ban of 1987, racial quotas and homophobic exclusions have formed the basis of much of U.S. immigration law. Although the asylum process has been cleaned up into facially neutral language, these discriminatory provisions have been institutionalized in the law. There are also structural elements within the asylum framework that encourage adjudicators to use stereotypes in their decision-making, and doctrinal barriers that foreclose relief from this discretionary abuse. The combination of institutionalized discrimination of the past and contemporary structural and doctrinal barriers work together to elevate the use of stereotypes from an unfortunate influence to a decisive factor in an applicant's success. This results in biased, inconsistent decisions and ultimately a failure to uphold the human rights of LGBTQ asylum-seekers. This Article is divided into three parts: it analyzes the particular difficulties that LGBTQ applicants face in asylum law, and underscores the need for institutional reform. Part I begins with a brief history of discrimination in immigration and asylum law, noting how the intersection of racial and sexual exclusions is doubly burdensome for LGBTQ immigrants of color. This Part concludes with a review of the general procedure for seeking asylum, and identifies how the traditional understanding of a refugee is inadequate in addressing the nature of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in asylum claims. Part II analyzes systemic problems that LGBTQ immigrants face, namely how the lack of clear statutory definitions and other structural barriers encourage the use of stereotypes, and how the Chevron and plenary power doctrines facilitate the use of these stereotypes by insulating decisions from judicial review. Finally, Part III offers some solutions that target the institutional level, such as improved training for immigration judges and new Department of Homeland Security regulations that effectively bar the use of racial sexualized stereotypes, as well as strategies which asylum-seekers can adopt in the interim to improve their chances of success.
Women's Studies in Communication
Rescripting Trauma: Trans/Gender Detention Politics and Desire in the United States Debanuj DasGuptaAlthough the Netherlands is renowned for its forerunner position in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and intersex (LGBTI) rights, this study urges one to question whether it can still live up to that image. Reports, news items, and signals from non-governmental organizations, such as Transgender Network Netherlands in the field show that especially transgender migrants/refugees regularly face abuse and discrimination. Yet, academic research underlying such findings is scarce. Moreover, a highly gendered discourse on the current migration/refugee crisis makes transgender migrants/refugees even more invisible. This article presents an interpretive approach to the institutional and disciplinary realities they become part of. The approach comes from (1) a literature review, surveying both scholarly publications and other sources; (2) patchwork or instant ethnography, thickening the findings from the literature; (3) and foremostly a theoretical interpretation of the precarious situation in which many transgender migrants/refugees find themselves. We draw upon synthesizing concepts such as ''total institution'' (Goffman 1961; Henry 1963), ''human waste'' (Bauman 2004), and ''armed love'' (Ticktin 2011) to constitute our theoretical framework, through which we show that transgender migrants/refugees are met with compassion and pity, rather than equal rights and full citizenship. This bitter logic leads us to the conclusion that within the Dutch asylum system, transgender migrants/refugees are rendered politically irrelevant, which eventually reflects the main priority of the Dutch authorities (and society at large) to control the boundaries of the nation-state, rather than to address the needs and rights of those people who seek, on legitimate grounds, a passport to a better, that is, a full life.
2014 •
This article examines the intersection of marriage and immigration law in the U.S. to consider how transgender subjects are normalized as legible legal subjects and incorporated as citizens through marriage. It focuses on Matter of Lovo (2005), a Board of Immigration Appeals case confirming immigration benefits for marriages involving transgender spouses. My analysis traces how legal regulation develops through the ways different legal documents and actors condition each other as well as the legal subjects they produce. The article addresses key questions about trans citizenship as it is shaped through marriage, immigration, and neoliberalism in the contemporary U.S.
Using court decisions, interviews with legal actors, and ethnographic observations , this paper analyzes the development of sexual identity classifications for sexual minorities seeking asylum in the United States and argues that the adjudication of such claims works to consolidate and regulate sexual identities but also creates possibilities for recognizing marginalized queer identities. Asylum seekers must prove their sexual identities, and immigration officials must classify claimants as belonging to a protected group. At the inception of queer asylum law in 1990, protected categories were highly circumscribed, but the indeterminacy of the law allowed advocates and asylum seekers to challenge existing categories and stake out new claims based on their sexualities. Against the backdrop of extant criticisms of the asylum process for queers, this paper suggests that the way asylum law has been elaborated, adapted, and interpreted , particularly in approximately the past decade, offers possibilities for making unique identity claims that are not recognized in existing scholarship.
In this paper, I demonstrate how statist logics concerning acceptable lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender (LGBT) immigrants permeate civic spheres, creating new forms of exclusion for asylum seekers in the United States. Existing research on US asylum policy and procedures as they pertain to LGBT claimants suggests that a “gay enough” litmus test typifies U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) adjudications, such that officers expect claimants to engage in conspicuous consumption of stereotypical commodities and culture and to appear visibly “LGBT,” either through gender non‐conformity or by being “out.” My analysis focuses on the social as well as legal lives of LGBT asylum seekers in the United States. Drawing on ethnographic and interview data collected at specialist NGOs, I argue that limited ideas about LGBT subjectivity often structure NGO workers’ attitudes and practices in ways that echo USCIS criteria for granting asylum. I demonstrate how NGO client selection and intake processes assume homonormative ideals and subtly yet effectively replicate existing adjudication norms. Within ostensibly non‐governmental spaces, LGBT asylum seekers experience suspicion, surveillance, and pressure to conform to NGO workers’ expectations of “credible” claimants. Contrary to NGOs’ stated intentions, these processes extend, rather than challenge, existing barriers to asylum. PoLAR, 41: 4-18. doi:10.1111/plar.12250
The Journal of veterinary medical science
Desmoplastic tricholemmoma in a dog2017 •
2016 •
Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari
Modul Asuhan Persalinan Kala III dengan Metode Preceptorship terhadap Keterampilan Mahasiswa DIII Kebidanan2020 •
La construcción de una frontera entre la guerra sucia y la democracia” en Aarão Reis, Daniel (org.) 1968: os desafios de uma reflexão crítica, Niterói, Eduff- Editora da Universidad Federal Fluminense, pp. 81-98.
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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Evaluation of Cubic, SAFT, and PC-SAFT Equations of State for the Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Modeling of CO2 Mixtures with Other Gases2013 •
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Marginal and internal fit of cobalt-chromium fixed dental prostheses generated from digital and conventional impressions2014 •
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A New Approach to Argument by Analogy: Extrapolation and Chain Graphs2010 •
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Identifikasi Keberadaan Benda Asing Pada Area Pengukuran Tomografi Dengan Menggunakan Metoda Electrical Impedance Tomography (Eit) Berbasis Labview2018 •
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The Journals of Gerontology
The Longitudinal Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Disability for Older Adults: A Population-Based Study2012 •
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Immunology Letters
Regulation of B cell functions by Toll-like receptors and complement2016 •
Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras
Primer registro del género Carminodoris Bergh, 1889 (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia: Doridoidea: Discodorididae) en el Caribe colombiano2019 •